Current status and future directions of research on facial attractiveness

Anthropological Review

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 45-65

  Kościński, Krzysztof ^a  

^a ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Facial esthetics; Facial preferences; Human face; Physical attractiveness

Indexed keywords

EID: 77149121716     PISSN: 18986773     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2478/v10044-008-0015-3     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Apicella C.L., A.C. Little, F.W. Marlowe, 2007, Facial averageness and attractiveness in an isolated population of hunter-gatherers, Perception, 36, 1813-1820
2. Attwood A.S., I.S. Penton-Voak, M.R. Munafò, 2009, Effects of acute nicotine administration on ratings of attractiveness of facial cues, Nicotine Tob. Res., 11, 44-48
3. Auger T.A., P.K. Turley, 1999, The female soft tissue profile as presented in fashion magazines during the 1900s: A photographic analysis, Int. J. Orthod. Orthognath. Surg., 14, 7-18
4. Barber N., 2001, Mustache fashion covaries with a good marriage market for women, J. Nonverbal Behav., 25, 261-272
5. Baudouin J.Y., G. Tiberghien, 2004, Symmetry, averageness, and feature size in the facial attractiveness of women, Acta Psychol., 117, 313-332
6. Bronstad P.M., J.H. Langlois, R. Russell, 2008, Computational models of facial attractiveness judgments, Perception, 37, 126-142
7. Chatterjee A., A. Thomas, S.E. Smith, G.K. Aguirre, 2009, The neural response to facial attractiveness, Neuropsychology, 23, 135-143
8. Conway C.A., B.C. Jones, L.M. DeBruine, A.C. Little, J. Hay, et al., 2008, Integrating physical and social cues when forming face preferences:Differences among low and highanxiety individuals, Soc. Neurosci., 3, 89-95
9. Cooper P.A., S.S. Geldart, C.J. Mondloch, D. Maurer, 2006, Developmental changes in perceptions of attractiveness: A role of experience? Dev. Sci., 9, 530-543
10. Cornwell R.E., D.I. Perrett, 2008, Sexy sons and sexy daughters: the influence of parents'facial characteristics on offspring, Anim. Behav., 76, 1843-1853
11. Cunningham M.R., 1986, Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 50, 925-935
12. Cunningham M.R., A.P. Barbee, C.L. Pike, 1990, What do women want: Facialmetric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 59, 61-72
13. Cunningham M.R., A.R. Roberts, A.P. Barbee, P.B. Druen, C.H. Wu, 1995, "Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": Consistency and variability in the crosscultural perception of female physical attractiveness, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 68, 261-279
14. DeBruine L.M., 2005, Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: Context-specific effects of facial resemblance, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 272, 919-922
15. Diener E., B. Wolsic, F. Fujita, 1995, Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 69, 120-129
16. Dobzhansky T., 1973, Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution, Am. Biol. Teacher, 35, 125-129
17. Eagly A.H., R.D. Ashmore, M.G. Makhijani, L.C. Longo, 1991, What is beautiful is good, but ...: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype, Psychol. Bull., 110, 109-128
18. Ebner N.C., 2008, Age of face matters: Agegroup differences in ratings of young and old faces, Behav. Res. Methods, 40, 130-136
19. Feingold A., 1988, Matching for attractiveness in romantic partners and same-sex friends: A meta-analysis and theoretical critique, Psychol. Bull., 104, 226-235
20. Feingold A., 1992, Good-looking people are not what we think, Psychol. Bull., 111, 304-341
21. Fink B., P.J. Matts, 2008, The effects of skin colour distribution and topography cues on the perception of female facial age and health, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 22, 493-498
22. Frost P., 2006, European hair and eye color: A case of frequency-dependent sexual selection?, Evol. Hum. Behav., 27, 85-103
23. Gangestad S.W., A.J. Cousins, 2001, Adaptive design, female mate preferences, and shifts across the menstrual cycle, Annu. Rev. Sex Res., 12, 145-185
24. Gangestad S.W., G.J. Scheyd, 2005, The evolution of human physical attractiveness, Ann. Rev. Anthropol., 34, 523-548
25. Glassenberg A.N., D.R. Feinberg, B.C. Jones, A.C. Little, L.M. DeBruine, in press, Sexdimorphic face shape preference in heterosexual and homosexual men and women, Arch. Sex. Behav.
26. Halberstadt J., G. Rhodes, 2003, It's not just average faces that are attractive: Computermanipulated averageness makes birds, fish, and automobiles attractive, Psychon. Bull. Rev., 10, 149-156
27. Hazlett R.L., R. Hoehn-Saric, 2000, Effects of perceived physical attractiveness on females' facial displays and affect, Evol. Hum. Behav., 21, 49-57
28. Henderson J.J.A., J.M. Anglin, 2003, Facial attractiveness predicts longevity, Evol. Hum. Behav., 24, 351-356
29. Hildebrandt K.A., H.E. Fitzgerald, 1979, Facial feature determinants of perceived infant attractiveness, Infant Behav. Dev., 2, 329-339
30. Hill K., A.M. Hurtando, 1996, Aché life history: The ecology and demography of a foraging people, Aldine de Gruyter, New York
31. Hönekopp J., 2006, Once more: Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Relative contributions of private and shared taste to judgments of facial attractiveness, J. Exp. Psychol., 32, 199-209
32. Hönekopp J., J. Bartholome, G. Jansen, 2004, Facial attractiveness, symmetry, and physical fitness in young women, Hum. Nat., 15, 147-167
33. Hume D.K., R. Montgomerie, 2001, Facial attractiveness signals different aspects of 'quality' in women and men, Evol. Hum. Behav., 22, 93-112
34. Iaria G., C.J. Fox, C.T. Waite, I. Aharon, J.J.S. Barton, 2008, The contribution of the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus in processing facial attractiveness: Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence, Neuroscience, 155, 409-422
35. Johnston V.S., R. Hagel, M. Franklin, B. Fink, K. Grammer, 2001, Male facial attractiveness - evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design, Evol. Hum. Behav., 22, 251-267
36. Johnston V.S., J.C. Oliver-Rodriguez, 1997, Facial beauty and the late positive component of event-related potentials, J. Sex Res., 34, 188-198
37. Johnstone R.A., 1994, Female preferences for symmetrical males as a by-product of selection for mate recognition, Nature, 372, 172-175
38. Jokela M., 2009, Physical attractiveness and reproductive success in humans: evidence from the late 20th century United States, Evol. Hum. Behav., 30, 342-350
39. Jones B.C., L.M. DeBruine, A.C. Little, C.A. Conway, D.R. Feinberg, 2006, Integrating gaze direction and expression in preferences for attractive faces, Psychol. Sci., 17, 588-591
40. Jones B.C., L.M. DeBruine, D.I. Perrett, A.C. Little, D.R. Feinberg, et al., 2008, Effects of menstrual cycle phase on face preferences, Arch. Sex. Behav., 37, 78-84
41. Jones B.C., A.C. Little, L. Boothroyd, L.M. Debruine, D.R. Feinberg, et al., 2005a, Commitment to relationships and preferences for femininity and apparent health faces when progesterone level is high, Horm. Behav., 48, 283-290
42. Jones B.C., A.C. Little, L. Boothroyd, D.R. Feinberg, R.E. Cornwell, et al., 2005b, Women's physical and psychological condition independently predict their preference for apparent health in faces, Evol. Hum. Behav., 26, 451-457
43. Jones B.C., A.C. Little, D.R. Feinberg, I.S. Penton-Voak, B.P. Tiddeman, et al., 2004, The relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness, Evol. Hum. Behav., 25, 24-30
44. Jones B.C., D.I. Perrett, A.C. Little, L. Boothroyd, R.E. Cornwell, et al., 2005c, Menstrual cycle, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use alter attraction to apparent health in faces, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 272, 347-354
45. Jones B.T., B.C. Jones, A.P. Thomas, J. Piper, 2003, Alcohol consumption increases attractiveness ratings of opposite-sex faces, Addiction, 98, 1069-1075
46. Jones D., 1996, Physical attractiveness and the theory of sexual selection, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
47. Kagian A., G. Dror, T. Leyvand, I. Meilijson, D. Cohen-Or, et al., 2008, A machine learning predictor of facial attractiveness revealing human-like psychophysical biases, Vis. Res., 48, 235-243
48. Kalick S.M., L.A. Zebrowitz, J.H. Langlois, R.M. Johnson, 1998, Does human facial attractiveness honestly advertise health? Longitudinal data on an evolutionary question, Psychol. Sci., 9, 8-13
49. Komori M., S. Kawamura, S. Ishihara, 2009a, Averageness or symmetry: Which is more important for facial attractiveness?, Acta Psychol., 131, 136-142
50. Komori M., S. Kawamura, S. Ishihara, 2009b, Effect of averageness and sexual dimorphism on the judgment of facial attractiveness, Vis. Res., 49, 862-869
51. Kociski K., 2007, Facial attractiveness: General patterns of facial preferences, Anthropol. Rev., 70, 45-79
52. Ko?ci?ski K., 2008, Facial attractiveness: Variation, adaptiveness and consequences of facial preferences, Anthropol. Rev., 71, 77-105
53. Kranz F., A. Ishai, 2006, Face perception is modulated by sexual preference, Curr. Biol., 16, 63-68
54. Langlois J.H., L. Kalakanis, A.J. Rubenstein, A. Larson, M. Hallam, et al., 2000, Maxims or myths of beauty, Psychol. Bull., 126, 390-423
55. Langlois J.H., J.M. Ritter, R.J. Casey, D.B. Sawin, 1995, Infant attractiveness predicts maternal behavior and attitudes, Dev. Psychol., 31, 464-472
56. Langlois J.H., L.A. Roggman, R.J. Casey, J.M. Ritter, L.A. Rieser-Danner, et al., 1987, Infant preferences for attractive face: Rudiments of a stereotype, Dev. Psychol., 23, 363-369
57. Law Smith M.J., D.I. Perrett, B.C. Jones, R.E. Cornwell, F.R. Moore, et al., 2006, Facial appearance is a cue to oestrogen levels, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 273, 135-140
58. Le Grand R., P.A. Cooper, C.J. Mondloch, T.L. Lewis, N. Sagiv, et al., 2006, What aspects of face processing are impaired in developmental prosopagnosia?, Brain Cogn., 61, 139-158
59. Lie H.C., G. Rhodes, L.W. Simmons, 2008, Genetic diversity revealed in human faces, Evolution, 62, 2473-2486
60. Lie H.C., L.W. Simm ons, G. Rhodes, in press, Genetic dissimilarity, genetic diversity, and mate preferences in humans, Evol. Hum. Behav.
61. Little A.C., D.M. Burt, I.S. Penton-Voak, D.I. Perrett, 2001, Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 368, 39-44
62. Little A.C., D.M. Burt, D.I. Perrett, 2006, What is good is beautiful: Face preference reflects desired personality. Pers. Indiv. Differ., 41, 1107-1118
63. Little A.C., B.C. Jones, I.S. Penton-Voak, D.M. Burt, D.I. Perrett, 2002, Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for sexual dimorphism in male face shape, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 269, 1095-1100
64. Little A.C., I.S. Penton-Voak, D.M. Burt, D.I. Perrett, 2003, Investigating an imprintinglike phenomenon in humans: Partners and opposite-sex parents have similar hair and eye colour, Evol. Hum. Behav., 24, 43-51
65. López H.H., A.C. Hay, P.H. Conklin, 2009, Attractive men induce testosterone and cortisol release in women, Horm. Behav., 56, 84-92
66. Madey S.F., M. Simo, D. Dillworth, D. Kemper, A. Toczynski, et al., 1996, They do get more attractive at closing time, but only when you are not in a relationship, Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol., 18, 387-393 (Pubitemid 126332648)
67. Maple J.R., K.W.L. Vig, F.M. Beck, P.E. Larsen, S. Shanker, 2005, A comparison of providers' and consumers' perceptions of facialprofile attractiveness, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 128, 690-696
68. Marcus D.K., M.R. Cunningham, 2003, Do child molesters have aberrant perceptions of adult female facial attractiveness?, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 33, 499-512
69. Martin J.G., 1964, Racial ethnocentrism and judgment of beauty, J. Soc. Psychol., 63, 59-63
70. Mathes E.W., S.M. Brennan, P.M. Haugen, H.B. Rice, 1985, Ratings of physical attractiveness as a function of age, J. Soc. Psychol., 125, 157-168
71. McDonald P.R., A.M. Slater, C.A. Longmore, 2008, Covert detection of attractiveness among the neurologically intact: Evidence from skin-conductance responses, Perception, 37, 1054-1060
72. McGovern R.J., M.C. Neale, K.S. Kendler, 1996, The independence of physical attractiveness and symptoms of depression in a female twin population, J. Psychol., 130, 209-219
73. Mehrabian A., J.S. Blum, 1997, Physical appearance, attractiveness, and the mediating role of emotions, Curr. Psychol., 16, 20-42
74. Muscarella F., M.R. Cunningham, 1996, The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair, Ethol. Sociobiol., 17, 99-117
75. Nakamura K., R. Kawashima, S. Nagumo, K. Ito, M. Sugiura, et al., 1998, Neuroanatomical correlates of the assessment of facial attractiveness, NeuroReport, 9, 753-757
76. Nguyen D.D., P.K. Turley, 1998, Changes in the Caucasian male facial profile as depicted in fashion magazines during the twentieth century, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 114, 208-217
77. O'Doherty J., J. Winston, H. Critchley, D. Perrett, D.M. Burt, et al., 2003, Beauty in a smile: The role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness, Neuropsychologia, 41, 147-155
78. Parker L.L.C., I.S. Penton-Voak, A.S. Attwood, M.R. Munaf , 2008, Effects of acute alcohol consumption on ratings of attractiveness of facial stimuli: Evidence of long-term encoding, Alcohol Alcohol., 43, 636-640
79. Paunonen S.V., 2006, You are honest, therefore I like you and find you attractive, J. Res. Pers., 40, 237-249
80. Pawowski B., L.G. Boothroyd, D.I. Perrett, S. Kluska, 2008, Is female attractiveness related to final reproductive success?, Coll. Antropol., 32, 457-460
81. Penton-Voak I.S., H.Y. Chang, 2008, Attractiveness judgements of individuals vary across emotional expression and movement conditions, J. Evol. Psychol., 6, 89-100
82. Penton-Voak I.S., J.Y. Chen, 2004, High salivary testosterone is linked to masculine male facial appearance in humans, Evol. Hum. Behav., 25, 229-241
83. Penton-Voak I.S., A.C. Little, B.C. Jones, D.M. Burt, B.P. Tiddeman, et al., 2003, Female condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens), J. Comp. Psychol., 117, 264-271
84. Penton-Voak I.S., D.I. Perrett, 2001, Male facial attractiveness: Perceived personality and shifting female preferences for male traits across the menstrual cycle, Adv. Study Behav., 30, 219-256
85. Pettijohn T.F., B.J. Jungeberg, 2004, Playboy playmate curves: Changes in facial and body feature preferences across social and economic conditions, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 30, 1186-1197
86. Pettijohn T.F., A. Tesser, 1999, Popularity in environmental context: Facial feature assessment of American movie actresses, Media Psychol., 1, 229-247
87. Pettijohn T.F., A. Tesser, 2005, Threat and social choice: When eye size matters, J. Soc. Psychol., 145, 547-570
88. Platek S.M., R.L. Burch, I.S. Panyavin, B.H. Wasserman, G.G. Gallup, 2002, Reactions to children's faces: Resemblance affects males more than females, Evol. Hum. Behav., 23, 159-166
89. Provost M.P., C. Kormos, G. Kosakoski, V.L. Quinsey, 2006, Sociosexuality in women and preference for facial masculinization and somatotype in men, Arch. Sex. Behav., 35, 305-312
90. Rhodes G., 2006, The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 57, 199-226
91. Rhodes G., J. Halberstadt, G. Brajkovich, 2001, Generalization of mere exposure effects to averaged composite faces, Soc. Cogn., 19, 57-70
92. Rhodes G., J. Halberstadt, L. Jeff ery, R. Palermo, 2005a, The attractiveness of average faces is not a generalized mere exposure effect, Soc. Cogn., 23, 205-217
93. Rhodes G., L.W. Simmons, M. Peters, 2005b, Attractiveness and sexual behavior: Does attractiveness enhance mating success, Evol. Hum. Behav., 26, 186-201
94. Roberts S.C., J. Havlicek, J. Flegr, M. Hruskova, A.C. Little, et al., 2004, Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, (Suppl.) 271, S270-72
95. Roberts S.C., A.C. Little, L.M. Gosling, B.C. Jones, D.I. Perrett, et al., 2005a, MHCassortative facial preferences in humans, Biol. Lett., 1, 400-403
96. Roberts S.C., A.C. Little, L.M. Gosling, D.I. Perrett, V. Carter, et al., 2005b, MHCheterozygosity and human facial attractiveness, Evol. Hum. Behav., 26, 213-226
97. Roberts S.C., T.K. Saxton, A.K. Murray, R.P. Burriss, H.M. Rowland, et al., 2009, Static and dynamic facial images cue similar attractiveness judgements, Ethology, 115, 588-595
98. Roney J.R., K.N. Hanson, K.M. Durante, D. Maestripieri, 2006, Reading men's faces: Women's mate attractiveness judgments track men's testosterone and interest in infants, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 273, 2169-2175
99. Roney J.R., Z.L. Simmons, 2008, Women's estradiol predicts preference for facial cues of men's testosterone, Horm. Behav., 53, 14-19
100. Saxton T.K., P.G. Cary, S.C. Roberts, 2006, Vocal and facial attractiveness judgments of children, adolescents and adults: The ontogeny of mate choice, Ethology, 112, 1179-1185
101. Saxton T.K., L.M. Debruine, B.C. Jones, A.C. Little, S.C. Roberts, 2009a, Face and voice attractiveness judgments change during adolescence, Evol. Hum. Behav., 30, 398-408
102. Saxton T.K., A.C. Little, L.M. DeBruine, B.C. Jones, S.C. Roberts, 2009b, Adolescents' preferences for sexual dimorphism are influenced by relative exposure to male and female faces, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 47, 864-868
103. Saxton T.K., A.C. Little, H.M. Rowland, T. Gao, S.C. Roberts, in press, Trade-offs between markers of absolute and relative quality in human facial preferences, Behav. Ecol.
104. Scarbrough P.S., V.S. Johnston, 2005, Individual differences in women's facial preferences as a function of digit ratio and mental rotation ability, Evol. Hum. Behav., 26, 509-526
105. Scott I., V. Swami, S.C. Josephson, I.S. Penton-Voak, 2008, Context-dependent preferences for facial dimorphism in a rural Malaysian population, Evol. Hum. Behav., 29, 289-296
106. Shoup M.L., G.G. Gallup, 2008, Men's faces convey information about their bodies and their behavior: What you see is what you get. Evol. Psychol., 6, 469-479
107. Simpson J.A., S.W. Gangestad, M. Lerma, 1990, Perception of physical attractiveness: Mechanisms involved in the maintenance of romantic relationships, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 59, 1192-1201
108. Slater A., C. Von der Schulenburg, E. Brown, M. Badenoch, G. Butterworth, et al., 1998, Newborn infants prefer attractive faces, Inf. Behav. Dev., 21, 345-354
109. Smith F.G., B.C. Jones, L.L.W. Welling, A.C. Little, J. Vukovic, et al., 2009, Waist-hip ratio predicts women's preferences for masculine male faces, but not perceptions of men's trustworthiness. Pers. Indiv. Differ., 47, 476-480
110. Soler C., M. Nunez, R. Gutierrez, J. Nunez, P. Medina, et al., 2003, Facial attractiveness in men provides clues to semen quality, Evol. Hum. Behav., 24, 199-207
111. Swaddle J.P., G.W. Reierson, 2002, Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 269, 2285-2289
112. Theodoridou A., A.C. Rowe, I.S. Penton-Voak, P.J. Rogers, 2009, Oxytocin and social perception: Oxytocin increases perceived facial trustworthiness and attractiveness, Horm. Behav., 56, 128-132
113. Thornhill R., S.W. Gangestad, R. Comer, 1995, Human female orgasm and mate fluctuating asymmetry, Anim. Behav., 50, 1601-1615
114. Thornhill R., A.P. Møller, 1997, Developmental stability, disease and medicine, Biol. Rev., 72, 497-548
115. Tinbergen N., 1963, On aims and methods in ethology, Z. Tierpsychol., 20, 410-433
116. Turkkahrama n H., H. Gokalp, 2004, Facial profile preferences among various layers of Turkish population, Angle Orthod., 74, 640-647
117. Udry J.R., 1965, Structural correlates of feminine beauty preferences in Britain and the United States: A comparison, Sociol. Soc. Res., 49, 330-342
118. Valentine T., S. Darling, M. Donnelly, 2004, Why are average faces attractive? The effect of view and averageness on the attractiveness of female faces, Psychon. Bull. Rev., 11, 482-487
119. Van den Berghe P.L., P. Frost, 1986, Skin color preference, sexual dimorphism, and sexual selection: A case of gene-culture co-evolution, Ethnic Racial Stud., 9, 87-113
120. Walster E., V. Aronson, D. Abrahams, L. Rottman, 1966, The importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 4, 508-516
121. Waynforth D., S. Delwadia, M. Camm, 2005, The influence of women's mating strategies on preference for masculine facial architecture, Evol. Hum. Behav., 26, 409-416
122. Webster M.A., D. Kaping, Y. Mizokami, P. Duhamel, 2004, Adaptation to natural facial categories, Nature, 428, 557-561
123. Welling L.L.M., L.M. DeBruine, A.C. Little, B.C. Jones, 2009, Extraversion predicts individual differences in women's face preferences, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 47, 996-998
124. Welling L.L.M., B.C. Jones, L.M. DeBruine, C.A. Conway, M.J. Law Smith, et al., 2007, Raised salivary testosterone in women is associated with increased attraction to masculine faces, Horm. Behav., 52, 156-161
125. Welling L.L.M., B.C. Jones, L.M. DeBruine, F.G. Smith, D.R. Feinberg, et al., 2008, Men report stronger attraction to femininity in women's faces when their testosterone levels are high, Horm. Behav., 54, 703-708
126. Williams K.M., J.H. Park, M.B. Wieling, 2009, The face reveals athletic flair: Better National Football League quarterbacks are better looking, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 48, 112-116
127. Yehezkel S., P.K. Turley, 2004, Changes in the African American female profile as depicted in fashion magazines during the 20th century, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 125, 407-417
128. Zebrowitz L.A., M.A. Collins, R. Dutta, 1998, The relationship between appearance and personality across the life span, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 24, 736-749
129. Zebrowitz L.A., K. Olson, K. Hoffman, 1993, Stability of babyfacedness and attractiveness across the life span, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 64, 453-466