Review on experimental research of herbal medicines with anti-amnesic activity

Planta Medica

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 203-217

  Hsieh, Ming Tsuen ^a   Peng, Wen Huang ^a   Wu, Chi Rei ^a   Ng, Kit Ying ^b   Cheng, Chuen Lung ^b   Xu, Hong Xi ^b  

^a CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Amnesia; Cholinergic system; GABAergic system; Glutaminergic system; Herbal medicines; Memory enhancement

Indexed keywords

ACORUS GRAMINEUS EXTRACT; ANGELICA GIGAS EXTRACT; ANGELICA SINENSIS EXTRACT; BACOPA MONNIERI EXTRACT; CNIDIUM MONNIERI EXTRACT; COPTIS CHINENSIS EXTRACT; CORYDALIS YANHUSUO EXTRCT; DESMODIUM GANGETICUM EXTRACT; DIAZEPAM; DIZOCILPINE; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; LONICERA JAPONICA EXTRACT; MURRAYA KOENIGII EXTRACT; NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSI EXTRACT; NELUMBO NUCIFERA EXTRACT; PAEONIA LACTIFLORA EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYGALA TENUIFOLIA EXTRACT; POLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM EXTRACT; PUERARIA LOBATA EXTRACT; RIVASTIGMINE; SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA EXTRACT; SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS EXTRACT; SCOPOLAMINE; TACRINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACORUS GRAMINEUS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMNESIA; ANGELICA GIGAS; ANGELICA SINENSIS; BACOPA MONNIERI; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN INFECTION; CATECHOLAMINERGIC SYSTEM; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; CNIDIUM MONNIERI; COPTIS CHINENSIS; CORYDALIS YANHUSUO; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DESMODIUM GANGETICUM; DIARRHEA; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GINKGO BILOBA; GINSENG; HERB; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; MEMORY; MURRAYA KOENIGII; MUSCLE CRAMP; NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSII; NAUSEA; NELUMBO NUCIFERA; NONHUMAN; PAEONIA LACTIFLORA; POLYGALA TENUIFOLIA; POLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM; PUERARIA LOBATA; REVIEW; SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA; SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VOMITING;

AMNESIA; ANIMALS; CENTELLA; GINKGO BILOBA; HUMANS; HUPERZIA; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 77049110821     PISSN: 00320943     EISSN: 14390221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240707     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Eysenck M W., Keane M T. Cognitive psychology: a student's handbook. New York Psychology Press 2005
2. Cheng Y, Shen L H., Zhang J T. Anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 and its mechanism of action. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005 26 143-149
3. Kennedy D O., Scholey A B. Ginseng: potential for the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003 75 687-700
4. Nishijo H, Uwano T, Zhong Y M., Ono T. Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: effects of red ginseng on learning and memory deficits in an animal model of amnesia. J Pharmacol Sci 2004 95 145-152
5. Blumenthal M, Busse W R., Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin American Botanical Council 1998
6. Heinrich M, Lee T H. Galanthamine from snowdrop the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer's disease from local Caucasian knowledge. J Ethnopharmacol 2004 92 147-162
7. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju C V. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002 359 1283-1290 (Pubitemid 34310633)
8. Brown T H., Chapman P F., Kairiss E W., Keenan C L. Long-term synaptic potentiation. Science 1988 242 724-728
9. Centonze D, Picconi B, Gubellini P, Bernardi G, Calabresi P. Dopaminergic control of synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2001 13 1071-1077
10. Munro C A., Walling S G., Evans J H., Harley C W. Beta-adrenergic blockade in the dentate gyrus in vivo prevents high frequency-induced long-term potentiation of EPSP slope, but not long-term potentiation of population spike amplitude. Hippocampus 2001 11 322-328
11. Ohashi S, Matsumoto M, Otani H, Mori K, Togashi H, Ueno K, Kaku A, Yoshioka M. Changes in synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortex pathway induced by repeated treatments with fluvoxamine. Brain Res 2002 949 131-138
12. Yamazaki Y, Hamaue N, Sumikawa K. Nicotine compensates for the loss of cholinergic function to enhance long-term potentiation induction. Brain Res 2002 946 148-152
13. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2003 41 268-287
14. Quartermain D, Leo P. Strength of scopolamine-induced amnesia as a function of time between training and testing. Behav Neural Biol 1988 50 300-310
15. Hatakeyama D, Sadamoto H, Watanabe T, Wagatsuma A, Kobayashi S, Fujito Y, Yamashita M, Sakakibara M, Kemenes G, Ito E. Requirement of new protein synthesis of a transcription factor for memory consolidation: paradoxical changes in mRNA and protein levels of C/EBP. J Mol Biol 2006 356 569-577
16. Barraco R A., Stettner L J. Antibiotics and memory. Psychol Bull 1976 83 242-302
17. Davis H P., Squire L R. Protein synthesis and memory: a review. Psychol Bull 1984 96 518-559
18. Ichihara K, Nabeshima T, Kameyama T. Opposite effects induced by low and high doses of apomorphine on single-trial passive avoidance learning in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988 30 107-113
19. Ogren S O., Johansson C. Separation of the associative and non-associative effects of brain serotonin released by p -chloroamphetamine: dissociable serotoninergic involvement in avoidance learning, pain and motor function. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1985 86 12-26
20. Levin E D., Briggs S J., Christopher N C., Auman J T. Working memory performance and cholinergic effects in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Brain Res 1994 657 165-170
21. Nooshinfar E, Lashgari R, Haghparast A, Sajjadi S. NMDA receptors are involved in Ginkgo extract-induced facilitation on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008 432 206-211
22. Hagan J J., Salamone J D., Simpson J, Iversen S D., Morris R G. Place navigation in rats is impaired by lesions of medial septum and diagonal band but not nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Behav Brain Res 1988 27 9-20
23. Hodges H, Allen Y, Kershaw T, Lantos P L., Gray J A., Sinden J. Effects of cholinergic-rich neural grafts on radial maze performance of rats after excitotoxic lesions of the forebrain cholinergic projection system I. Amelioration of cognitive deficits by transplants into cortex and hippocampus but not into basal forebrain. Neuroscience 1991 45 587-607
24. Wenk G L., Cribbs B, McCall L. Nucleus basalis magnocellularis: optimal coordinates for selective reduction of choline acetyltransferase in frontal neocortex by ibotenic acid injections. Exp Brain Res 1984 56 335-340
25. Hasselmo M E., Giocomo L M. Cholinergic modulation of cortical function. J Mol Neurosci 2006 30 133-135
26. Doods H N., Quirion R, Mihm G, Engel W, Rudolf K, Entzeroth M, Schiavi G B., Ladinsky H, Bechtel W D., Ensinger H A. Therapeutic potential of CNS-active M2 antagonists: novel structures and pharmacology. Life Sci 1993 52 497-503
27. Hammel P, Larrey D, Bernuau J, Kalafat M, Freneaux E, Babany G, Degott C, Feldmann G, Pessayre D, Benhamou J P. Acute hepatitis after tetrahydroaminoacridine administration for Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990 12 329-331
28. Watkins P B., Zimmerman H J., Knapp M J., Gracon S I., Lewis K W. Hepatotoxic effects of tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994 271 992-998
29. Ohta H, Ni J W., Matsumoto K, Watanabe H, Shimizu M. Peony and its major constituent, paeoniflorin, improve radial maze performance impaired by scopolamine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993 45 719-723
30. Kang S Y., Lee K Y., Park M J., Kim Y C., Markelonis G J., Oh T H. Decursin from Angelica gigas mitigates amnesia induced by scopolamine in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003 79 11-18
31. Kim D H., Kim D Y., Kim Y C., Jung J W., Lee S, Yoon B H., Cheong J H., Kim Y S., Kang S S., Ko K H. Nodakenin, a coumarin compound, ameliorates scopolamine-induced memory disruption in mice. Life Sci 2007 80 1944-1950
32. Murakami A, Gao G, Kim O K., Omura M, Yano M, Ito C, Furukawa H, Jiwajinda S, Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H. Identification of coumarins from the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC as inhibitors of nitric oxide generation in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. J Agric Food Chem 1999 47 333-339 (Pubitemid 29179669)
33. Cho J, Yang C H., Park C G., Lee H, Kim Y H. Inhibition of excitotoxic neuronal cell death by total extracts from oriental medicines used for stroke treatment. Yakhak Hoeji 2000 44 29-35
34. Lee B, Choi Y, Kim H, Kim S Y., Hahm D H., Lee H J., Shim I. Protective effects of methanol extract of Acori graminei rhizoma and Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus on ischemia-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairments in the rat. Life Sci 2003 74 435-450
35. Irie Y, Keung W M. Rhizoma acori graminei and its active principles protect PC-12 cells from the toxic effect of amyloid-beta peptide. Brain Res 2003 963 282-289
36. Kim J H., Hahm D H., Lee H J., Pyun K H., Shim I. Acori graminei rhizoma ameliorated ibotenic acid-induced amnesia in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009 6 457-464
37. Hsieh M T., Wu C R., Lin L W., Hsieh C C., Tsai C H. Reversal caused by n -butylidenephthalide from the deficits of inhibitory avoidance performance in rats. Planta Med 2001 67 38-42
38. Hsieh M T., Tsai F H., Lin Y C., Wang W H., Wu C R. Effects of ferulic acid on the impairment of inhibitory avoidance performance in rats. Planta Med 2002 68 754-756
39. Peng W H., Hsieh M T., Wu C R. Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997 74 261-266
40. Hung T M., Ngoc T M., Youn U J., Min B S., Na M, Thuong P T., Bae K. Anti-amnestic activity of pseudocoptisine from Corydalis tuber. Biol Pharm Bull 2008 31 159-162
41. Hsieh M T., Hsieh C L., Wang W H., Chen C S., Lin C J., Wu C R. Osthole improves aspects of spatial performance in ovariectomized rats. Am J Chin Med 2004 32 11-20
42. Joshi H, Parle M. Antiamnesic effects of Desmodium gangeticum in mice. Yakugaku Zasshi 2006 126 795-804
43. Joshi H, Parle M. Cholinergic basis of memory-strengthening effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linn. J Med Food 2006 9 413-417 (Pubitemid 44850729)
44. Lima J A., Costa R S., Epifanio R A., Castro N G., Rocha M S., Pinto A C. Geissospermum vellosii stembark: anticholinesterase activity and improvement of scopolamine-induced memory deficits. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009 92 508-513
45. Das A, Shanker G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh H. A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002 73 893-900
46. Cheng D H., Ren H, Tang X C. Huperzine A, a novel promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Neuroreport 1996 8 97-101
47. Wu C R., Lin L W., Wang W H., Hsieh M T. The ameliorating effects of LiuWei Dihuang Wang on cycloheximide-induced impairment of passive avoidance performance in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2007 113 79-84
48. Hsieh M T., Cheng S J., Lin L W., Wang W H., Wu C R. The ameliorating effects of acute and chronic administration of LiuWei Dihuang Wang on learning performance in rodents. Biol Pharm Bull 2003 26 156-161
49. Tsai F S., Peng W H., Wang W H., Wu C R., Hsieh C C., Lin Y T., Feng I C., Hsieh M T. Effects of luteolin on learning acquisition in rats: involvement of the central cholinergic system. Life Sci 2007 80 1692-1698
50. Liu R, Gao M, Qiang G F., Zhang T T., Lan X, Ying J, Du G H. The anti-amnesic effects of luteolin against amyloid beta(2535) peptide-induced toxicity in mice involve the protection of neurovascular unit. Neuroscience 2009 162 1232-1243
51. Vasudevan M, Parle M. Antiamnesic potential of Murraya koenigii leaves. Phytother Res 2009 23 308-316
52. Joshi H, Parle M. Nardostachys jatamansi improves learning and memory in mice. J Med Food 2006 9 113-118 (Pubitemid 44153626)
53. Oh J H., Choi B J., Chang M S., Park S K. Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression. Neurosci Lett 2009 461 41-44
54. Zhang D S., Zhang J T. Effect of total ginsenoside on synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2000 35 185-188
55. Wang X Y., Zhang J T. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on synaptic plasticity of freely moving rats and its mechanism of action. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001 22 657-662
56. Zhang J T., Liu Y, Qu Z W., Zhang X L., Xiao H L. Influence of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 on some central neurotransmitter receptors and protein biosynthesis in the mouse brain. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1988 23 12-16
57. Zhang J T., Qu Z W., Liu Y, Deng H L. Preliminary study on antiamnestic mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1. Chin Med J (Engl) 1990 103 932-938
58. Jin S H., Park J K., Nam K Y., Park S N., Jung N P. Korean red ginseng saponins with low ratios of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponin improve scopolamine-induced learning disability and spatial working memory in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1999 66 123-129
59. Ikeya Y, Takeda S, Tunakawa M, Karakida H, Toda K, Yamaguchi T, Aburada M. Cognitive improving and cerebral protective effects of acylated oligosaccharides in Polygala tenuifolia. Biol Pharm Bull 2004 27 1081-1085
60. Hsieh M T., Kuo L H., Tsai F H., Wang W H., Wu C R. Effects of puerarin on scopolamine-, mecamylamine-, p-chloroamphetamine- and dizocilpine-induced inhibitory avoidance performance impairment in rats. Planta Med 2002 68 901-905
61. Heo H J., Suh Y M., Kim M J., Choi S J., Mun N S., Kim H K., Kim E, Kim C J., Cho H Y., Kim Y J., Shin D H. Daidzein activates choline acetyltransferase from MC-IXC cells and improves drug-induced amnesia. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006 70 107-111
62. Kim D H., Jeon S J., Jung J W., Lee S, Yoon B H., Shin B Y., Son K H., Cheong J H., Kim Y S., Kang S S. Tanshinone congeners improve memory impairments induced by scopolamine on passive avoidance tasks in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007 574 140-147
63. Orhan I, Aslan M. Appraisal of scopolamine-induced antiamnesic effect in mice and in vitro antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of some traditionally used Lamiaceae plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2009 122 327-332
64. Jeong E J., Lee K Y., Kim S H., Sung S H., Kim Y C. Cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant activities of iridoid glycosides from Scrophularia buergeriana in scopolamine-treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008 588 78-84
65. Kim S R., Kang S Y., Lee K Y., Kim S H., Markelonis G J., Oh T H., Kim Y C. Anti-amnestic activity of E-p-methoxycinnamic acid from Scrophularia buergeriana. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2003 17 454-461
66. Kim D H., Hung T M., Bae K H., Jung J W., Lee S, Yoon B H., Cheong J H., Ko K H., Ryu J H. Gomisin A improves scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006 542 129-135
67. Vasudevan M, Parle M. Pharmacological actions of Thespesia populnea relevant to Alzheimer's disease. Phytomedicine 2006 13 677-687
68. Kim J H., Ha H C., Lee M S., Kang J I., Kim H S., Lee S Y., Pyun K H., Shim I. Effect of Tremella fuciformis on the neurite outgrowth of PC12h cells and the improvement of memory in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2007 30 708-714
69. Kim J H., Chung J Y., Lee Y J., Park S, Hahm D H., Lee H J., Shim I. Effects of methanol extract of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus on ibotenic acid-induced amnesia in the rat. J Pharmacol Sci 2004 96 314-323
70. Prabhakar S, Saraf M K., Pandhi P, Anand A. Bacopa monniera exerts antiamnesic effect on diazepam-induced anterograde amnesia in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2008 200 27-37
71. Kim D H., Jeon S J., Son K H., Jung J W., Lee S, Yoon B H., Lee J J., Cho Y W., Cheong J H., Ko K H., Ryu J H. The ameliorating effect of oroxylin A on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007 87 536-546
72. Shors T J., Servatius R J., Thompson R F., Rogers G, Lynch G. Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission facilitates classical conditioning in the freely moving rat. Neurosci Lett 1995 186 153-156
73. Lynch G, Granger R, Ambros-Ingerson J, Davis C M., Kessler M, Schehr R. Evidence that a positive modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors improves delayed recall in aged humans. Exp Neurol 1997 145 89-92
74. Collingridge G L., Kehl S J., McLennan H. Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus. J Physiol 1983 334 33-46
75. Nooshinfar E, Lashgari R, Haghparast A, Sajjadi S. NMDA receptors are involved in Ginkgo extract-induced facilitation on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008 432 206-211
76. Bao H Y., Zhang J, Yeo S J., Myung C S., Kim H M., Kim J M., Park J H., Cho J, Kang J S. Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch Pharm Res 2005 28 335-342
77. Lee S C., Linh P T., Jing Z, Ryu S Y., Myung C S., Kim Y H., Kang J S. Effects of repeated administration of Uncaria hooks on the acquisition and central neuronal activities in ethanol-treated mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2004 94 123-128
78. Barnes N M., Costall B, Naylor R J., Williams T J., Wischik C M. Normal densities of 5-HT3 receptor recognition sites in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 1990 1 253-254
79. Hsieh M T., Wu C R., Wang W H., Lin L W. The ameliorating effect of the water layer of Fructus Schisandrae on cycloheximide-induced amnesia in rats: interaction with drugs acting at neurotransmitter receptors. Pharmacol Res 2001 43 17-22
80. Wu C R., Hsieh M T., Liao J. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol attenuates learning deficits in the inhibitory avoidance task: involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Chin J Physiol 1996 39 265-273
81. Hsieh M T., Wu C R., Hsieh C C. Ameliorating effect of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on cycloheximide-induced impairment of passive avoidance response in rats: interactions with compounds acting at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998 60 337-343
82. Khalifa A E. Hypericum perforatum as a nootropic drug: enhancement of retrieval memory of a passive avoidance conditioning paradigm in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2001 76 49-57
83. Lu M C., Hsieh M T., Wu C R., Cheng H Y., Hsieh C C., Lin Y T., Peng W H. Ameliorating effect of emodin, a constitute of Polygonatum multiflorum, on cycloheximide-induced impairment of memory consolidation in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2007 112 552-556
84. Yamamoto Y, Adachi Y, Fujii Y, Kamei C. Ginkgo biloba extract improves spatial memory in rats mainly but not exclusively via a histaminergic mechanism. Brain Res 2007 1129 161-165
85. Kamei C, Tasaka K. Effect of histamine on memory retrieval in old rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1993 16 128-132
86. Kamei C, Chung Y H., Tasaka K. Influence of certain H1-blockers on the step-through active avoidance response in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1990 102 312-318 (Pubitemid 20335055)
87. Lee S C., Moon Y S., You K H. Effects of red ginseng saponins and nootropic drugs on impaired acquisition of ethanol-treated rats in passive avoidance performance. J Ethnopharmacol 2000 69 1-8
88. Wattanathorn J, Mator L, Muchimapura S, Tongun T, Pasuriwong O, Piyawatkul N, Yimtae K, Sripanidkulchai B, Singkhoraard J. Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 2008 116 325-332
89. Solomon P R., Adams F, Silver A, Zimmer J, DeVeaux R. Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002 288 835-840
90. DeKosky S T., Williamson J D., Fitzpatrick A L., Kronmal R A., Ives D G., Saxton J A., Lopez O L., Burke G, Carlson M C., Fried L P. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008 300 2253-2262
91. Xu S S., Gao Z X., Weng Z, Du Z M., Xu W A., Yang J S., Zhang M L., Tong Z H., Fang Y S., Chai X S. Efficacy of tablet huperzine-A on memory, cognition, and behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1995 16 391-395
92. Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen Q, Shu L, Wang J, Shan G. Clinical efficacy and safety of huperzine Alpha in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002 82 941-944
93. Liang Y Q., Tang X C. Comparative effects of huperzine A, donepezil and rivastigmine on cortical acetylcholine level and acetylcholinesterase activity in rats. Neurosci Lett 2004 361 56-59
94. Debette S, Kozlowski O, Steinling M, Rousseaux M. Levodopa and bromocriptine in hypoxic brain injury. J Neurol 2002 249 1678-1682
95. Knecht S, Breitenstein C, Bushuven S, Wailke S, Kamping S, Floel A, Zwitserlood P, Ringelstein E B. Levodopa: faster and better word learning in normal humans. Ann Neurol 2004 56 20-26
96. Kandel E R. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialog between genes and synapses. Biosci Rep 2001 21 565-611
97. Arnsten A F., Ramos B P., Birnbaum S G., Taylor J R. Protein kinase A as a therapeutic target for memory disorders: rationale and challenges. Trends Mol Med 2005 11 121-128
98. Baur J A., Pearson K J., Price N L., Jamieson H A., Lerin C, Kalra A, Prabhu V V., Allard J S., Lopez-Lluch G, Lewis K, Pistell P J., Poosala S, Becker K G., Boss O, Gwinn D, Wang M, Ramaswamy S, Fishbein K W., Spencer R G., Lakatta E G., Le Couteur D, Shaw R J., Navas P, Puigserver P, Ingram D K., de Cabo R, Sinclair D A. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 2006 444 337-342
99. Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M, Ahmad N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. FASEB J 2008 22 659-661
100. Krebs N F. Bio-availability of dietary supplements and impact of physiologic state: infants, children and adolescents. J Nutr 2001 131 1351S-1354S
101. Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 81 230S-242S
102. Williamson G, Manach C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 81 243S-255S
103. Youdim K A., Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph J A. Flavonoids and the brain: interactions at the blood-brain barrier and their physiological effects on the central nervous system. Free Radic Biol Med 2004 37 1683-1693
104. Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, Patterson C, Cowan D, Levine M, Booker L, Oremus M. Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2008 148 379-397
105. Hsieh M T., Hsieh C L., Lin L W., Wu C R., Huang G S. Differential gene expression of scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus-application of cDNA microarray technology. Life Sci 2003 73 1007-1016
106. Brouillette J, Young D, During M J., Quirion R. Hippocampal gene expression profiling reveals the possible involvement of Homer1 and GABA(B) receptors in scopolamine-induced amnesia. J Neurochem 2007 102 1978-1989
107. Decker M. Recent advances in the development of hybrid molecules/designed multiple compounds with antiamnesic properties. Mini Rev Med Chem 2007 7 221-229