Neurodegenerative Disorders

Equine Neurology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 235-255

  Mackay, Robert ^a  

^a University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinical signs; Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy; Horses; Neurodegenerative disorders; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

EID: 77049085123     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470376461.ch19     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH. 1976. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Proc Annual Meeting Am Assoc Equine Pract 22:103-5.
2. Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH, et al. 1977. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:195-201.
3. Scarratt WK, Saunders GK, Sponenberg DP, et al. 1985. Degenerative myelopathy in two equids. Equine Vet Sci 5:139-41.
4. Mayhew IG, de Lahunta A, Whitlock RH, et al. 1978. Spinal cord disease in the horse. Cornell Vet 68 (Suppl. 6):24-35.
5. Dill SG, Correa MT, Erb HN, et al. 1990. Factors associated with the development of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Am J Vet Res 51:1300-5.
6. Blythe LL, Hultgren BD, Craig AM, et al. 1991. Clinical, viral, and genetic evaluation of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in a family of Appaloosas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1005-13.
7. Mayhew IG, Brown CM, Stowe HD, et al. 1987. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial. J Vet Intern Med 1:45-50.
8. Beech J. 1987. Equine degenerative myeloen-cephalopathy. In Current therapy in equine medicine, edited by Robinson, NE, 353-5. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
9. Blythe LL, Craig AM. 1992. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Part I. Clinical signs and Pathogenesis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1215-21.
10. Baumgartner W, Frese K, Elmadfa I. 1990. Neu-roaxonal dystrophy associated with vitamin E deficiency in two Haflinger horses. J Comp Pathol 103:114-9.
11. Gandini G, Fatzer R, Mariscoli M, et al. 2004. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in five Quarter Horses: clinical and neuropathological findings. Equine Vet J 36:83-5.
12. Beech J. 1984. Neuroaxonal dystrophy of the accessory cuneate nucleus in horses. Vet Pathol 21:384-93.
13. Beech J, Haskins M. 1987. Genetic studies of neuroaxonal dystrophy in the Morgan. Am J Vet Res 48:109-13.
14. deLahunta A. 1990. Abiotrophy in domestic animals: a review. Can J Vet Res 54:65-76.
15. Montali RJ, Bush M, Sauer RM, et al. 1974. Spinal ataxia in zebras. Comparison with the wobbler syndrome of horses. Vet Pathol 11:68-78.
16. Liu SK, Dolensek EP, Adams CR, et al. 1983. Myelopathy and vitamin E deficiency in six Mongolian wild horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1266-8.
17. Dill SG, Kallfelz FA, deLahunta A, et al. 1989. Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values of horses with degenerative myeloen-cephalopathy. Am J Vet Res 50:166-8.
18. Craig AM, Blythe LL, Lassen ED, et al. 1989. Variations of serum vitamin E, cholesterol, and total serum lipid concentrations in horses during a 72-hour period. Am J Vet Res 50:1527-31.
19. Harding AE, Muller DP, Thomas PK, et al. 1982. Spinocerebellar degeneration secondary to chronic intestinal malabsorption: a vitamin E deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 12:419-24.
20. Sokol RJ, Guggenheim MA, Iannaccone ST, et al. 1985. Improved neurologic function after long-term correction of vitamin E deficiency in children with chronic cholestasis. N Engl J Med 313:1580-86.
21. Rosenblum JL, Keating JP, Prensky AL, et al. 1981. A progressive neurologic syndrome in children with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 304:503-8.
22. Nelson JS. 1983. Neuropathological studies of chronic vitamin E deficiency in mammals including humans. Ciba Found Symp 101:92-105.
23. Nelson JS, Fitch CD, Fischer VW, et al. 1981. Progressive neuropathologic lesions in vitamin E-deficient rhesus monkeys. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 40:166-86.
24. Cavalier L, Ouahchi K, Kayden HJ, et al. 1998. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: heterogeneity of mutations and phenotypic variability in a large number of families. Am J Hum Genet 62:301-10.
25. Blythe LL, Craig AM, Lassen ED, et al. 1991. Serially determined plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations and results of the oral vitamin E absorption test in clinically normal horses and in horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Am J Vet Res 52:908-11.
26. Sokol RJ, Butler-Simon NA, Bettis D, et al. 1987. Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate therapy for vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis: neurologic outcome. J Pedi-atr 111:830-6.
27. Craig AM, Blythe LL, Rowe KE, et al. 1991. Evaluation of the oral vitamin E absorption test in horses. Am J Vet Res 52:912-6.
28. Blythe LL, Craig AM. 1992. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Part II. Diagnosis and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1633-7.
29. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF. 1997. Equine motor neuron disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:97-105.
30. de la Rúa-Domènech R, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al. 1997. Intrinsic, management, and nutritional factors associated with equine motor neuron disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1261-7.
31. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG. 1993. Does equine motor neuron disease exist in the United Kingdom? Vet Rec 132:133-4.
32. Proudman CJ, Knottenbelt DC, Edwards GB. 1993. Equine motor neuron disease. Vet Rec 132:198-9.
33. Lofstedt J, Ikede BO. 1994. Motor neuron disease in a quarter horse from Nova Scotia. Can Vet J 35:507-9.
34. Prendergast M, Bassett HF, Cummings JF. 1994. Equine motor neuron disease. Vet Rec 135:416.
35. Gerber H. 1994. Equine motor neuron disease and grass sickness [letter]. Vet Rec 135:440.
36. Sustronck B, Deprez P, van Roy M, et al. 1993. Equine motor neuron disease: the first confirmed cases in Europe. Vlaams Dirgeneeskundig Tijd-schrift 62:40-4.
37. Kuwamura M, Iwaki M, Yamate J, et al. 1994. The first case of equine motor neuron disease in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 56:195-7.
38. Amorin RM, Kuchembuck MRG, Goncalves RC, et al. 1996. Doença do neurônio motor dos eqûi-nos: relato dos premeiros casos na América do Sul. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 33:47-52.
39. Gruys E, Beynen AC, Binkhorst GJ, et al. 1994. [Neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system in horses]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 119:561-7.
40. Divers TJ, Modhammed HO, Hintz HF, et al. 2006. Equine motor neuron disease: a review of clinical and experimental studies. Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:24-9.
41. McGorum BC, Mayhew IG, Amory H, et al. 2006. Horses on pasture may be affected by equine motor neuron disease. Equine Vet J 38:47-51.
42. Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, Divers TJ, et al. 1993. Risk factors associated with equine motor neuron disease: a possible model for human MND. Neurology 43:966-71.
43. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al. 1994. Equine motor neuron disease: findings in 28 horses and proposal of a pathophysiological mechanism for the disease. Equine Vet J 26:409-15.
44. de la Rúa-Domènech R, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al. 1997. Association between plasma vitamin E concentration and the risk of equine motor neuron disease. Vet J 154:203-13.
45. Syrjä P, Cizinauskas S, Sankari SM, et al. 2006. Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in a horse without vitamin E deficiency: a sequala of iron excess? Equine Veterinary Education 18:158-63.
46. Cummings JF, De Lahunta A, George C, et al. 1990. Equine motor neuron disease: a preliminary report. Cornell Vet 80:357-79.
47. Rowland LP. 1994. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: theories and therapies. Ann Neurol 35:129-30.
48. Palencia P, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL. 2005. New insights into the skeletal muscle phenotype of equine motor neuron disease: a quantitative approach. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 109:272-84.
49. Rowland LP. 1994. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: theories and therapies. Ann Neurol 35:129-30.
50. Riis RC, Jackson C, Rebhun W, et al. 1999. Ocular manifestations of equine motor neuron disease. Equine Vet J 31:99-110.
51. Divers TJ, De Lahunta A, Hintz HF, et al. 2002. Equine motor neuron disease-Update. Proc 20th Annual Meeting ACVIM, 15.
52. de la Rúa-Domènech R, Wiedmann M, Mohammed HO, et al. 1996. Equine motor neuron disease is not linked to Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mutations: sequence analysis of the equine Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase cDNA. Gene 178:83-8.
53. Polack EW, King JM, Cummings JF, et al. 2000. Concentrations of trace minerals in the spinal cord of horses with equine motor neuron disease. Am J Vet Res 61:609-11.
54. Divers TJ, Cummings JE, De Lahunta A, et al. 2006. Evaluation of the risk of motor neuron disease in horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron. Am J Vet Res 67:120-6.
55. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al. 1992. Equine motor neuron disease: a new cause of weakness, trembling, and weight loss. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1222-6.
56. Wijnberg ID. 2006. Clinical Commentary: equine motor neuron disease. Equine Vet Educ 8:163-7.
57. Kyles KW, McGorum BC, Fintl C, et al. 2001. Electromyography under caudal epidural anaesthesia as an aid to the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease. Vet Rec 148:536-8.
58. Blythe LL, Craig AM, Lassen ED, et al. 1991. Serially determined plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations and results of the oral vitamin E absorption test in clinically normal horses and in horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Am J Vet Res 52:908-11.
59. Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al. 2004. The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse. Equine Vet J 36:718-22.
60. Benders NA, Dyer J, Wijnberg ID, et al. 2005. Evaluation of glucose tolerance and intestinal luminal membrane glucose transporter function in horses with equine motor neuron disease. Am J Vet Res 66:93-9.
61. van der Kolk JH, Rijnen KE, Rey F, et al. 2005. Evaluation of glucose metabolism in three horses with lower motor neuron degeneration. Am J Vet Res 66:271-6.
62. Jackson CA, De Lahunta A, Cummings JF, et al. 1996. Spinal accessory nerve biopsy as an ante mortem diagnostic test for equine motor neuron disease. Equine Vet J 28:215-9.
63. Valentine BA, De Lahunta A, George C, et al. 1994. Acquired equine motor neuron disease. Vet Pathol 31:130-8.
64. Cummings JF, De Lahunta A, Summers BA, et al. 1993. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in sporadic equine motor neuron disease: an electron microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 85:291-7.
65. Andrews FM, Maddux JM, Faulk D. 1991. Total protein, albumin quotient, IgG and IgG index determinations for horse cerebrospinal fluid. Prog vet Neurology 1:197-204.
66. Tocher JF, Tocher JW, Brown W, et al. 1923. Grass sickness investigation report. Vet Rec 3:37-45.
67. Miller K. 2005. Equine grass sickness fund: grass sickness and botulism. Retrieved on Sept 30, 2006 from http://www.grasssickness.org.uk.
68. Hedderson EJ, Newton JR. 2004. Prospects for vaccination against equine grass sickness. Equine Vet J 36:186-91.
69. Uzal FA, Robles CA. 1993. Mal seco, a grass sickness-like syndrome of horses in Argentina. Vet Res Commun 17:449-57.
70. McCarthy HE, Proudman CJ, French NP. 2001. Epidemiology of equine grass sickness: a literature review (1909-1999). Vet Rec 149:293-300.
71. Gilmour JS, Jolly GM. 1974. Some aspects of the epidemiology of equine grass sickness. Vet Rec 95:77-81.
72. Doxey DL, Gilmour JS, Milne EM. 1991. A comparative study of normal equine populations and those with grass sickness (dysautonomia) in eastern Scotland. Equine Vet J 23:365-9.
73. Wood JL, Milne EM, Doxey DL. 1998. A case-control study of grass sickness (equine dysautono-mia) in the United Kingdom. Vet J 156:7-14.
74. French NP, McCarthy HE, Diggle PJ, et al. 2005. Clustering of equine grass sickness cases in the United Kingdom: a study considering the effect of position-dependent reporting on the space-time K-function. Epidemiol Infect 133:343-8.
75. McCarthy HE, French NP, Edwards GB, et al. 2004. Why are certain premises at increased risk of equine grass sickness? A matched case-control study. Equine Vet J 36:130-4.
76. Newton JR, Hedderson EJ, Adams VJ, et al. 2004. An epidemiological study of risk factors associated with the recurrence of equine grass sickness (dysautonomia) on previously affected premises. Equine Vet J 36:105-12.
77. Hunter LC, Miller JK, Poxton IR. 1999. The association of Clostridium botulinum type C with equine grass sickness: a toxicoinfection? Equine Vet J 31:492-9.
78. Hunter LC, Poxton IR. 2001. Systemic antibodies to Clostridium botulinum type C: do they protect horses from grass sickness (dysautonomia)? Equine Vet J 33:547-53.
79. McCarthy HE, French NP, Edwards GB, et al. 2004. Equine grass sickness is associated with low antibody levels to Clostridium botulinum: a matched case-control study. Equine Vet J 36:123-9.
80. Pirie RS. 2006. Grass sickness. Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:30-7.
81. Gilmour JS. 1973. Experimental reproduction of the neurological lesions associated with grass sickness. Vet Rec 92:565-6.
82. Gilmour JS, Mould DL. 1977. Experimental studies of neurotoxic activity in blood fractions from acute cases of grass sickness. Res Vet Sci 22:1-4.
83. Cottrell DF, McGorum BC, Pearson GT. 1999. The neurology and enterology of equine grass sickness: a review of basic mechanisms. Neuro-gastroenterol Motil 11:79-92.
84. Gilmour JS, Brown R, Johnson P. 1981. A negative serological relationship between cases of grass sickness in Scotland and Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. Equine Vet J 13:56-8.
85. McGorum BC, Wilson R, Pirie RS, et al. 2003. Systemic concentrations of antioxidants and biomarkers of macromolecular oxidative damage in horses with grass sickness. Equine Vet J 35:121-6.
86. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, De Lahunta A. 2001. Central neuropathology of equine grass sickness. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 102:153-9.
87. Johnson P, Dawson AM, Mould DL. 1983. Serum protein changes in grass sickness. Res Vet Sci 35:165-70.
88. Doxey DL, Milne EM, Gilmour JS, et al. 1991. Clinical and biochemical features of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). Equine Vet J 23:360-4.
89. Wales AD, Whitwell KE. 2006. Potential role of multiple rectal biopsies in the diagnosis of equine grass sickness. Vet Rec 158:372-7.
90. Greet TR, Whitwell KE. 1986. Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness. Equine Vet J 18:294-7.
91. Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al. 2004. The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse. Equine Vet J 36:718-22.
92. Wijnberg ID, Franssen H, Jansen GH, et al. 2006. The role of quantitative electromyography (EMG) in horses suspected of acute and chronic grass sickness. Equine Vet J 38:230-7.
93. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG. 2000. Phenylephrine eyedrops as a diagnostic test in equine grass sickness. Vet Rec 147:603-6.
94. Milne E. 2005. The equine grass sickness fund: management of chronic grass sickness. Retrieved on Oct 10, 2006, from http://www.grasssickness.org.uk.
95. Pirie RS. 2005. Equine grass sickness fund: potential management practices which may reduce the risk of grass sickness. Retrieved on Oct 10, 2006, from http://www.grasssickness.org.uk.
96. Doxey DL, Pogson DM, Milne EM, et al. 1992. Clinical equine dysautonomia and autonomic neuron damage. Res Vet Sci 53:106-9.
97. Doxey DL, Milne EM, Woodman MP, et al. 1995. Small intestine and small colon neuropathy in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness). Vet Res Commun 19:529-43.
98. Gilmour JS. 1973. Observations on neuronal changes in grass sickness of horses. Res Vet Sci 15:197-200.
99. Gilmour JS. 1975. Chromatolysis and axonal dystrophy in the autonomic nervous system in grass sickness of equidae. Neuropath appl Neurobiol 1:39-47.
100. DeBowes RM, Leipold HW, Turner-Beatty M. 1987. Cerebellar abiotrophy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 3:345-52.
101. Palmer AC, Blakemore WF, Cook WR, et al. 1973. Cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration in the young Arab horse: clinical and neuropatho-logical features. Vet Rec 93:62-6.
102. Fox J, Duncan R, Friday P, et al. 2000. Cere-bello-olivary and lateral (accessory) cuneate degeneration in a juvenile American Miniature Horse. Vet Pathol 37:271-4.
103. Hartley WJ, Kuberski T, LeGonidec G, et al. 1982. The pathology of Gomen disease: a cerebellar disorder of horses in New Caledonia. Vet Pathol 19:399-405.
104. LeGonidec G, Kuberski T, Daynes P, et al. 1981. A neurologic disease of horses in New Caledonia. Aust Vet J 57:194-5.
105. Kirkpatrick JG, Burrows GE. 1990. Locoism in horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 32:168-9.
106. Huxtable CR, Dorling PR. 1982. Poisoning of livestock by Swainsona spp.: current status. Aust Vet J 59:50-3.
107. Loretti AP, Colodel EM, Gimeno EJ, et al. 2003. Lysosomal storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis in horses. Equine Vet J 35:434-8.
108. De Lahunta A. 1990. Abiotrophy in domestic animals: a review. Can J Vet Res 54:65-76.
109. Baird JD, Mackenzie CD. 1974. Cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration in part-Arab horses. Aust Vet J 50:25-8.
110. Blanco A, Moyano R, Vivo J, et al. 2006. Purk-inje cell apoptosis in Arabian horses with cerebellar abiotrophy. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53:286-7.
111. Sponseller ML. 1967. Equine cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration. Proc Annual Meeting Am Assoc Equine Pract 13:123-6.
112. Turner Beatty M, Leipold HW, Cash W, et al. 1985. Cerebellar disease in the horse. Proc Annual Meeting Am Assoc Equine Pract 21:241-5.
113. Peneda C. 2006. Cerebellar abiotrophy. Retrieved on Nov 1, 2006, from http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/research/equine/CA.html
114. Dungworth DL, Fowler ME. 1966. Cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration in a foal. Cornell Vet 56:17-24.