Acute stroke imaging part I: Fundamentals

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 4-16

  Butcher, K ^a   Emery, D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BLOOD RHEOLOGY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STROKE;

EID: 76649104349     PISSN: 03171671     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0317167100009598     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia - the ischemic penumbra. Stroke. 1981 Nov-Dec;12(6):723-725
2. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, von Kummer R, Broderick JP, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet. 2004 Mar 6;363(9411):768-774
3. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 14;333(24): 1581-1587
4. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Davalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317-1329
5. Butcher KS, Lee SB, Parsons MW, Allport L, Fink J, Tress B, et al. Differential prognosis of isolated cortical swelling and hypoattenuation on CT in acute stroke. Stroke. 2007 Mar;38(3): 941-947
6. Na DG, Kim EY, Ryoo JW, Lee KH, Roh HG, Kim SS, et al. CT sign of brain swelling without concomitant parenchymal hypoattenuation: comparison with diffusion- and perfusionweighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2005 Jun;235(3):992-1048
7. Dzialowski I, Weber J, Doerfler A, Forsting M, von Kummer R. Brain tissue water uptake after middle cerebral artery occlusion assessed with CT. J Neuroimaging. 2004 Jan;14(1):42-48
8. Kucinski T, Majumder A, Knab R, Naumann D, Fiehler J, Vaterlein O, et al. Cerebral perfusion impairment correlates with the decrease of CT density in acute ischaemic stroke. Neuroradiology. 2004 Sep;46(9):716-722
9. von Kummer R, Bourquain H, Bastianello S, Bozzao L, Manelfe C, Meier D, et al. Early prediction of irreversible brain damage after ischemic stroke at CT. Radiology. 2001 Apr;219(1):95-100.
10. von Kummer R. Early major ischemic changes on computed tomography should preclude use of tissue plasminogen activator. Stroke. 2003 Mar;34(3):820-821
11. von Kummer R, Allen KL, Holle R, Bozzao L, Bastianello S, Manelfe C, et al. Acute stroke: usefulness of early CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology. 1997 Nov;205(2): 327-333
12. Butcher K, Parsons M, Baird T, Barber A, Donnan G, Desmond P, et al. Perfusion thresholds in acute stroke thrombolysis. Stroke. 2003;34:2159-2164
13. Furlan M, Marchal G, Viader F, Derlon JM, Baron JC. Spontaneous neurological recovery after stroke and the fate of the ischemic penumbra. Ann Neurol. 1996 Aug;40(2):216-226
14. Parsons MW, Pepper EM, Bateman GA, Wang Y, Levi CR. Identification of the penumbra and infarct core on hyperacute noncontrast and perfusion CT. Neurology. 2007 Mar 6;68(10): 730-736
15. Pexman JH, Barber PA, Hill MD, Sevick RJ, Demchuk AM, Hudon ME, et al. Use of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) for assessing CT scans in patients with acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Sep;22(8):1534-1542
16. Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J, Buchan AM. Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy. Lancet. 2000 May 13;355(9216):1670-1674
17. Hill MD, Rowley HA, Adler F, Eliasziw M, Furlan A, Higashida RT, et al. Selection of acute ischemic stroke patients for intraarterial thrombolysis with pro-urokinase by using ASPECTS. Stroke. 2003 Aug;34(8):1925-1931
18. Dzialowski I, Hill MD, Coutts SB, Demchuk AM, Kent DM, Wunderlich O, et al. Extent of early ischemic changes on computed tomography (CT) before thrombolysis: prognostic value of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score in ECASS II. Stroke. 2006 Apr;37(4):973-978
19. Atlas SW. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
20. Hashemi RH, Bradley WG, Lisanti CJ. MRI: the basics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
21. Hjort N, Christensen S, Solling C, Ashkanian M, Wu O, Rohl L, et al. Ischemic injury detected by diffusion imaging 11 minutes after stroke. Ann Neurol. 2005 Sep;58(3):462-465
22. Saur D, Kucinski T, Grzyska U, Eckert B, Eggers C, Niesen W, et al. Sensitivity and interrater agreement of CT and diffusionweighted MR imaging in hyperacute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 May;24(5):878-885
23. Barber PA, Darby DG, Desmond PM, Gerraty RP, Yang Q, Li T, et al. Identification of major ischemic change. Diffusion-weighted imaging versus computed tomography. Stroke. 1999;30(10): 2059-2065
24. Okamoto K, Ito J, Ishikawa K, Sakai K, Tokiguchi S. Diffusionweighted echo-planar MR imaging in differential diagnosis of brain tumors and tumor-like conditions. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(8): 1342-1350
25. Reddy JS, Mishra AM, Behari S, Husain M, Gupta V, Rastogi M, et al. The role of diffusion-weighted imaging in the differential diagnosis of intracranial cystic mass lesions: a report of 147 lesions. Surg Neurol. 2006 Sep;66(3):246-50; discussion 50-51
26. KukerW, Ruff J, Gaertner S, Mehnert F,Mader I, Nagele T. Modern MRI tools for the characterization of acute demyelinating lesions: value of chemical shift and diffusion-weighted imaging. Neuroradiology. 2004 Jun;46(6):421-426
27. Kono K, Inoue Y, Nakayama K, Shakudo M, Morino M, Ohata K, et al. The role of diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Jun-Jul;22(6): 1081-1088
28. Desmond PM, Lovell AC, Rawlinson AA, Parsons MW, Barber PA, Yang Q, et al. The value of apparent diffusion coefficient maps in early cerebral ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Aug; 22(7):1260-1267
29. Ulug AM, Beauchamp N, Bryan RN, van Zijl PC. Absolute quantitation of diffusion constants in human stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:483-490
30. Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Mattiello J, Starkman S, Vinuela F, Duckwiler G, et al. Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cerebral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol. 2000;47(4):462-469
31. Oppenheim C, Grandin C, Samson Y, Smith A, Duprez T, Marsault C, et al. Is there an apparent diffusion coefficient threshold in predicting tissue viability in hyperacute stroke? Stroke. 2001 Nov;32(11):2486-2491
32. Loh PS, Butcher K, Parsons M, Desmond P, Tress B, Davis S. ADC thresholds do not predict the response to thrombolysis. Stroke. 2005;Dec;36(12):2626-2631
33. Hayman L, Taber K, Ford J, Bryan R. Mechanisms of MR signal alteration by acute intracerebral blood: old concepts and new theories. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12 (5):899-907.
34. Zamani AA. Imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. In: Rumbaugh CL, Wang A, Tsai FY, editors. Cerebrovascular disease imaging and interventional treatment options. New York: Igaku-Shoin; 1995. p. 232-247
35. Linfante I, Llinas RH, Caplan LR, Warach S. MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2263-2267
36. Butcher KS, Baird T, MacGregor L, Desmond P, Tress B, Davis S. Perihematomal edema in primary intracerebral hemorrhage is plasma derived. Stroke. 2004;35(8):1879-1885
37. Patel MR, Edelman RR, Warach S. Detection of Hyperacute Primary Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stroke. 1996;27(12):2321-2324
38. Lin DD, Filippi CG, Steever AB, Zimmerman RD. Detection of intracranial hemorrhage: comparison between gradient-echo images and b(0) images obtained from diffusion-weighted echoplanar sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Aug;22(7): 1275-1281
39. Hardy PA, Kucharczyk W, Henkelman RM. Cause of signal loss in MR images of old hemorrhagic lesions. Radiology. 1990 Feb; 174(2):549-555
40. Patel R, Edelman R, Warach S. Detection of hyperacute primary intraparenchymal hemorrhge by magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 1996;27:2321-2324
41. Kidwell CS, Chalela JA, Saver JL, Starkman S, Hill MD, Demchuk AM, et al. Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA. 2004 Oct;292(15):1823-1830
42. Greenberg S, Finklestein S, Schaefer P. Petechial hemorrhages accompanying lobar hemorrhage: detection by gradient-echo MRI. Neurology. 1996;46(6):1751-1754
43. Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Roob G, Kleinert G, Kapeller P, Schmidt R, et al. Histopathologic analysis of foci of signal loss on gradientecho T2*-weighted MR images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(4):637-642
44. Roob G, Lechner A, Schmidt R, Flooh E, Hartung H-P, Fazekas F. Frequency and location of microbleeds in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2000;31 (11):2665-2669
45. Roob G, Kleinert R, Seifert T, Lechner A, Kapeller P, Kleinert G, et al. [Indications of cerebral micro-hemorrhage in MRI. Comparative histological findings and possible clinical significance]. Nervenarzt. 1999 Dec;70(12):1082-1087
46. Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, Hald JK, Au R, Kase CS, et al. Cerebral microbleeds: prevalence and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2004 Aug;35(8):1831-1835
47. Roob G, Schmidt R, Kapeller P, Lechner A, Hartung HP, Fazekas F. MRI evidence of past cerebral microbleeds in a healthy elderly population. Neurology. 1999 Mar 23;52(5):991-994
48. Chalela JA, Kang DW, Warach S. Multiple cerebral microbleeds: MRI marker of a diffuse hemorrhage-prone state. J Neuroimaging. 2004 Jan;14(1):54-57
49. Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Villablanca JP, Duckwiler G, Fredieu A, Gough K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging detection of microbleeds before thrombolysis: an emerging application. Stroke. 2002 Jan;33(1):95-98
50. Nighoghossian N, Hermier M, Adeleine P, Blanc-Lasserre K, Derex L, Honnorat J, et al. Old microbleeds are a potential risk factor for cerebral bleeding after ischemic stroke: a gradient-echo T2*- weighted brain MRI study. Stroke. 2002 Mar;33(3):735-742
51. KakudaW, Thijs VN, Lansberg MG, Bammer R,Wechsler L, Kemp S, et al. Clinical importance of microbleeds in patients receiving IV thrombolysis. Neurology. 2005 Oct 25;65(8):1175-1178
52. Zimmerman RA. Recent advances in MR imaging: FLAIR imaging. Crit Rev Neurosurg. 1998 May 13;8(3): 188-192
53. Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Seto H, Inugami A, Hadeishi H, Fujita H, et al. Subacute and chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage: diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology. 1997 Apr;203(1):257-262
54. Singer M, Atlas S, Drayer B. Subarachnoid space disease: diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion- recovery MR imaging and comparison with gadolinium-enhanced spin-echo MR imaging-- blinded reader study. Radiology. 1998 August 1, 1998;208(2): 417-422
55. Ohta T, Kuroiwa T. Timing of CT scanning after SAH. J Neurosurg. 1985 Nov;63(5):817.
56. van Gijn J, van Dongen KJ. The time course of aneurysmal haemorrhage on computed tomograms. Neuroradiology. 1982; 23(3):153-156
57. Imaizumi T, Chiba M, Honma T, Niwa J. Detection of hemosiderin deposition by T2*-weighted MRI after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2003 Jul;34(7):1693-1698
58. Stoner T, Braff S, Khoshyomn S. High signal in subarachnoid spaces on FLAIR MR images in an adult with propofol sedation. Neurology. 2002 Jul 23;59(2):292.
59. Frigon C, Jardine DS, Weinberger E, Heckbert SR, Shaw DW. Fraction of inspired oxygen in relation to cerebrospinal fluid hyperintensity on FLAIR MR imaging of the brain in children and young adults undergoing anesthesia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Sep;179(3):791-796
60. Manawadu D, Butcher K. Evolving hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;79 (10):1106.
61. Yu D, Schaefer PW, Rordorf G, Gonzalez RG. Magnetic resonance angiography in acute stroke. Semin Roentgenol. 2002 Jul;37(3): 212-218
62. Sohn CH, Sevick RJ, Frayne R. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the intracranial circulation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2003 Nov;11(4):599-614.
63. Marchal G, Michiels J, Bosmans H, Van Hecke P. Contrastenhanced MRA of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1992 Jan- Feb;16(1):25-29
64. Debrey SM, Yu H, Lynch JK, Lovblad KO, Wright VL, Janket SJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography for internal carotid artery disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Stroke. 2008 Aug;39(8):2237-2248
65. Pomerantz SR, Harris GJ, Desai HJ, Lev MH. Computed tomography angiography and computed tomography perfusion in ischemic stroke: a step-by-step approach to image acquisition and three-dimensional postprocessing. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2006 Jun;27(3):243-270
66. Lev MH, Farkas J, Rodriguez VR, Schwamm LH, Hunter GJ, Putman CM, et al. CT angiography in the rapid triage of patients with hyperacute stroke to intraarterial thrombolysis: accuracy in the detection of large vessel thrombus. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001 Jul-Aug;25(4):520-528
67. Nguyen-Huynh MN, Wintermark M, English J, Lam J, Vittinghoff E, Smith WS, et al. How accurate is CT angiography in evaluating intracranial atherosclerotic disease? Stroke. 2008 Apr;39(4):1184-1188
68. Yeung R, Ahmad T, Aviv RI, de Tilly LN, Fox AJ, Symons SP. Comparison of CTA to DSA in determining the etiology of spontaneous ICH. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009 Mar;36(2):176-180
69. Thompson AL, Kosior JC, Gladstone DJ, Hopyan JJ, Symons SP, Romero F, et al. Defining the CT angiography 'spot sign' in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009 Jul; 36(4):456-461
70. Mnyusiwalla A, Aviv RI, Symons SP. Radiation dose from multidetector row CT imaging for acute stroke. Neuroradiology. 2009 Jun 9. [Epub ahead of print]
71. Hjort N, Butcher K, Davis S, Kidwell CS, Koroshetz WJ, Rother J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging criteria for thrombolysis in acute cerebral infarct. Stroke. 2005;36(2):388-397
72. Ostergaard L, Sorensen AG, Kwong KK, Weisskoff RM, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part II: Experimental comparison and preliminary results. Magn Reson Med. 1996;36(5):726-736
73. Ostergaard L, Weisskoff RM, Chesler DA, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: Mathematical approach and statistical analysis. Magn Reson Med. 1996; 36(5):715-725
74. Ostergaard L, Smith DF, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Hansen SB, Gee AD, Gjedde A, et al. Absolute cerebral blood flow and blood volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging bolus tracking: comparison with positron emission tomography values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998 Apr;18(4):425-432
75. Wintermark M, Maeder P, Thiran JP, Schnyder P, Meuli R. Quantitative assessment of regional cerebral blood flows by perfusion CT studies at low injection rates: a critical review of the underlying theoretical models. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(7): 1220-1230
76. Nabavi DG, Cenic A, Craen RA, Gelb AW, Bennett JD, Kozak R, et al. CT assessment of cerebral perfusion: experimental validation and initial clinical experience. Radiology. 1999 Oct;213(1): 141-149
77. Wintermark M, Thiran JP, Maeder P, Schnyder P, Meuli R. Simultaneous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by perfusion CT and stable xenon CT: a validation study. AJNRAm J Neuroradiol. 2001 May;22(5):905-914
78. Kudo K, Terae S, Katoh C, Oka M, Shiga T, Tamaki N, et al. Quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement with dynamic perfusion CT using the vascular-pixel elimination method: comparison with H2(15)O positron emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Mar;24(3):419-426