메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 171-185

Analgesic efficacy of intra-articular morphine in experimentally induced radiocarpal synovitis in horses

Author keywords

Equine; Intra articular morphine; Lameness; Lipopolysaccharide; Pain scoring; Synovitis

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE;

EID: 76449106008     PISSN: 14672987     EISSN: 14672995     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00521.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (91)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 40449098997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of different pain scoring systems in critically ill patients in a general ICU
    • Ahlers SJ, van Gulik L, van der Veen AM. Comparison of different pain scoring systems in critically ill patients in a general ICU. Crit Care 2008, 12:R15.
    • (2008) Crit Care , vol.12
    • Ahlers, S.J.1    van Gulik, L.2    van der Veen, A.M.3
  • 3
    • 27744577081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural assessment of pain in horses and donkeys: application to clinical practice and future studies
    • Ashley FH, Waterman-Pearson AE, Whay HR. Behavioural assessment of pain in horses and donkeys: application to clinical practice and future studies. Equine Vet J 2005, 37:565-575.
    • (2005) Equine Vet J , vol.37 , pp. 565-575
    • Ashley, F.H.1    Waterman-Pearson, A.E.2    Whay, H.R.3
  • 4
    • 21744436818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief
    • Aubrun F, Salvi N, Coriat P. Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology 2005, 103:156-160.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , pp. 156-160
    • Aubrun, F.1    Salvi, N.2    Coriat, P.3
  • 5
    • 0036527770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of opioids for pain and anesthetic management in horses
    • Bennett RC, Steffey EP. Use of opioids for pain and anesthetic management in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002, 18:47-60.
    • (2002) Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract , vol.18 , pp. 47-60
    • Bennett, R.C.1    Steffey, E.P.2
  • 6
    • 84908219488 scopus 로고
    • Statistical-methods for assessing agreement between 2 methods of clinical measurement
    • Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical-methods for assessing agreement between 2 methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986, 327:307-310.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.327 , pp. 307-310
    • Bland, J.M.1    Altman, D.G.2
  • 7
    • 0033844916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction - A double-blind placebo-controlled study of 40 patients
    • Brandsson S, Karlsson J, Morberg P. Intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction - A double-blind placebo-controlled study of 40 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 2000, 71:280-285.
    • (2000) Acta Orthop Scand , vol.71 , pp. 280-285
    • Brandsson, S.1    Karlsson, J.2    Morberg, P.3
  • 8
    • 45249109375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses
    • Bussieres G, Jacques C, Lainay O. Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses. Res Vet Sci 2008, 85:294-306.
    • (2008) Res Vet Sci , vol.85 , pp. 294-306
    • Bussieres, G.1    Jacques, C.2    Lainay, O.3
  • 9
    • 0000504308 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of narcotic analgesics in the horse. iv. dose and time response relationships for behavioural-responses to morphine, meperidine, pentazocine, anileridine, methadone, and hydromorphone
    • Combie J, Dougherty J, Nugent E. Pharmacology of narcotic analgesics in the horse. iv. dose and time response relationships for behavioural-responses to morphine, meperidine, pentazocine, anileridine, methadone, and hydromorphone. J Equine Med Surg 1979, 3:377-385.
    • (1979) J Equine Med Surg , vol.3 , pp. 377-385
    • Combie, J.1    Dougherty, J.2    Nugent, E.3
  • 10
    • 67449092597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
    • Crichton N. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). J Clin Nursing 2001, 10:697-706.
    • (2001) J Clin Nursing , vol.10 , pp. 697-706
    • Crichton, N.1
  • 11
    • 50549101724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of pain intensity in emergency medicine: A validation study
    • Daoust R, Beaulieu P, Manzini C. Estimation of pain intensity in emergency medicine: A validation study. Pain 2008, 138:565-570.
    • (2008) Pain , vol.138 , pp. 565-570
    • Daoust, R.1    Beaulieu, P.2    Manzini, C.3
  • 12
    • 0029398919 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intra-articular and epidural morphine for analgesia following stifle arthrotomy in dogs
    • Day TK, Pepper WT, Tobias TA. Comparison of intra-articular and epidural morphine for analgesia following stifle arthrotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 1995, 24:522-530.
    • (1995) Vet Surg , vol.24 , pp. 522-530
    • Day, T.K.1    Pepper, W.T.2    Tobias, T.A.3
  • 13
    • 0031965568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period: Intrasubject variability and correlation with a numeric scale
    • DeLoach LJ, Higgins MS, Caplan AB. The visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period: Intrasubject variability and correlation with a numeric scale. Anesth Analg 1998, 86:102-106.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , pp. 102-106
    • DeLoach, L.J.1    Higgins, M.S.2    Caplan, A.B.3
  • 14
    • 0022557252 scopus 로고
    • The interrelation of neural discharge, intraarticular pressure and joint angle in the knee of the dog
    • Ferrell WR, Nade S, Newbold PJ. The interrelation of neural discharge, intraarticular pressure and joint angle in the knee of the dog. J Physiol 1986, 373:353-365.
    • (1986) J Physiol , vol.373 , pp. 353-365
    • Ferrell, W.R.1    Nade, S.2    Newbold, P.J.3
  • 15
    • 0023320257 scopus 로고
    • An induced synovitis disease-model in ponies
    • Firth EC, Wensing T, Seuren F. An induced synovitis disease-model in ponies. Cornell Vet 1987, 77:107-118.
    • (1987) Cornell Vet , vol.77 , pp. 107-118
    • Firth, E.C.1    Wensing, T.2    Seuren, F.3
  • 16
    • 37549007629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of single-dose intravenous phenylbutazone on experimentally induced, reversible lameness in the horse
    • Foreman JH, Barange A, Lawrence LM. Effects of single-dose intravenous phenylbutazone on experimentally induced, reversible lameness in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2008, 31:39-44.
    • (2008) J Vet Pharmacol Therap , vol.31 , pp. 39-44
    • Foreman, J.H.1    Barange, A.2    Lawrence, L.M.3
  • 17
    • 0034871553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of the peripheral analgesic effects of intraarticular morphine
    • Gupta A, Bodin L, Holmstrom B. A systematic review of the peripheral analgesic effects of intraarticular morphine. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:761-770.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 761-770
    • Gupta, A.1    Bodin, L.2    Holmstrom, B.3
  • 18
    • 0027570987 scopus 로고
    • Effects of intra-articularly administered endotoxin on clinical signs of disease and synovial-fluid tumor-necrosis-factor, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E(2) values in horses
    • Hawkins DL, Mackay RJ, Gum GG. Effects of intra-articularly administered endotoxin on clinical signs of disease and synovial-fluid tumor-necrosis-factor, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E(2) values in horses. Am J Vet Res 1993, 54:379-386.
    • (1993) Am J Vet Res , vol.54 , pp. 379-386
    • Hawkins, D.L.1    Mackay, R.J.2    Gum, G.G.3
  • 19
    • 33644552751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and synovial fluid in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis
    • Jacobsen S, Niewold TA, Halling-Thomsen M. Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and synovial fluid in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006, 110:325-330.
    • (2006) Vet Immunol Immunopathol , vol.110 , pp. 325-330
    • Jacobsen, S.1    Niewold, T.A.2    Halling-Thomsen, M.3
  • 20
    • 0036635246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of morphine on human articular cartilage of the knee: An in vitro study
    • Jaureguito JW, Wilcox JF, Thisted RA. The effects of morphine on human articular cartilage of the knee: An in vitro study. Arthroscopy 2002, 18:631-636.
    • (2002) Arthroscopy , vol.18 , pp. 631-636
    • Jaureguito, J.W.1    Wilcox, J.F.2    Thisted, R.A.3
  • 21
    • 0026794279 scopus 로고
    • Intraarticular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy
    • Joshi GP, Mccarroll SM, Cooney CM. Intraarticular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992, 74:749-751.
    • (1992) J Bone Joint Surg Br , vol.74 , pp. 749-751
    • Joshi, G.P.1    Mccarroll, S.M.2    Cooney, C.M.3
  • 22
    • 0021342595 scopus 로고
    • Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine in ponies
    • Kalpravidh M, Lumb WV, Wright M. Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine in ponies. Am J Vet Res 1984, 45:217-223.
    • (1984) Am J Vet Res , vol.45 , pp. 217-223
    • Kalpravidh, M.1    Lumb, W.V.2    Wright, M.3
  • 23
    • 0030919079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain relief from intra-articular morphine after knee surgery: A qualitative systematic review
    • Kalso E, Tramer MR, Carroll D. Pain relief from intra-articular morphine after knee surgery: A qualitative systematic review. Pain 1997, 71:127-134.
    • (1997) Pain , vol.71 , pp. 127-134
    • Kalso, E.1    Tramer, M.R.2    Carroll, D.3
  • 24
    • 0036066045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No pain, no gain: clinical excellence and scientific rigour - lessons learned from IA morphine
    • Kalso E, Smith L, Mcquay HJ. No pain, no gain: clinical excellence and scientific rigour - lessons learned from IA morphine. Pain 2002, 98:269-275.
    • (2002) Pain , vol.98 , pp. 269-275
    • Kalso, E.1    Smith, L.2    Mcquay, H.J.3
  • 25
    • 58949093097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reporting of patient-reported outcomes in recent trials in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review
    • Kalyoncu U, Dougados M, Daures JP. Reporting of patient-reported outcomes in recent trials in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:183-190.
    • (2009) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.68 , pp. 183-190
    • Kalyoncu, U.1    Dougados, M.2    Daures, J.P.3
  • 26
    • 0346155869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeatability of flow cytometric and classical measurement of phagocytosis and respiratory burst in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes
    • Kampen AH, Tollersrud T, Larsen S. Repeatability of flow cytometric and classical measurement of phagocytosis and respiratory burst in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004, 97:105-114.
    • (2004) Vet Immunol Immunopathol , vol.97 , pp. 105-114
    • Kampen, A.H.1    Tollersrud, T.2    Larsen, S.3
  • 27
    • 57849152072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide, mepivacaine hydrochloride, or both on lipopolysaccharide-induced lameness in horses
    • Kay AT, Bolt DM, Ishihara A. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide, mepivacaine hydrochloride, or both on lipopolysaccharide-induced lameness in horses. Am J Vet Res 2008, 69:1646-1654.
    • (2008) Am J Vet Res , vol.69 , pp. 1646-1654
    • Kay, A.T.1    Bolt, D.M.2    Ishihara, A.3
  • 28
    • 17544383839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-assisted kinematic evaluation of induced compensatory movements resembling lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill
    • Kelmer G, Keegan KG, Kramer J. Computer-assisted kinematic evaluation of induced compensatory movements resembling lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res 2005, 66:646-655.
    • (2005) Am J Vet Res , vol.66 , pp. 646-655
    • Kelmer, G.1    Keegan, K.G.2    Kramer, J.3
  • 29
    • 1342345295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of three rating scales for measuring subjective phenomena in clinical research I. Use of experimentally controlled auditory stimuli
    • Lara-Munoz C, de Leon SP, Feinstein AR. Comparison of three rating scales for measuring subjective phenomena in clinical research I. Use of experimentally controlled auditory stimuli. Arch Med Res 2004, 35:43-48.
    • (2004) Arch Med Res , vol.35 , pp. 43-48
    • Lara-Munoz, C.1    de Leon, S.P.2    Feinstein, A.R.3
  • 30
    • 0026671670 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for analgesia mediated by peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed synovial tissue
    • Lawrence AJ, Joshi GP, Michalkiewicz A. Evidence for analgesia mediated by peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed synovial tissue. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992, 43:351-355.
    • (1992) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.43 , pp. 351-355
    • Lawrence, A.J.1    Joshi, G.P.2    Michalkiewicz, A.3
  • 31
    • 75749135674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effects of intra-articular morphine administration in horses with experimentally induced synovitis
    • Lindegaard C, Gleerup KB, Thomsen MH. Anti-inflammatory effects of intra-articular morphine administration in horses with experimentally induced synovitis. Am J Vet Res 2010a, 70:69-75.
    • (2010) Am J Vet Res , vol.70 , pp. 69-75
    • Lindegaard, C.1    Gleerup, K.B.2    Thomsen, M.H.3
  • 32
    • 76449096096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular morphine in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis
    • Lindegaard C, Frost AB, Thomsen MH. Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular morphine in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010b, 37:186-195.
    • (2010) Vet Anaesth Analg , vol.37 , pp. 186-195
    • Lindegaard, C.1    Frost, A.B.2    Thomsen, M.H.3
  • 33
    • 0026778681 scopus 로고
    • Induction of the acute-phase cytokine, hepatocyte-stimulating factor interleukin-6, in the circulation of horses treated with endotoxin
    • Mackay RJ, Lester GD. Induction of the acute-phase cytokine, hepatocyte-stimulating factor interleukin-6, in the circulation of horses treated with endotoxin. Am J Vet Res 1992, 53:1285-1289.
    • (1992) Am J Vet Res , vol.53 , pp. 1285-1289
    • Mackay, R.J.1    Lester, G.D.2
  • 34
    • 34248572556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthritis and pain: Neurogenic origin of joint pain
    • McDougall JJ. Arthritis and pain: Neurogenic origin of joint pain. Arthritis Res Therapy 2006, 8:220.
    • (2006) Arthritis Res Therapy , vol.8 , pp. 220
    • McDougall, J.J.1
  • 35
    • 1542288766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The need for a cross-species approach to the study of pain in animals
    • Paul-Murphy J, Ludders JW, Robertson SA. The need for a cross-species approach to the study of pain in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004, 224:692-697.
    • (2004) J Am Vet Med Assoc , vol.224 , pp. 692-697
    • Paul-Murphy, J.1    Ludders, J.W.2    Robertson, S.A.3
  • 36
    • 0642340243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour-based system for assessment of post-operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery
    • Price J, Catriona S, Welsh EM. Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour-based system for assessment of post-operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003, 30:124-137.
    • (2003) Vet Anaesth Analg , vol.30 , pp. 124-137
    • Price, J.1    Catriona, S.2    Welsh, E.M.3
  • 37
    • 0037413581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of potential physiological and behavioural indicators of postoperative pain in horses after exploratory celiotomy for colic
    • Pritchett LC, Ulibarri C, Roberts MC. Identification of potential physiological and behavioural indicators of postoperative pain in horses after exploratory celiotomy for colic. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2003, 80:31-43.
    • (2003) Appl Anim Behav Sci , vol.80 , pp. 31-43
    • Pritchett, L.C.1    Ulibarri, C.2    Roberts, M.C.3
  • 38
    • 2042428712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The disposition and local effects of intra-articular morphine in normal ponies
    • Raekallio M, Taylor PM, Johnson CB. The disposition and local effects of intra-articular morphine in normal ponies. J Vet Anaesth 1996, 23:23-26.
    • (1996) J Vet Anaesth , vol.23 , pp. 23-26
    • Raekallio, M.1    Taylor, P.M.2    Johnson, C.B.3
  • 39
    • 0031093086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary investigations of pain and analgesia assessment in horses administered phenylbutazone or placebo after arthroscopic surgery
    • Raekallio M, Taylor PM, Bennett RC. Preliminary investigations of pain and analgesia assessment in horses administered phenylbutazone or placebo after arthroscopic surgery. Vet Surg 1997a, 26:150-155.
    • (1997) Vet Surg , vol.26 , pp. 150-155
    • Raekallio, M.1    Taylor, P.M.2    Bennett, R.C.3
  • 40
    • 0038802131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of methods for evaluation of pain and distress after orthopaedic surgery in horses
    • Raekallio M, Taylor PM, Bloomfield M. A comparison of methods for evaluation of pain and distress after orthopaedic surgery in horses. J Vet Anaesth 1997b, 24:17-20.
    • (1997) J Vet Anaesth , vol.24 , pp. 17-20
    • Raekallio, M.1    Taylor, P.M.2    Bloomfield, M.3
  • 41
    • 59349088795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pre-emptive effect of epidural ketamine on wound sensitivity in horses tested by using von Frey filaments
    • Redua MA, Valadao CAA, Duque JC. The pre-emptive effect of epidural ketamine on wound sensitivity in horses tested by using von Frey filaments. Vet Anaesth Analg 2002, 29:200-206.
    • (2002) Vet Anaesth Analg , vol.29 , pp. 200-206
    • Redua, M.A.1    Valadao, C.A.A.2    Duque, J.C.3
  • 42
    • 13244299308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence for analgesic effect of intra-articular morphine after knee arthroscopy: A qualitative systematic review
    • Rosseland LA. No evidence for analgesic effect of intra-articular morphine after knee arthroscopy: A qualitative systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005, 30:83-98.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 83-98
    • Rosseland, L.A.1
  • 43
    • 0032979614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy
    • Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A, Skoglund A. Intra-articular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999, 43:252-257.
    • (1999) Acta Anaesth Scand , vol.43 , pp. 252-257
    • Rosseland, L.A.1    Stubhaug, A.2    Skoglund, A.3
  • 45
    • 0029689815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesia for stifle surgery: a comparison of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline
    • Sammarco JL, Conzemius MG, Perkowski SZ. Postoperative analgesia for stifle surgery: a comparison of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline. Vet Surg 1996, 25:59-69.
    • (1996) Vet Surg , vol.25 , pp. 59-69
    • Sammarco, J.L.1    Conzemius, M.G.2    Perkowski, S.Z.3
  • 46
    • 64149109635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intraarticular ropivacaine and morphine on lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in horses
    • Santos LCP, de Moraes AN, Saito ME. Effects of intraarticular ropivacaine and morphine on lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009, 36:280-286.
    • (2009) Vet Anaesth Analg , vol.36 , pp. 280-286
    • Santos, L.C.P.1    de Moraes, A.N.2    Saito, M.E.3
  • 47
    • 4243171425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy
    • Sellon DC, Roberts MC, Blikslager AT. Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy. J Vet Int Med 2004, 18:555-563.
    • (2004) J Vet Int Med , vol.18 , pp. 555-563
    • Sellon, D.C.1    Roberts, M.C.2    Blikslager, A.T.3
  • 48
    • 0034868265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of opioid receptors in synovial membranes of horses
    • Sheehy J G, Hellyer PW, Sammonds GE. Evaluation of opioid receptors in synovial membranes of horses. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:1408-1412.
    • (2001) Am J Vet Res , vol.62 , pp. 1408-1412
    • Sheehy, J.G.1    Hellyer, P.W.2    Sammonds, G.E.3
  • 49
    • 33751319698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular morphine 5 mg after knee arthroscopy does not produce significant pain relief when administered to patients with moderate to severe pain via an intra-articular catheter
    • Solheim N, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Intra-articular morphine 5 mg after knee arthroscopy does not produce significant pain relief when administered to patients with moderate to severe pain via an intra-articular catheter. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006, 31:506-513.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 506-513
    • Solheim, N.1    Rosseland, L.A.2    Stubhaug, A.3
  • 50
    • 33751337095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular morphine for inflammatory pain
    • Stein C. Intra-articular morphine for inflammatory pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006, 31:496-497.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 496-497
    • Stein, C.1
  • 51
    • 0025953982 scopus 로고
    • Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery
    • Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E. Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. New Engl J Med 1991, 325:1123-1126.
    • (1991) New Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 1123-1126
    • Stein, C.1    Comisel, K.2    Haimerl, E.3
  • 52
    • 0028799102 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative analgesic trials - Some important issues
    • Stubhaug A, Breivik H. Postoperative analgesic trials - Some important issues. Baillieres Clin Anaesthesiol 1995, 9:555-584.
    • (1995) Baillieres Clin Anaesthesiol , vol.9 , pp. 555-584
    • Stubhaug, A.1    Breivik, H.2
  • 54
    • 0030184471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical analysis of an equine model of synovitis-induced arthritis
    • Todhunter PG, Kincaid SA, Todhunter RJ. Immunohistochemical analysis of an equine model of synovitis-induced arthritis. Am J Vet Res 1996, 57:1080-1093.
    • (1996) Am J Vet Res , vol.57 , pp. 1080-1093
    • Todhunter, P.G.1    Kincaid, S.A.2    Todhunter, R.J.3
  • 55
    • 8544278193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-articular morphine and saline injections induce release of large molecular weight proteoglycans into equine synovial fluid
    • Tulamo RM, Raekallio M, Taylor P. Intra-articular morphine and saline injections induce release of large molecular weight proteoglycans into equine synovial fluid. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 1996, 43:147-153.
    • (1996) J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med , vol.43 , pp. 147-153
    • Tulamo, R.M.1    Raekallio, M.2    Taylor, P.3
  • 56
  • 57
    • 8844239164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stopping clinical trials by design
    • Whitehead J. Stopping clinical trials by design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004, 3:973-977.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.3 , pp. 973-977
    • Whitehead, J.1
  • 58
    • 8844228436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The double triangular test in practice
    • Whitehead J, Todd S. The double triangular test in practice. Pharm Stat 2004, 3:39-49.
    • (2004) Pharm Stat , vol.3 , pp. 39-49
    • Whitehead, J.1    Todd, S.2
  • 59
    • 0020525719 scopus 로고
    • Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals
    • Zimmermann M. Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 1983, 16:109-110.
    • (1983) Pain , vol.16 , pp. 109-110
    • Zimmermann, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.