Use of bone turnover markers in osteoporosis

Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-14

  Lenora, Janaka ^a   Ivaska, Kaisa K ^a,b   Gerdhem, Paul ^a,c  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^c KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Bone loss; Bone mineral density; Bone turnover markers; Clinical utility; Fracture prediction; Osteoporosis; Treatment monitoring

Indexed keywords

ACID PHOSPHATASE TARTRATE RESISTANT ISOENZYME 5B; ALENDRONIC ACID; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE BONE ISOENZYME; AMINO TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CARBOXY TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE; DENOSUMAB; DEOXYPYRIDINOLINE; OSTEOCALCIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PROCOLLAGEN; PYRIDINOLINE; RALOXIFENE; RISEDRONIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

BONE ATROPHY; BONE TURNOVER; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MONITORING; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 76149132328     PISSN: 15348644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12018-009-9042-x     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. LJ Melton 3rd EA Chrischilles C Cooper AW Lane BL Riggs 1992 Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 7 9 1005 1010 1414493
2. SC Schuit M van der Klift AE Weel CE de Laet H Burger E Seeman A Hofman AG Uitterlinden JP van Leeuwen HA Pols 2004 Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study Bone 34 1 195 202 14751578 (Pubitemid 38142449)
3. KM Sanders GC Nicholson JJ Watts JA Pasco MJ Henry MA Kotowicz E Seeman 2006 Half the burden of fragility fractures in the community occur in women without osteoporosis. When is fracture prevention cost-effective? Bone 38 5 694 700 16507356
4. SC Manolagas 2000 Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis Endocr Rev 21 2 115 137 10782361
5. E Seeman 2006 Osteocytes-martyrs for integrity of bone strength Osteoporos Int 17 10 1443 1448 16957833
6. AM Parfitt 2002 Targeted and nontargeted bone remodeling: relationship to basic multicellular unit origination and progression Bone 30 1 5 7 11792557
7. HK Väänänen T Laitala-Leinonen 2008 Osteoclast lineage and function Arch Biochem Biophys 473 2 132 138 18424258
8. V Matkovic T Jelic GM Wardlaw JZ Ilich PK Goel JK Wright MB Andon KT Smith RP Heaney 1994 Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model J Clin Invest 93 2 799 808 8113412
9. AY Ho AW Kung 2005 Determinants of peak bone mineral density and bone area in young women J Bone Miner Metab 23 6 470 475 16261454
10. JA Kanis S Adami 1994 Bone loss in the elderly Osteoporos Int 4 Suppl 1 59 65 8081062
11. MJ Weiss K Ray PS Henthorn B Lamb T Kadesch H Harris 1988 Structure of the human liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene J Biol Chem 263 24 12002 12010 3165380 (Pubitemid 18212266)
12. P Garnero PD Delmas 1993 Assessment of the serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase with a new immunoradiometric assay in patients with metabolic bone disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77 4 1046 1053 8104954
13. QQ Hoang F Sicheri AJ Howard DS Yang 2003 Bone recognition mechanism of porcine osteocalcin from crystal structure Nature 425 6961 977 980 14586470
14. P Garnero M Grimaux P Seguin PD Delmas 1994 Characterization of immunoreactive forms of human osteocalcin generated in vivo and in vitro J Bone Miner Res 9 2 255 264 8140939
15. KK Ivaska TA Hentunen J Vääräniemi H Ylipahkala K Pettersson HK Väänänen 2004 Release of intact and fragmented osteocalcin molecules from bone matrix during bone resorption in vitro J Biol Chem 279 18 18361 18369 14970229
16. PA Price MK Williamson JW Lothringer 1981 Origin of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein found in plasma and its clearance by kidney and bone J Biol Chem 256 24 12760 12766 6975778
17. KK Ivaska J Hellman J Likojärvi SM Käkönen P Gerdhem K Åkesson KJ Obrant K Pettersson HK Väänänen 2003 Identification of novel proteolytic forms of osteocalcin in human urine Biochem Biophys Res Commun 306 4 973 980 12821138
18. AK Srivastava S Mohan FR Singer DJ Baylink 2002 A urine midmolecule osteocalcin assay shows higher discriminatory power than a serum midmolecule osteocalcin assay during short-term alendronate treatment of osteoporotic patients Bone 31 1 62 69 12110414
19. KK Ivaska SM Käkönen P Gerdhem KJ Obrant K Pettersson HK Väänänen 2005 Urinary osteocalcin as a marker of bone metabolism Clin Chem 51 3 618 628 15650032
20. P Szulc E Seeman PD Delmas 2000 Biochemical measurements of bone turnover in children and adolescents Osteoporos Int 11 4 281 294 10928217
21. Khosla S, Kleerekoper M. Biochemical markers of bone turnover. In: Favus MJ, editor. Primer on metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Society of Bone and Mineral Research; 2003. p. 166-72.
22. JM Halleen S Raisanen JJ Salo SV Reddy GD Roodman TA Hentunen PP Lehenkari H Kaija P Vihko HK Vaananen 1999 Intracellular fragmentation of bone resorption products by reactive oxygen species generated by osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase J Biol Chem 274 33 22907 22910 10438453
23. JP Rissanen MI Suominen Z Peng JM Halleen 2008 Secreted tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a Marker of osteoclast number in human osteoclast cultures and the rat ovariectomy model Calcif Tissue Int 82 2 108 115 18084692
24. RA Hannon JA Clowes AC Eagleton A Al Hadari R Eastell A Blumsohn 2004 Clinical performance of immunoreactive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b as a marker of bone resorption Bone 34 1 187 194 14751577
25. JM Halleen SL Tiitinen H Ylipahkala KM Fagerlund HK Väänä nen 2006 Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) as a marker of bone resorption Clin Lab 52 9-10 499 509 17078477
26. MJ Seibel SP Robins JP Bilezikian 1992 Urinary pyridinium crosslinks of collagen specific markers of bone resorption in metabolic bone disease Trends Endocrinol Metab 3 7 263 270 18407110
27. P Garnero M Ferreras MA Karsdal R Nicamhlaoibh J Risteli O Borel P Qvist PD Delmas NT Foged JM Delaisse 2003 The type I collagen fragments ICTP and CTX reveal distinct enzymatic pathways of bone collagen degradation J Bone Miner Res 18 5 859 867 12733725
28. C Fledelius AH Johnsen PA Cloos M Bonde P Qvist 1997 Characterization of urinary degradation products derived from type I collagen. Identification of a beta-isomerized Asp-Gly sequence within the C-terminal telopeptide (alpha1) region J Biol Chem 272 15 9755 9763 9092508
29. J Kumm KK Ivaska K Rohtla K Väänänen A Tamm 2008 Urinary osteocalcin and other markers of bone metabolism: the effect of risedronate therapy Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68 6 459 463 18609099
30. HN Rosen AC Moses J Garber ID Iloputaife DS Ross SL Lee SL Greenspan 2000 Serum CTX: a new marker of bone resorption that shows treatment effect more often than other markers because of low coefficient of variability and large changes with bisphosphonate therapy Calcif Tissue Int 66 2 100 103 10652955
31. M Sarioglu C Tuzun Z Unlu C Tikiz F Taneli BS Uyanik 2006 Comparison of the effects of alendronate and risedronate on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis Rheumatol Int 26 3 195 200 15580349
32. CJ Rosen MC Hochberg SL Bonnick M McClung P Miller S Broy R Kagan E Chen RA Petruschke DE Thompson AE de Papp 2005 Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study J Bone Miner Res 20 1 141 151 15619680
33. R Rizzoli SL Greenspan G Bone 3rd TJ Schnitzer NB Watts S Adami AJ Foldes C Roux MA Levine B Uebelhart AC Santora 2nd A Kaur CA Peverly JJ Orloff 2002 Two-year results of once-weekly administration of alendronate 70 mg for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 17 11 1988 1996 12412806
34. HG Bone MA Bolognese CK Yuen DL Kendler H Wang Y Liu J San Martin 2008 Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 6 2149 2157 18381571
35. JP Brown RL Prince C Deal RR Recker DP Kiel LH de Gregorio P Hadji LC Hofbauer JM Alvaro-Gracia H Wang M Austin RB Wagman R Newmark C Libanati J San Martin HG Bone 2009 Comparison of the effect of denosumab and alendronate on BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized, blinded, phase 3 trial J Bone Miner Res 24 1 153 161 18767928
36. DC Bauer P Garnero JP Bilezikian SL Greenspan KE Ensrud CJ Rosen L Palermo DM Black 2006 Short-term changes in bone turnover markers and bone mineral density response to parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 4 1370 1375 16449339
37. SW Kim DJ Park KS Park SY Kim BY Cho HK Lee CS Shin 2005 Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover predict bone mineral density response to antiresorptive therapy in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis Endocr J 52 6 667 674 16410657
38. A Nenonen S Cheng KK Ivaska SL Alatalo T Lehtimaki H Schmidt-Gayk K Uusi-Rasi A Heinonen P Kannus H Sievanen I Vuori HK Väänänen JM Halleen 2005 Serum TRACP 5b is a useful marker for monitoring alendronate treatment: comparison with other markers of bone turnover J Bone Miner Res 20 10 1804 1812
39. MR McClung MA Bolognese F Sedarati RR Recker PD Miller 2009 Efficacy and safety of monthly oral ibandronate in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss Bone 44 3 418 422 18950736
40. CH Chesnut 3rd NH Bell GS Clark BL Drinkwater SC English CC Johnson Jr M Notelovitz C Rosen DF Cain KA Flessland NJ Mallinak 1997 Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen monitors therapeutic effect and predicts response of bone mineral density Am J Med 102 1 29 37 9209198
41. P Chen JH Satterwhite AA Licata EM Lewiecki AA Sipos DM Misurski RB Wagman 2005 Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 20 6 962 970 15883636
42. SL Greenspan NM Resnick RA Parker 2005 Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover are associated with long-term changes in bone mineral density in elderly women on alendronate, hormone replacement therapy, or combination therapy: a 3-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 5 2762 2767 15713726
43. ST Harris NB Watts HK Genant CD McKeever T Hangartner M Keller CH Chesnut 3rd J Brown EF Eriksen MS Hoseyni DW Axelrod PD Miller 1999 Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group JAMA 282 14 1344 1352 10527181
44. PD Delmas B Pornel D Felsenberg P Garnero P Hardy C Pilate MP Dain 1999 A dose-ranging trial of a matrix transdermal 17beta-estradiol for the prevention of bone loss in early postmenopausal women International Study Group Bone 24 5 517 523 10321913
45. MR McClung RD Wasnich R Recker JA Cauley CH Chesnut 3rd KE Ensrud A Burdeska T Mills 2004 Oral daily ibandronate prevents bone loss in early postmenopausal women without osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 19 1 11 18 14753731
46. R Eastell I Barton RA Hannon A Chines P Garnero PD Delmas 2003 Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate J Bone Miner Res 18 6 1051 1056 12817758
47. MJ Seibel V Naganathan I Barton A Grauer 2004 Relationship between pretreatment bone resorption and vertebral fracture incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with risedronate J Bone Miner Res 19 2 323 329 14969403
48. DM Black PD Delmas R Eastell IR Reid S Boonen JA Cauley F Cosman P Lakatos PC Leung Z Man C Mautalen P Mesenbrink H Hu J Caminis K Tong T Rosario-Jansen J Krasnow TF Hue D Sellmeyer EF Eriksen SR Cummings 2007 Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 356 18 1809 1822 17476007 (Pubitemid 46698462)
49. DC Bauer DM Black P Garnero M Hochberg S Ott J Orloff DE Thompson SK Ewing PD Delmas 2004 Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine, and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial J Bone Miner Res 19 8 1250 1258 15231011
50. JY Reginster S Sarkar B Zegels Y Henrotin O Bruyere D Agnusdei J Collette 2004 Reduction in PINP, a marker of bone metabolism, with raloxifene treatment and its relationship with vertebral fracture risk Bone 34 2 344 351 14962813
51. S Gonnelli C Cepollaro C Pondrelli S Martini A Montagnani R Monaco C Gennari 1999 Bone turnover and the response to alendronate treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis Calcif Tissue Int 65 5 359 364 10541760
52. DC Bauer P Garnero MC Hochberg A Santora P Delmas SK Ewing DM Black 2006 Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the fracture intervention trial J Bone Miner Res 21 2 292 299 16418785
53. R Civitelli S Gonnelli F Zacchei S Bigazzi A Vattimo LV Avioli C Gennari 1988 Bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Effect of calcitonin treatment J Clin Invest 82 4 1268 1274 3262626
54. S Gonnelli C Cepollaro C Pondrelli S Martini R Monaco C Gennari 1997 The usefulness of bone turnover in predicting the response to transdermal estrogen therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 12 4 624 631 9101374
55. CJ Rosen CH Chesnut 3rd NJ Mallinak 1997 The predictive value of biochemical markers of bone turnover for bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement or calcium supplementation J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 6 1904 1910 9177404
56. E Sornay-Rendu F Munoz F Duboeuf PD Delmas 2005 Rate of forearm bone loss is associated with an increased risk of fracture independently of bone mass in postmenopausal women: the OFELY Study J Bone Miner Res 20 11 1929 1935 16234965
57. SL Bonnick CC Johnston Jr M Kleerekoper R Lindsay P Miller L Sherwood E Siris 2001 Importance of precision in bone density measurements J Clin Densitom 4 2 105 110 11477303
58. DC Bauer PM Sklarin KL Stone DM Black MC Nevitt KE Ensrud CD Arnaud HK Genant P Garnero PD Delmas H Lawaetz SR Cummings 1999 Biochemical markers of bone turnover and prediction of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures J Bone Miner Res 14 8 1404 1410 10457273
59. F Cosman J Nieves C Wilkinson D Schnering V Shen R Lindsay 1996 Bone density change and biochemical indices of skeletal turnover Calcif Tissue Int 58 4 236 243 8661954
60. J Lenora KK Ivaska KJ Obrant P Gerdhem 2007 Prediction of bone loss using biochemical markers of bone turnover Osteoporos Int 18 9 1297 1305 17440674
61. M Iki A Morita Y Ikeda Y Sato T Akiba T Matsumoto H Nishino S Kagamimori Y Kagawa H Yoneshima 2006 Biochemical markers of bone turnover predict bone loss in perimenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women-the Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Cohort Study Osteoporos Int 17 7 1086 1095 16758145
62. O Löfman P Magnusson G Toss L Larsson 2005 Common biochemical markers of bone turnover predict future bone loss: a 5-year follow-up study Clin Chim Acta 356 1-2 67 75 15936304
63. PD Ross W Knowlton 1998 Rapid bone loss is associated with increased levels of biochemical markers J Bone Miner Res 13 2 297 302 9495524
64. M Iki A Morita Y Ikeda Y Sato T Akiba T Matsumoto H Nishino S Kagamimori Y Kagawa H Yoneshima 2007 Biochemical markers of bone turnover may predict progression to osteoporosis in osteopenic women: the JPOS Cohort Study J Bone Miner Metab 25 2 122 129 17323182
65. KK Ivaska J Lenora P Gerdhem K Åkesson HK Väänänen KJ Obrant 2008 Serial assessment of serum bone metabolism markers identifies women with the highest rate of bone loss and osteoporosis risk J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 7 2622 2632 18460567
66. P Garnero E Sornay-Rendu F Duboeuf PD Delmas 1999 Markers of bone turnover predict postmenopausal forearm bone loss over 4 years: the OFELY Study J Bone Miner Res 14 9 1614 1621 10469291
67. R Dresner-Pollak RA Parker M Poku J Thompson MJ Seibel SL Greenspan 1996 Biochemical markers of bone turnover reflect femoral bone loss in elderly women Calcif Tissue Int 59 5 328 333 8849397
68. H Hoshino K Kushida M Takahashi K Yamazaki M Denda K Atsumi M Oikawa O Toyoyama K Kawana T Inoue 2000 Changes in levels of biochemical markers and ultrasound indices of Os calcis across the menopausal transition Osteoporos Int 11 2 128 133 10793870
69. Lenora J, Gerdhem P, Obrant KJ, Ivaska KK. Bone turnover markers are correlated with quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus: 5-year longitudinal data. Osteoporos Int. 2008. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0769-x.
70. O Johnell JA Kanis A Oden H Johansson C De Laet P Delmas JA Eisman S Fujiwara H Kroger D Mellstrom PJ Meunier LJ Melton 3rd T O'Neill H Pols J Reeve A Silman A Tenenhouse 2005 Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures J Bone Miner Res 20 7 1185 1194 15940371
71. AM Tromp ME Ooms C Popp-Snijders JC Roos P Lips 2000 Predictors of fractures in elderly women Osteoporos Int 11 2 134 140 10793871
72. P Gerdhem KK Ivaska SL Alatalo JM Halleen J Hellman A Isaksson K Pettersson HK Väänänen K Åkesson KJ Obrant 2004 Biochemical markers of bone metabolism and prediction of fracture in elderly women J Bone Miner Res 19 3 386 393 15040826
73. RD Chapurlat P Garnero G Breart PJ Meunier PD Delmas 2000 Serum type I collagen breakdown product (serum CTX) predicts hip fracture risk in elderly women: the EPIDOS study Bone 27 2 283 286 10913923 (Pubitemid 30458823)
74. PD Ross BC Kress RE Parson RD Wasnich KA Armour IA Mizrahi 2000 Serum bone alkaline phosphatase and calcaneus bone density predict fractures: a prospective study Osteoporos Int 11 1 76 82 10663362
75. K Åkesson S Ljunghall B Jonsson I Sernbo O Johnell P Gärdsell KJ Obrant 1995 Assessment of biochemical markers of bone metabolism in relation to the occurrence of fracture: a retrospective and prospective population-based study of women J Bone Miner Res 10 11 1823 1829 8592961
76. P Garnero E Sornay-Rendu B Claustrat PD Delmas 2000 Biochemical markers of bone turnover, endogenous hormones and the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study J Bone Miner Res 15 8 1526 1536 10934651
77. P Garnero P Cloos E Sornay-Rendu P Qvist PD Delmas 2002 Type I collagen racemization and isomerization and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women: the OFELY prospective study J Bone Miner Res 17 5 826 833 12009013
78. P Garnero E Hausherr MC Chapuy C Marcelli H Grandjean C Muller C Cormier G Bréart PJ Meunier PD Delmas 1996 Markers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Prospective Study J Bone Miner Res 11 10 1531 1538 8889854 (Pubitemid 26331009)
79. E Sornay-Rendu F Munoz P Garnero F Duboeuf PD Delmas 2005 Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study J Bone Miner Res 20 10 1813 1819 16160738 (Pubitemid 41361882)
80. H Luukinen SM Käkönen K Pettersson K Koski P Laippala T Lövgren SL Kivelä HK Väänänen 2000 Strong prediction of fractures among older adults by the ratio of carboxylated to total serum osteocalcin J Bone Miner Res 15 12 2473 2478 11127212
81. P Szulc MC Chapuy PJ Meunier PD Delmas 1996 Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture: a 3 year follow-up study Bone 18 5 487 488 8739908
82. O Bruyere J Collette P Delmas A Rouillon C Roux L Seidel F Richy JY Reginster 2003 Interest of biochemical markers of bone turnover for long-term prediction of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporotic women Maturitas 44 4 259 265 12697366
83. C Meier TV Nguyen JR Center MJ Seibel JA Eisman 2005 Bone resorption and osteoporotic fractures in elderly men: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study J Bone Miner Res 20 4 579 587 15765176
84. P Szulc A Montella PD Delmas 2008 High bone turnover is associated with accelerated bone loss but not with increased fracture risk in men aged 50 and over: the prospective MINOS study Ann Rheum Dis 67 9 1249 1255 18065499
85. BM Ingle SM Hay HM Bottjer R Eastell 1999 Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following ankle fracture Osteoporos Int 10 5 408 415 10591839
86. BM Ingle SM Hay HM Bottjer R Eastell 1999 Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following distal forearm fracture Osteoporos Int 10 5 399 407 10591838
87. KK Ivaska P Gerdhem K Åkesson P Garnero KJ Obrant 2007 Effect of fracture on bone turnover markers: a longitudinal study comparing marker levels before and after injury in 113 elderly women J Bone Miner Res 22 8 1155 1164 17488197
88. KJ Obrant KK Ivaska P Gerdhem SL Alatalo K Pettersson HK Väänänen 2005 Biochemical markers of bone turnover are influenced by recently sustained fracture Bone 36 5 786 792 15804493
89. PD Delmas R Eastell P Garnero MJ Seibel J Stepan 2000 The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation Osteoporos Int 11 Suppl 6 S2 S17 11193237
90. HS Ju S Leung B Brown MA Stringer S Leigh C Scherrer K Shepard D Jenkins J Knudsen R Cannon 1997 Comparison of analytical performance and biological variability of three bone resorption assays Clin Chem 43 9 1570 1576 9299935
91. A Schlemmer C Hassager SB Jensen C Christiansen 1992 Marked diurnal variation in urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links in premenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74 3 476 480 1740479
92. M Wichers E Schmidt F Bidlingmaier D Klingmuller 1999 Diurnal rhythm of CrossLaps in human serum Clin Chem 45 10 1858 1860 10508135
93. JA Clowes RA Hannon TS Yap NR Hoyle A Blumsohn R Eastell 2002 Effect of feeding on bone turnover markers and its impact on biological variability of measurements Bone 30 6 886 890 12052458
94. DB Henriksen P Alexandersen NH Bjarnason T Vilsboll B Hartmann EE Henriksen I Byrjalsen T Krarup JJ Holst C Christiansen 2003 Role of gastrointestinal hormones in postprandial reduction of bone resorption J Bone Miner Res 18 12 2180 2189 14672353
95. S Adami D Gatti O Viapiana CE Fiore R Nuti G Luisetto M Ponte M Rossini 2008 Physical activity and bone turnover markers: a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study Calcif Tissue Int 83 6 388 392 18949504
96. AS Ryan MS Treuth GR Hunter D Elahi 1998 Resistive training maintains bone mineral density in postmenopausal women Calcif Tissue Int 62 4 295 299 9504952 (Pubitemid 28139310)
97. HW Woitge C Scheidt-Nave C Kissling G Leidig-Bruckner K Meyer A Grauer SH Scharla R Ziegler MJ Seibel 1998 Seasonal variation of biochemical indexes of bone turnover: results of a population-based study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 1 68 75 9435418
98. R Hannon R Eastell 2000 Preanalytical variability of biochemical markers of bone turnover Osteoporos Int 11 Suppl 6 S30 S44 11193238
99. A Blumsohn KE Naylor W Timm AC Eagleton RA Hannon R Eastell 2003 Absence of marked seasonal change in bone turnover: a longitudinal and multicenter cross-sectional study J Bone Miner Res 18 7 1274 1281 12854838
100. K Overgaard L Nilas JS Johansen C Christiansen 1988 Lack of seasonal variation in bone mass and biochemical estimates of bone turnover Bone 9 5 285 288 3203016
101. C Meier U Meinhardt JR Greenfield J De Winter TV Nguyen CR Dunstan MJ Seibel 2006 Serum cathepsin K concentrations reflect osteoclastic activity in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and patients with Paget's disease Clin Lab 52 1-2 1 10 16506358
102. J Prezelj B Ostanek DB Logar J Marc G Hawa T Kocjan 2008 Cathepsin K predicts femoral neck bone mineral density change in nonosteoporotic peri- and early postmenopausal women Menopause 15 2 369 373 17882010
103. BF Boyce L Xing 2008 Functions of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling Arch Biochem Biophys 473 2 139 146 18395508
104. S Khosla HM Arrighi LJ Melton 3rd EJ Atkinson WM O'Fallon C Dunstan BL Riggs 2002 Correlates of osteoprotegerin levels in women and men Osteoporos Int 13 5 394 399 12086350
105. P Mezquita-Raya M de la Higuera DF Garcia G Alonso ME Ruiz-Requena J de Dios Luna F Escobar-Jimenez M Munoz-Torres 2005 The contribution of serum osteoprotegerin to bone mass and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 16 11 1368 1374 15711777
106. G Hawa N Brinskelle-Schmal K Glatz S Maitzen W Woloszczuk 2003 Immunoassay for soluble RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand) in serum Clin Lab 49 9-10 461 463 14572201
107. G Schett S Kiechl K Redlich F Oberhollenzer S Weger G Egger A Mayr J Jocher Q Xu P Pietschmann S Teitelbaum J Smolen J Willeit 2004 Soluble RANKL and risk of nontraumatic fracture Jama 291 9 1108 1113 14996780 (Pubitemid 38541688)
108. N Yoshimura T Hashimoto K Sakata S Morioka T Kasamatsu C Cooper 1999 Biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone loss at the lumbar spine and femoral neck: the Taiji study Calcif Tissue Int 65 3 198 202 10441650
109. RD Chapurlat P Gamero E Sornay-Rendu ME Arlot B Claustrat PD Delmas 2000 Longitudinal study of bone loss in pre- and perimenopausal women: evidence for bone loss in perimenopausal women Osteoporos Int 11 6 493 498 10982164 (Pubitemid 30681646)
110. E Dennison R Eastell CH Fall S Kellingray PJ Wood C Cooper 1999 Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: a prospective population-based study Osteoporos Int 10 5 384 391 10591836
111. M Iki E Kajita Y Dohi H Nishino Y Kusaka C Tsuchida K Yamamoto Y Ishii 1996 Age, menopause, bone turnover markers and lumbar bone loss in healthy Japanese women Maturitas 25 1 59 67 8887310 (Pubitemid 26290404)
112. A Rogers RA Hannon R Eastell 2000 Biochemical markers as predictors of rates of bone loss after menopause J Bone Miner Res 15 7 1398 1404 10893690
113. LJ Melton 3rd CS Crowson WM O'Fallon HW Wahner BL Riggs 2003 Relative contributions of bone density, bone turnover, and clinical risk factors to long-term fracture prediction J Bone Miner Res 18 2 312 318 12568408