Hemostasis in patients with liver disease

Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 433-440

  Van Der Werf, J ^a   Porte, R J ^a   Lisman, T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Bleeding; Coagulation; Fibrinolytic system; Hemostasis; Platelet; Thrombosis; Transfusion

Indexed keywords

TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

BLEEDING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CONFERENCE PAPER; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CHRONIC DISEASE; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 76049112285     PISSN: 00015644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (96)

1. LISMAN T., LEEBEEK F.W.G. Hemostatic alterations in liver disease : a review on pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment. Dig. Surg., 2007, 24 : 250-258.
2. TRIPODI A., MANNUCCl P.M. Abnormalities of hemostasis in chronic liver disease : reappraisal of their clinical significance and need for clinical and laboratory research. J. Hepatol., 2007, 46: 727-733.
3. FURIE B., FURIE B.C. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359 : 938-949.
4. ASTER R.H. Pooling of platelets in the spleen : role in the pathogenesis of 'hypersplenic' thrombocytopenia. J. Clin. Invest., 1966, 45 : 645-657.
5. SCHMIDT K.G., RASMUSSEN J.W., BEKKER C., MADSON P.E. Kinetics and in vivo distribution of 111-In-labeled autologous platelets in chronic hepatic disease : mechanisms of thrombocytopenia. Scan. J. Haematol., 1985, 34 :39-46.
6. GOULIS J., CHAU T.N., JORDAN S., MEHTA A.B., WATKlNSON A., ROLLES K., BURROUGHS A.K. Thrombopoietin concentrations are low in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia and are restored after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gut, 1999, 44 : 754-758.
7. KAJIHARA M., KATO S., OKAZAKl Y., KAWAKAMI Y., ISHH H., IKEDA Y., KUWANA M. A role of autoantibody-mediated platelet destruction in thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology, 2003, 37 : 1267-1276.
8. LEVINE R.F., SPIVAK J.L., MEAGHER R.C., SIEBER F : Effect of ethanol on thrombopoiesis. Br. J. Haematol., 1986, 62 : 345-354.
9. ESCOLAR G., CASES A., VIÑAS M., PINO M., CALLS J., CIRERA I., ORDINAS A. Evaluation of acquired platelet dysfunctions in uremic and cirrhotic patients using the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) : influence of hematocrit elevation. Haematologica, 1999, 84: 614-619.
10. LAFFI G., MARRA F., FAILLI P., RUGGIERO M., CECCHI E., CARLONI V., GIOTTI A., GENTILINI P. Defective signal transduction in platelets from cirrhotics is associated with increased cyclic nucleotides. Gastroenterology, 1993, 105 : 148-156.
11. PASCHE B., OUIMET H., FRANCIS S., LOSCALZO J. Structural changes in platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa by plasmin : determinants and functional consequences. Blood, 1994, 83 : 404-414.
12. TURITTO V.T., BAUMGARTNER H.R. Platelet interaction with subendothelium in a perfusion system : physical role of red blood cells. Microvasc. Res., 1975, 9 : 335-344.
13. ORDINAS A., ESCOLAR G., CIRERA I., VIÑAS M., COBO F., BOSCH J., TERÉS J., RODÉS J. Existence of a platelet-adhesion defect in patients with cirrhosis independent of hematocrit : studies under flow conditions. Hepatology, 1996. 24 : 1137-1142.
14. LISMAN T., ADELME1JER J., DE GROOT P.G., JANSSEN H.L., LEEBEEK F.W. No evidence for an intrinsic platelet defect in patients with liver cirrhosis - studies under flow conditions. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4 : 2070-2072.
15. FERRO D., QUINTARELLI C., LATTUADA A., LEO R., ALESSANDRONI M., MANNUCCI P.M., VIOLI F. High plasma levels of von Willebrand factor as a marker of endothelial perturbation in cirrhosis : relationship to endotoxemia. Hepatology, 1996, 23 : 1377-1383.
16. LISMAN T., BONGERS T.N., ADELMEIJER J., JANSSEN H.L., DE MAAT M.P., DE GROOT P.G., LEEBEEK F.W. Elevated levels of von Willebrand factor in cirrhosis support platelet adhesion despite reduced functional capacity. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 53-61.
17. HOLLESTELLE M.J., GEERTZEN H.G.M., STRAATSBURG I.H., VAN GULIK T.M., VAN MOURIK J.A. Factor VIII expression in liver disease. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 91 : 267-275.
18. MANNUCCI PM., CANCIANI MT., FORZA I., LUSSANA F., LATTUADA A., ROSSI E. Changes in health and disease of the metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand factor. Blood, 2001, 98 : 2730-2735.
19. MADEIRA C.L., LAYMAN M.E., DE VERA R.E., FONTES P.A., RAGNI M.V : Extrahepatic factor VIII production in transplant recipient of hemophilia donor liver. Blood, 2009, 113 : 5364-5365.
20. KERR R., NEWSOME P., GERMAIN L., THOMSON E., DAWSON P., STIRLING D., LUDLAM C.A. Effects of acute liver injury on blood coagulation. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2003, 1 : 754-759.
21. HOLLESTELLE M.J., THINNES T., CRAIN K., STIKO A., KRUIJT J.K., VAN BERKEL T.J., LOSKUTOFF D.J., VAN MOURIK J.A. Tissue distribution of factor VIII gene expression in vivo - a closer look. Thromb. Haemost., 2001, 86 : 855-861.
22. HOLLESTELLE M.J., POYCK P.P., HOLLESTELLE J.M., MARSMAN H.A., MOURIK J.A., GULIK T.M. Extrahepatic factor VIII expression in porcine fulminant hepatic failure. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2005, 3 : 2274-2280.
23. JACQUEMIN M., NEYRINCK A., HERMANNS M.I., LAVEND'HOMME R., REGA F., SAINT-REMY J.M., PEERLINCK K., VAN RAEMDONCK D., KIRKPATRICK C.J. FVIII production by human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Blood, 2006, 108 : 515-517.
24. BLANCHARD R.A., FURIE B.C., JORGENSEN M., KRUGER S.F., FURIE B. Acquired vitamin K-dependent carboxylation deficiency in liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1981, 305 : 242-248.
25. DE MAAT M.P., NIEUWENHUIZEN W., KNOT E.A., VAN BUUREN H.R., SWART G.R. Measuring plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. The occurrence of proteolytic fibrin(ogen) degradation products and their influence on several fibrinogen assays. Thromb. Res., 1995, 78 : 353-362.
26. FRANCIS J.L., ARMSTRONG D.J. Acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in liver disease. J. Clin. Pathol., 1982, 35 : 667-672.
27. MARTINEZ J., MACDONALD K.A., PALASCAK J.E. The role of sialic acid in the dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease : distribution of sialic acid on the constituent chains. Blood, 1983, 61 : 1196-1202.
28. HARFENIST E.J., PACKHAM M.A., MUSTARD J.F. Effects of variant gamma chains and sialic acid content of fibrinogen upon its interactions with ADP-stimulated human and rabbit platelets. Blood, 1984, 64 : 1163-1168.
29. LISMAN T., LEEBEEK F.W.G., DE GROOT P.G. Haemostatic abnormalities in patients with liver disease. J. Hepatol., 2002, 37 : 280-287.
30. STEIN S.F., HARKER L.A. Kinetic and functional studies of platelets, fibrinogen, and plasminogen in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1982, 99 : 217-230.
31. LISMAN T., LEEBEEK F.W., MOSNIER L.O., BOUMA B.N., MEIJERS J.C., JANSSEN H.L., NIEUWENHUIS H.K., DE GROOT P.G. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor deficiency in cirrhosis is not associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis. Gastroenterology, 2001, 121 : 131-139.
32. BILAND L., DUCKERT F., PRISENDER S., NYMAN D. Quantitative estimation of coagulation factors in liver disease. The diagnostic and prognostic value of factor XIII, factor V and plasminogen. Thromb. Haemost., 1978, 39 : 646-656.
33. LEIPER K., CROLL A., BOOTH N.A., MOORE N.R., SINCLAIR T., BENNETT B. Tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and activator-inhibitor complex in liver disease. J. Clin. Pathol., 1994, 47 : 214-217.
34. LEEBEEK F.W.G., KLUFT C., KNOT E.A.R., DE MAAT M.P.M., WILSON J.H.P. A shift in balance between profibrinolytic and amifibrinolytic factors causes enhanced fibrinolysis in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 1991, 101 : 1382-1390.
35. PERNAMBUCO J.R., LANGLEY P.G., HUGHES R.D., IZUMI S., WILLIAMS R. Activation of the fibrinolytic system in patients with fulminant liver failure. Hepatology, 1993, 18 : 1350-1356.
36. LEEBEEK F.W.G. Hyperfibrinolysis in liver cirrhosis. In : GREENWALDT P. (ed). Fibrinolysis in Disease. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1995, pp, 194-201.
37. BEN ARI Z., OSMAN E., HUTTON R.A., BURROUGHS A.K. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in liver cirrhosis : fact or fiction ? Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1999, 94 : 2977-2982.
38. VUKOVICH T., TEUFELSBAUER H., FRITZER M., KREUZER S., KNOFLACH P. Hemostasis activation in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thromb. Res., 1995, 77 : 271-278.
39. FRANCIS R.B., FEINSTEIN D.I. Clinical significance of accelerated fibrinolysis in liver disease. Haemostasis, 1984, 14 : 460-465.
40. COLUCCI M., BINETTI B.M., BRANCA M.G., CLERICI C., MORELLI A., SEMERARO N., GRESELE P. Deficiency of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in cirrhosis is associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis. Hepatology, 2003, 38 : 230-237.
41. WILDE J.T., KITCHEN S., KINSEY S., GREAVES M., PRESTON F.E. Plasma D-dimer levels and their relationship to serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in hypercoagulable states. Br. J. Haematol., 1989, 71 : 65-70.
42. LEE M.H., VOSBURGH E., ANDERSON K., MC DONAGH J. Deficiency of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 results in hyperfibrinolytic bleeding. Blood, 1993, 81 : 2357-2362.
43. PORTE R.J., BONTEMPO F.A., KNOT E.A., LEWIS J.H., KANG Y.G., STARZL T.E. Systemic effects of tissue plasminogen activator-associated fibrinolysis and its relation to thrombin generation in orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant., 1989, 47 : 978-984.
44. PICCININO F., SAGNELLI E., PASQUALE G., GIUSTI G. Complications following percutaneous liver biopsy. A multicentre retrospective study on 68,276 biopsies. J. Hepatol., 1986, 2 : 165-173.
45. CALDWELL S.H., HOFFMAN M., LISMAN T., MACIK B.G., NORTHUP P.G., REDDY K.R., TRIPODI A., SANYAL A.J. ; COAGULATION IN LIVER DISEASE GROUP. Coagulation disorders and hemostasis in liver disease : pathophysiology and critical assessment of current management. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 1039-1046.
46. LISMAN T., CALDWELL S.H., LEEBEEK F.W.G., PORTE R.J. Hemostasis in chronic liver disease - Is chronic liver disease associated with a bleeding diathesis ? J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4 : 2059-2060.
47. WARNAAR N., LISMAN T., PORTE R.J. The two tales of coagulation in liver transplantation. Curr. Opin. Organ. Transplant., 2008, 13 : 298-303.
48. MANNUCCI P.M. Abnormal hemostasis tests and bleeding in chronic liver disease : Are they related ? No. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4 : 721-723.
49. NORTHUP P.G., MCMAHON M.M., RUHL A.P., ALTSCHULER S.E., VOLK-BEDNARZ A., CALDWELL S.H., BERG C.L. Coagulopathy does not fully protect hospitalized cirrhosis patients form peripheral venous thromboembolism. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2006, 101 : 1524-1528.
50. NORTHUP P.G., SUNDARAM V., FALLON M.B., REDDY K.R., BALOGUN R.A., SANYAL A.J., ANSTEE Q.M., HOFFMAN M.R., IKURA Y., CALDWELL S.H.; COAGULATION IN LIVER DISEASE GROUP. Hypercoagulation and thrombophilia in liver disease. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2008, 6 : 2-9.
51. TRIPODI A., SALERNO F., CHANTARANGKUL V., CLERICI M., CAZZANIGA M., PRIMIGNANI M., MANNUCCI P.M. Evidence of normal thrombin generation in cirrhosis despite abnormal conventional coagulation tests. Hepatology, 2005, 41 : 553-558.
52. DE BOER M.T., MOLENAAR I.Q., HENDRIKS HG., SLOOFF M.J., PORTE R.J. Minimizing blood loss in liver transplantation : progress through research and evolution of techniques. Dig Surg, 2005, 22 : 265-275.
53. MASSICOTTE L., LENIS S., THIBEAULT L., SASSINE MP., SEAL R.F., ROY A. Effect of low central venous pressure and phlebotomy on blood product transfusion requirements during liver transplantation. Liver transplant., 2006, 12 : 117-123.
54. SØGAARD K.K., HORVATH-PUHO E., GRØNBAEK H., JEPSEN P., VILSTRUP H., SØRENSEN H.T. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with liver disease : a nationwide population-based case-control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2009, 104 : 96-101.
55. GARCIA-FUSTER M.J., ABDILLA N., FABIA M.J., FORNER M.J., CUÑAT A : Venous thromboembolism and liver cirrhosis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2008, 100 : 259-262.
56. GULLEY D., TEAL E., SUVANNASANKHA A., CHALASANI N., LIANGPUNSAKUL S. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in cirrhosis patients. Dig. Dis. Sci., 2008, 53 : 3012-3017.
57. SHARARA A.I., ROCKEY D.C. Gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 345 : 669-681.
58. NORIS M., REMUZZI G. Uremic bleeding : closing the circle after 30 years of controversies ? Blood, 1999, 94 : 2569-2574.
59. JOIST J.H., GEORGE J.N. Hemostatic abnormalities in liver and renal disease. In : COLMAN R.W., HIRSH J., MARDER V.J., CLOWES A.E., GEORGE J.N. (eds). Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp 955-973.
60. THALHEIMER U., TRIANTOS C.K., SAMONAKIS D.N., PATCH D., BURROUGHS A.K. Infection, coagulation, and variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gut, 2005, 54 : 556-563.
61. REITSMA P.H., BRANGER J., VAN DEN B.B., WEIJER S., VAN DER P.T., MEIJERS J.C. Procoagulant protein levels are differentially increased during human endotoxemia. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2003, 1 : 1019-1023.
62. YOUSSEF W.I., SALAZAR F., DASARATHY S., BEDDOW T., MULLEN K.D. Role of fresh-frozen plasma infusion in correction of coagulopathy of chronic liver disease : a dual phase study. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2003, 98 : 1391-1394.
63. SEGAL J.B., DZIK W.H. Paucity of studies to support that abnormal coagulation test results predict bleeding in the setting of invasive procedures : an evidence-based review. Transfusion, 2005, 45 : 1413-1425.
64. ALTER H.J., KLEIN H.G. The hazards of blood transfusion in historical perspective. Blood, 2008, 112 : 2617-2626.
65. PEREBOOM I.T.A., DE BOER M.T., HAAGSMA E.B., HENDRIKS H.G.D., LISMAN T., PORTE R.J. Platelet transfusion during liver transplantation is associated with increased postoperative mortality due to acute long injury. Anesth analg, 2009, 108 : 1083-1091.
66. MANNUCCI P.M., LEVI M. Prevention and treatment of major blood loss. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356 : 2301-2311.
67. PORTE R.J., MOLENAAR I.Q., BEGLIOMINI B., GROENLAND T.H., JANUSZKIEWICZ A., LINDGREN L., PALARETI G., HERMANS J., TERPSTRA O.T. Aprotinin and transfusion requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation : a multicentre randomised double-blind study. EMSALT Study Group. Lancet, 2000, 355 : 1303-1309.
68. BOYLAN J.F., KLINCK J.R., SANDLER A.N., ARELLANO R., GREIG P.D., NIERENBERG H., ROGER S.L., GLYNN M.F. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss, transfusion requirements, and coagulation factor use in primary orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesthesiology, 1996, 85 : 1043-1048.
69. FERGUSSON D.A., HÉBERT P.C., MAZER C.D., FREMES S., MAC ADAMS C., MURKIN J.M., TEOH K., DUKE P.C., ARELLANO R., BLAJCHMAN M.A., BUSSIÈRES J.S., CÔTÉ D., KARSKI J., MARTINEAU R., ROBBLEE J.A., RODGER M., WELLS G., CLINCH J., PRETORIUS R., BART INVESTIGATORS. A comparison of apoprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 358 : 2319-2331.
70. WARNAAR N., MALLET S.V., DE BOER M.T., ROLANDO N., BURROUGHS A.K., NIJSTEN M.W., SLOOFF M.J., ROLLES K., PORTE R.J. The impact of aprotinin on renal function after liver transplantation : an analysis of 1,043 patients. Am. J. Transplant., 2007, 7 : 2378-2387.
71. PORTE R.J. Aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359-1181.
72. BURROUGHS A.K., MATTHEWS K., QADIRI M., THOMAS N., KERNOFF P., TUDDENHAM E., MC INTYRE N : Desmopressin and bleeding time in patients with cirrhosis. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 1985, 291 : 1377-1381.
73. DE FRANCHIS R., ARCIDIACONO P.G., CARPINELLI L., ANDREONI B., CESTARI L., BRUNATI S., ZAMBELLI A., BATTAGLIA G., MANNUCCI P.M. Randomized controlled trial of desmopressin plus terlipressin versus terlipressin alone for the treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients : a multicenter, double-blind study. New Italian Endoscopic Club. Hepatology, 1993, 18 : 1102-1107.
74. WONG A.Y., IRWIN M.G., HUI T.W., FUNG S.K., FAN S.T., MA E.S. Desmopressin does not decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Can. J. Anaesth., 2003, 50 : 14-20.
75. PIVALIZZA E.G., WARTERS R.D., GEBHARD R. Desmopressin before liver transplantation. Can. J. Anaesth., 2003, 50 : 748-749.
76. PLANINSIC R.M., VAN DER MEER J., TESTA G., TESTA G., GRANDE L., CANDELA A., PORTE R.J., GHOBRIAL R.M., ISONIEMI H., SCHELDE P.B., ERHARDTSEN E., KLINTMALM G., EMRE S. Safety and efficacy of a single bolus administration of recombinant factor VIIa in liver transplantation due to chronic liver disease. Liver Transpl., 2005, 11 : 895-900.
77. LODGE J.P., JONAS S., JONES R.M., OLAUSSON M., MIR-PALLARDO J., SOEFELT S., GARCIA-VALDECASAS J.C., MC ALISTER V., MIRZA D.F. ; rFVIIa OLT STUDY GROUP. Efficacy and safety of repeated perioperative doses of recombinant factor VIIa in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl., 2005, 11 : 973-979.
78. OKUDA K., OHNISHI K., KIMURA K., MATSUTANI S., SUMIDA M., GOTO N., MUSHA H., TAKASHI M., SUZUKI N., SHINAGAWA T. et al. Incidence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. An angiographic study in 708 patients. Gastroenterology, 1985, 89 : 279-286.
79. FRANCOZ C., BELGHITI J., VILGRAIN V., SOMMACALE D., PARADIS V., CONDAT B., DENNINGER M.H., SAUVANET A., VALLA D., DURAND F. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation : usefulness of screening and anticoagulation. Gut, 2005, 54 : 691-697.
80. SILVA M.A., JAMBULINGAM P.S., GUNSON B.K., MAYER D., BUCKELS J.A., MIRZA D.F., BRAMHALL S.R. Hepatic artery trombosis following orthotopic liver transplantation : a 10-year experience from a single centre in the United Kingdom. Liver transplant., 2006, 12 : 146-151.
81. QUIROGA S., SEBASTIÀ M.C., MARGARIT C., CASTELLS L., BOYE R., VAREZ-CASTELLS A. Complications of orthotopic liver transplantation : spectrum of findings with helical CT. Radiograph, 2001, 21 : 1085-1102.
82. LISMAN T., PORTE R.J. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation : more than just a surgical complication ? Transpl. Int., 2009, 22 : 162-164.
83. OJO A.O. Cardiovascular complication after renal transplantation and their prevention. Transplant., 2006, 82 : 603-611.
84. JOHNSTON S.D., MORRIS J.K., CRAMB R., GUNSON B.K., NEUBERGER J. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant., 2002, 73 : 901-906.
85. BORG M.A., VAN DER WOUDEN E.J., SLUITER W.J., SLOOFF M.J., HAAGSMA E.B., VAN DEN BERG A.P. Vascular events after liver transplantation : a long-term follow-up study. Transpl. Int., 2008, 21 : 74-80.
86. MILLER L.W. Cardiovascular toxicities of immunosuppressive agents. Am. J. Transplant., 2002, 2 : 807-818.
87. PEREBOOM I.T.A., ADELMEIJER J., VAN LEEUWEN Y., HENDRIKS H.G., PORTE R.J., LISMAN T. Development of severe von Willebrand factor/ADAMTS13 dysbalance during orthotopic liver transplantation. Am. J. Transplant., 2009, 9 : 1189-1196.
88. STAHL R.L., DUNCAN A., HOOKS M.A., HENDERSON J.M., MILLIKAN W.J., WARREN W.D. A hypercoagulable state follows orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology, 1990, 12 : 553-558.
89. PEREBOOM I.T.A., LISMAN T., PORTE R.J. Platelets in liver transplantation : friend or foe ? Liver Transpl., 2008, 14 : 923-931.
90. LISMAN T., PORTE J.R. Antiplatelet medication after liver transplantation : does it affect outcome ? Liver Transpl., 2007, 13 : 644-646.
91. VIVARELLI M., LA BARBA G., CUCCHETTI A., LAURO A., DEL GAUDIO M., RAVAIOLI M., GRAZI G.L., PINNA A.D. Can antiplatelet prophylaxis reduce the incidence of hepatic artery trombosis after liver transplantation ? Liver Transpl., 2007, 13 : 651-654.
92. THACHIL J. Relevance of clotting tests in liver disease. Postgrad. Med., 2008, 84 : 177-181.
93. REVERTER J.C. Abnormal hemostasis tests and bleeding in chronic liver disease : are they related ? Yes. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4 : 717-720.
94. TROTTER J.F., BRIMHALL B., ARJAL R., PHILLIPS C. Specific laboratory methodologies achieve higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores for patients listed for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl., 2004, 10 : 995-1000.
95. ROBERT A., CHAZOUILLERES O. Prothrombin time in liver failure : time, ratio, activity percentage, or international normalized ratio ? Hepatology, 1996, 24 : 1392-1394.
96. LISMAN T, VAN LEEUWEN Y., ADELMEIJER J., PEREBOOM I.T., HAAGSMA E.B., VAN DEN BERG A.P., PORTE R.J. Interlaboratory variability in assessment of the model of end-stage liver disease score. Liver Int., 2008, 28 : 1344-1351.