Physiology of the prostate

Male Reproductive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 81-91

  Nicholson, Helen D ^a   Assinder, Stephen J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 75949110699     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (77)

1. Lowsley OS. The development of the human prostate gland with reference to the development of other structures at the neck of the urinary bladder. Am J Anat 1912; 13:299-312.
2. Myers RP. Structure of the adult prostate from a clinician's standpoint. Clin Anat 2000; 13(3):214-215.
3. McNeal JE. Regional morphology and pathology of the prostate. Am J Clin Pathol 1968; 49(3):347-357.
4. McNeal JE. Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Invest Urol 1978; 15(4):340-345.
5. Coakley FV, Hricak H. Radiologic anatomy of the prostate gland: a clinical approach. Radiol Clin North Am 2000; 38(1):15-30.
6. McNeal JE. Origin and development of carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 1969; 23(1):24-34.
7. McNeal JE. Anatomy and normal histology of the human prostate. In: Foster CS, Bostwick DG, eds. Pathology of the Prostate. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998:19-34.
8. Blacklock NJ. Anatomical factors in prostatitis. Br J Urol 1947; 46(1):47-54.
9. Vaalasti A, Hervonen A. Autonomic innervation of the human prostate. Invest Urol 1980; 17(4):293-297.
10. Gosling JA. Autonomic innervation of the prostate. In: Hinman F Jr, ed. Benign prostatic hypertrophy. New York: Springer Verlag, 1983:349-360.
11. Wang JM, McKenna KE, Lee C. Determination of prostatic secretion in rats: effects of neurotransmitters and testosterone. Prostate 1991; 18(4):289-301.
12. Watanabe H, Shima M, Kojima M, et al. Dynamic study of nervous control on prostatic contraction and fluid excretion in the dog. J Urol 1988; 140(6): 1567-1570.
13. Krongrad A, Droller MJ. Anatomy of the prostate. In: Lepor H, Lawson RK, eds. Prostate Diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993:17-27.
14. Luke MC, Coffey DS. The male sex accessory tissues. Structure, androgen action and physiology. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, eds. The Physiology of Reproduction. New York: Raven Press Ltd, 1994:1435-1487.
15. Abrahamsson PA, Lilja H. Partial characterization of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-like peptide in neuroendocrine cells of the human prostate gland. Prostate 1989; 14(1):71-81.
16. di Sant'Agnese PA. Calcitonin-like immunoreactive and bombesin-like immunoreactive endocrine-para-crine cells of the human prostate. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110(5):412-415.
17. El-Alfy M, Pelletier G, Hermo LS, et al. Unique features of the basal cells of human prostate epithelium. Microsc Res Tech 2000; 51(5):436-446.
18. Robinson EJ, Neal DE, Collins AT. Basal cells are progenitors of luminal cells in primary cultures of differentiating human prostatic epithelium. Prostate 1998; 37(3):149-160.
19. van der Kwast TH, Tetu B, Suburu ER, et al. Cycling activity of benign prostatic epithelial cells during longterm androgen blockade: evidence for self-renewal of the luminal cells. J Pathol 1998; 186(4):406-409.
20. Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P, Santti R, Pelliniemi LJ. Correlation of early cytodifferentiation of the human fetal prostate and Leydig cells. Anat Rec 1980; 196(3): 263-273.
21. Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Cooke PS, et al. The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocr Rev 1987; 8(3):338-362.
22. Hayward SW, Cunha GR. The prostate: development and physiology. Radiol Clin North Am 2000; 38(1): 1-14.
23. Swyer GIM. Postnatal growth changes in the human prostate. J Anat 1944; 78:130-145.
24. Andrews GS. The histology of the human foetal and prepubertal prostates. J Anat 1951; 85(1):44-54.
25. Naslund MJ, Coffey DS. The differential effects of neonatal androgen, estrogen and progesterone on adult rat prostate growth. J Urol 1986; 136(5):1136-1140.
26. Fair WR, Wehner N. The prostatic antibacterial factor: identity and significance. In: Marberger H, ed. Prostatic Disease. Vol. 6. New York: AR Liss, 1976.
27. Picurelli L, Olcina PV, Roig MD, et al. Determination of Fe, Mg, Cu, and Zn in normal and pathological prostatic tissue. (Article in Spanish). Actas Urologicas Espanolas 1991; 15(4):344-350.
28. Stamey TA, Fair WR, Timothy MM, et al. Antibacterial nature of prostatic fluid. Nature 1968; 218(140): 444-447.
29. Seligman AM, Sternberger NJ, Paul BD, et al. Design of spindle poisons activated specifically by prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and new methods for PAP cytochemistry. Cancer Chemother Rep 1975; 59(1): 233-242.
30. Hara M, Inorre T, Fukuyama T. Some physico-chemical characterisations of gamma seminoprotein, an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Jap J Legal Med 1971; 25:322-324.
31. Lilja H. A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein. J Clin Invest 1985; 76(5):1899-1903.
32. Bilhartz DL, Tindall DJ, Oesterling JE. Prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase: biomolecular and physiologic characteristics. Urology 1991; 38(2): 95-102.
33. Chu TM, Wang MC, Kuciel L, et al. Enzyme markers in human prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1977; 61(2):193-200.
34. Lin MF, Clinton GM. Human prostatic acid phosphatase has phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase activity. Biochem J 1986; 235(2):351-357.
35. Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. 1941. J Urol 2002; 168(1):9-12.
36. Bruchovsky N, Wilson JD. The conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol-3-one by rat prostate in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 1968; 243(8): 2012-2021.
37. Russell DW, Wilson JD. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes/two enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem 1994; 63: 25-61.
38. Imperato-McGinley J, Guerrero L, Gautier T, et al. Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of pseudohermaphroditism. Science 1974; 186(4170):1213-1215.
39. El-Alfy M, Luu-The V, Huang XF, et al. Localization of type 5 17/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrognase, and androgen receptor in the human prostate by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Endocrinology 1999; 140(3): 1481-1491.
40. Berry SJ, Isaacs JT. Comparative aspects of prostatic growth and androgen metabolism with aging in the dog versus the rat. Endocrinology 1984; 114(2):511- 520.
41. Wendel EF, Brannen GE, Putong PB, et al. The effect of orchiectomy and estrogens on benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1972; 108(1):116-119.
42. Bruchovsky N, Lesser B, van Doorn E, et al. Hormonal effects on cell proliferation in rat prostate. Vitam Horm 1975; 33:61-102.
43. Walsh PC, Wilson JD. The induction of prostatic hypertrophy in the dog with androstanediol. J Clin Invest 1976; 57(4):1093-1097.
44. Rhodes L, Ding VD, Kemp RK, et al. Estradiol causes a dose-dependent stimulation of prostate growth in castrated beagle dogs. Prostate 2000; 44(1):8-18.
45. Ehrlichman RJ, Isaacs JT, Coffey DS. Differences in the effects of estradiol on dihydrotestosterone induced prostatic growth of the castrate dog and rat. Invest Urol 1981; 18(8):466-470.
46. Trachtenberg J, Hicks LL, Walsh PC. Methods for the determination of androgen receptor content in human prostatic tissue. Invest Urol 1981; 18(5):349-354.
47. Jarred RA, Cancilla B, Prins GS, et al. Evidence that estrogens directly alter androgen-regulated prostate development. Endocrinology 2000; 141(9):3471-3477.
48. Lau KM, LaSpina M, Long J, et al. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells: regulation by methylation and involvement in growth regulation. Cancer Res 2000; 60(12):3175-3182.
49. Walvoord DJ, Resnick MI, Grayhack JT. Effect of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, and prolactin on the weight and citric acid content of the lateral lobe of the rat prostate. Invest Urol 1976; 14(1): 60-65.
50. Reiter E, Bonnet P, Sente B, et al. Growth hormone and prolactin stimulate androgen receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor levels in the prostate of immature rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1992; 88(1-3):77-87.
51. Wennbo H, Kindblom J, Isaksson OG, et al. Transgenic mice overexpressing the prolactin gene develop dramatic enlargement of the prostate gland. Endocrinology 1997; 138(10):4410-4415.
52. Nevalainen MT, Valve EM, Makela SI, et al. Estrogen and prolactin regulation of rat dorsal and lateral prostate in organ culture. Endocrinology 1991; 129(2): 612-622.
53. Nevalainen MT, Valve EM, Ahonen T, et al. Androgen-dependent expression of prolactin in rat prostate epithelium in vivo and in organ culture. FASEB J 1997; 11(14):1297-1307.
54. Nevalainen MT, Valve EM, Ingleton PM, et al. Prolactin and prolactin receptors are expressed and functioning in human prostate. J Clin Invest 1997; 99(4):618-627.
55. Ghosh PK, Bartke A. Effects of the expression of bovine growth hormone on the testes and male accessory reproductive glands in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 1993; 2(2):79-83.
56. Kolle S, Sinowatz F, Boie G, et al. Expression of growth hormone receptor in human prostatic carcinoma and hyperplasia. Int J Oncology 1999; 14(5):911-916.
57. Mani Maran RR, Subramanian S, Rajendiran G, et al. Prostate-thyroid axis: stimulatory effects of ventral prostate secretions on thyroid function. Prostate 1998; 36(1):8-13.
58. Ivell R, Balvers M, Rust W, et al. Oxytocin and male reproductive function. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 424: 253-264.
59. Frayne J, Nicholson HD. Localization of oxytocin receptors in the human and macaque monkey male reproductive tracts: evidence for a physiological role of oxytocin in the male. Mol Hum Reprod 1998; 4(6): 527-532.
60. Popovic A, Jovovic D, Hristic M, et al. The effect of oxytocin in anterior pituitary gonadotropic function in male rats. Iugoslav Physiol Pharmacol Acta 1982; 18: 95-106.
61. Bodanszky M, Sharaf H, Roy JB, et al. Contractile activity of vasotocin, oxytocin and vasopressin on mammalian prostate. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 216(2): 311-313.
62. Story MT. Regulation of prostate growth by fibroblast growth factors. World J Urol 1995; 13(5):297-305.
63. Ittman M, Mansukhani A. Expression of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors in human prostate. J Urol 1997; 157(1):351-356.
64. Giri D, Ropiquet F, Ittmann M. FGF9 is an autocrine and paracrine prostatic growth factor expressed by prostatic stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 1999; 180(1): 53-60.
65. Mansson PE, Adams P, Kan M, et al. Heparin-binding growth factor gene expression and receptor characteristics in normal rat prostate and two transplantable rat prostate tumors. Cancer Res 1989; 49(9): 2485-2494.
66. Leav I, McNeal JE, Ziar J, et al. The localization of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in stromal and epithelial compartments of developing human prostate and hyperplastic, dysplastic, and carcinomatous lesions. Hum Pathol 1998; 29(7):668-675.
67. De Miguel P, Royuela M, Bethencourt R, et al. Immunohistochemical comparative analysis of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor, and epidermal growth factor receptor in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates. Cytokine 1999; 11(9):722-727.
68. Massague J. The TGF-beta family of growth and differentiation factors. Cell 1987; 49(4):437-438.
69. Hong JH, Song C, Shin Y, et al. Estrogen induction of smooth muscle differentiation of human prostatic stromal cells is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta. J Urol 2004; 171(5):1965-1969.
70. Moses HL, Yang EY, Pietenpol JA. TGF-beta stimulation and inhibition of cell proliferation: new mechanistic insights. Cell 1990; 63(2):245-247.
71. Cohen P, Graves HC, Peehl DM, et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75(4):1046-1053.
72. Cohen P, Peehl DM, Baker B, et al. Insulin-like growth factor axis abnormalities in prostatic stromal cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocinol Metab 1994; 79(5):1410-1415.
73. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 1998; 279(5350):563-566.
74. Thompson TC, Zhau H, Chung LWK. Catecholamines are involved in the growth and expression of prostate binding protein by rat ventral prostatic tissues. In: Coffey DS, Bruchovsky N, Gardner WA Jr, et al., eds. Current Concepts and Approaches to the Study of Prostate Cancer. New York: Allan R Liss, Inc., 1987: 239-248.
75. Chon JK, Borkowski A, Partin AW, et al. Alpha 1-adren-oceptor antagonists terazosin and doxazosin induce prostate apoptosis without affecting cell proliferation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1999; 161(6):2002-2008.
76. Wang JM, McKenna KE, McVary KT, et al. Requirement of innervation for maintenance of structural and functional integrity in the rat prostate. Biol Reprod 1991; 44(6):1171-1176.
77. McVary KT, McKenna KE, Lee C. Prostate innervation. Prostate Suppl 1998; 8:2-13.