Capitalizing on multiple social identities to prevent stereotype threat: The moderating role of self-esteem

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 239-250

  Rydell, Robert J ^a   Boucher, Kathryn L ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Multiple social identities; Self esteem; Social identity accessibility; Stereotype threat; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MATHEMATICS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF CONCEPT; SHORT TERM MEMORY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TASK PERFORMANCE; UNITED STATES; UNIVERSITY;

FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIANA; MATHEMATICS; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; STEREOTYPING; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; UNIVERSITIES;

EID: 75249088171     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167209355062     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Ambady, N., Parker, S.K., Steele, J., Owen-Smith, A., & Mitchell, J.P. (2004). Deflecting negative self-relevant stereotype activation: The effects of individuation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 401-408.
2. Aronson, J., Lustina, M.J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C.M., & Brown, J. (1999). When White men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
3. Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1178.
4. Baumeister, R.F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
5. Baumeister, R.F., & Tice, D.M. (1985). Self-esteem and responses to success and failure: Subsequent performance and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality, 53, 450-467.
6. Beilock, S.L., Jellison, W.A., Rydell, R.J., McConnell, A.R., & Carr, T.H. (2006). On the causal mechanisms of stereotype threat: Can skills that don't rely heavily on working memory still be threatened? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1059-1071.
7. Beilock, S.L., Rydell, R.J., & McConnell, A.R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spill-over. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 256-276.
8. Ben-Zeev, T., Fein, S., & Inzlicht, M. (2005). Arousal and stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 174-181.
9. Bosson, J.K., Haymovitz, E.L., & Pinel, E.C. (2004). When saying and doing diverge: The effects of stereotype threat on self-reported versus non-verbal anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 247-255.
10. Bosson, J.K., & Swann, W.B. (1999). Self-liking, self-competence, and the quest for self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1230-1241.
11. Brown, J.D., & Dutton, K.A. (1995). The thrill of victory and the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people's emotional reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 712-722.
12. Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Rosabianca, A., & Kiesner, J. (2005). Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking. Psychological Science, 16, 572-578.
13. Cohen, G.L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310.
14. Conway, A.R.A., Kane, M.J., Bunting, M.F., Hambrick, D.Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R.W. (2005). Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user's guide. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 769-786.
15. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C.M. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504-553). New York: McGraw-Hill.
16. Croizet, J.C., Despres, G., Gauzins, M., Hugeut, P., & Leyens, J. (2004). Stereotype threat undermines performance by triggering a disruptive mental load. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 721-731.
17. Fein, S., & Spencer, S.J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31-44.
18. Higgins, E.T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
19. Hogg, M.A. (2007). Uncertainty-identity theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 69-126). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
20. Hugenberg, K., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2004). Category membership moderates the inhibition of social identities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 233-238.
21. Jamieson, J.P., & Harkins, S.G. (2007). Mere effort and stereotype threat performance effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 544-564.
22. Johns, M., Inzlicht, M., & Schmader, T. (2008). Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining the influence of emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 691-705.
23. Major, B., & O'Brien, L.T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393-421.
24. Martens, A., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., & Schimel, J. (2006). Combating stereotype threat: The effect of self-affirmation on women's intellectual performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 236-243.
25. Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2006). Understanding stereotype lift: One the role of the social self. Social Cognition, 24, 776-791.
26. Marx, D.M., Stapel, D.A., & Muller, D. (2005). We can do it: The interplay of construal orientation and social comparisons under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 432-446.
27. Miyake, A., & Shah, N. (Eds.). (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2000). Shifting social identities as a strategy for deflecting threatening social comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 398-409.
29. Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
30. Pronin, E., Steele, C.M., & Ross, L. (2004). Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and mathematics. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 152-168.
31. Roccas, S. (2003a). The effects of status on identification with multiple groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 351-366.
32. Roccas, S. (2003b). Identification and status revisited: The moderating role of self-enhancement and self-transcendence values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 726-736.
33. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34. Rydell, R.J., McConnell, A.R., & Beilock, S.L. (2009). Multiple social identities and stereotype threat: Imbalance, accessibility, and working memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 949-966.
35. Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194-201.
36. Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
37. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336-356.
38. Seibt, B., & Förster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 38-56.
39. Sherman, D.K., Kinias, Z., Major, B., Kim, H.S., & Prenovost, M. (2007). The group as a resource: Reducing biased attributions for group success and failure via group affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1100-1112.
40. Shih, M., Ambady, N., Richeson, J.A., Fujita, K., & Gray, H.M. (2002). Stereotype performance boosts: The impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 638-647.
41. Shih, M., Pittinsky, T.L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83.
42. Spencer, S.J., Steele, C.M., & Quinn, D.M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
43. Steele, C.M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
44. Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape the intellectual identities and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
45. Steele, C.M., Spencer, S.J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379-440). New York: Academic Press.
46. Swann, W.B., & Read, S.J. (1981). Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 351-372.
47. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Wordhel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
48. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 181-227). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
49. Walton, G.M., & Cohen, G.L. (2003). Stereotype lift. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 456-467.