Natura Facit Saltus: Discontinuities in the latent liability to schizophrenia and their implications for clinical psychiatry

Italian Journal of Psychopathology

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 219-230

  Fossati, Andrea ^a   Lenzenweger, M F ^b,c  

^a VITA SALUTE SAN RAFFAELE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Endophenotypes; Liability; Prepulse inhibition; Schizophrenia; Schizotypy; Taxon

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DISEASE COURSE; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INSTRUMENT; LATENT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; MEDICAL LIABILITY; MENTAL DISEASE; METHODOLOGY; PHYSICIAN; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOSIS; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; TAXON;

EID: 75149150276     PISSN: 15921107     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Meehl PE. Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. J Person Disord 1990;4:1-99.
2. Lenzenweger MF. Schizotaxia, schizotypy and schizophrenia: Paul E. Meehl's blueprint for experimental psychopathology and the genetics of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2006;115:195-200.
3. Meehl PE. Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. Am Psychol 1962;17:827-38.
4. Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:636-45.
5. Lenzenweger MF. Schizotypic psychopathology: theory, evidence, and future directions. In: Millon T, Blaney PH, Davis RD, editors. Oxford textbook of psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press 1999, pp. 605-27.
6. Meehl PE. Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind. J Personality 1992;60:117-74.
7. Tyrka AR, Cannon TD, Haslam N, Mednick SA, Schulsinger F, Schulsinger H, et al. The latent structure of schizotypy: I. Premorbid indicators of a taxon in individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1995;104:173-83.
8. Tyrka AR, Haslam N, Cannon TD. Detection of a latent taxon of individuals at risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In: Raine A, Lencz T, Mednick SA, editors. Schizotypal personality. New York: ? Cambridge University Press 1995, pp. 168-91.
9. Lenzenweger MF. Deeper into the schizotypy taxon: on the robust nature of maximum covariance analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 1999;108:182-7.
10. Lenzenweger MF, Korfine L. Confirming the latent structure and base rate of schizotypy: a taxometric analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 1992,101:567-71.
11. Golden RR, Meehl PE. Detection of the schizoid taxon with MMPI indicators. J Abnorm Psychol 1979;88:217-33.
12. Lenzenweger MF, Korfine L. Identifying schizophrenia-related personality disorder features in a non-clinical population using a psychometric approach. J Personal Disord 1992;6:264-74.
13. Lenzenweger MF, Moldin SO. Discerning the latent structure of hypothetical psychosis proneness through admixture analysis. Psychiatry Res 1990;33:243-57.
14. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Golden RR, Cornblatt BA. A taxonometric analysis of cognitive and neuromotor variables in children at risk for schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98:203-8.
15. Grove WM, Clementz BA, lacono WG, Katsanis J. Smooth pursuit ocular motor dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence fora major gene. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1362-8.
16. O'Driscoll GA, Lenzenweger MF, Holzman PS. Antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye tracking and schizotypy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:837-43.
17. Lenzenweger MF, McLachlan G, Rubin DB. Resolving the latent structure of schizophrenia endophenotypes using expectation-maximization-based finite mixture modeling. J Abnorm Psychol 2007;116:16-29.
18. nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press 2009, pp. 692-722.
19. Lenzenweger MF. Schizotypy: selected lessons from the laboratory. New York: Guilford Press (in press).
20. Meehl PE. Bootstraps taxometrics: solving the classiffication problem in psychopathology. Am Psychol 1995;50:266-75.
21. Rawlings D, Williams B, Haslam N, Claridge G. Taxometric analysis supports a dimensional latent structure for schizotypy. Person Individ Dif 2008;44:1640-51.
22. Beauchaine TP, Lenzenweger MF, Waller NG. Schizotypy, taxometrics, and disconfirming theories in soft science. Comment on Rawlings, Williams, Haslam, and Claridge. Person Individ Dif 2008;44:1652-62.
23. Meehl PE. Theory-testing in psychology and physics: a methodological paradox. Philosophy of Science 1967;34:103-15.
24. Meehl PE. Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. J Consult Clin Psychol 1978;46:806-34.
25. Bentall RP, Claridge GS, Slade PD. The multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits: a factor-analytic study with normal subjects. Br J Clin Psychol 1989;28:363-75.
26. Ruscio AM, Ruscio J. The latent structure of analogue depression: should the Beck Depression Inventory be used to classify groups? Psychol Assess 2002;14:135-5.
27. Cleland C, Haslam N. Robustness of taxometric analysis with skewed indicators: I. A Monte Carlo study of the MAMBAC procedure. Psychol Rep 1996;79:243-8.
28. Beach SRH, Amir N, Bau JJ. Can sample-specific simulations help detect low base-rate taxonicity? Psychol Assess 2005; 17:446-61.
29. Holzman LB, Merritt SE, Fan G. The role of psychological probes in genetic studies of schizophrenia. J Biol Chem 1994;269:30808-17.
30. Lenzenweger MF. Schizotypy and schizotypic psychopathology: mapping and alternative expression of schizophrenia liability. In: Lenzenweger MF, Dworkin RH, editors. Origins and development of schizophrenia: advances in experimental psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 1998, pp. 93-121.
31. Matthysse S, Parnas J. Extending the phenotype of schizophrenia: implications for linkage analysis. J Phsychiatr Res 1992;4:329-44.
32. Cornblatt BA, Keilp JG. Impaired attention, genetics and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1994;20:31-46.
33. Cornblatt BA, Malhotra AK. Impaired attention as an endophenotype for molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2001;105:11-5.
34. Lenzenweger MF, Cornblatt BA, Putnick ME. Schizotypy and sustained attention. J Abnorm Psychol 1991;100:84-89.
35. Levy DL, Holzman PS, Matthysse S, Mendell NR. Eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: a critical perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1993,19:461-536.
36. O'Driscoll GA. Neural correlates of eye tracking deficits in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry1999;56:1127-34.
37. Sponheim SR, lacono WG, Thuras PD, Nugent SM, Beiser M. Sensitivity and specificity of select biological indices in characterizing psychotic patients and their relatives. Schizophr Res 2003;63:27-38.
38. Beauchaine TP, Waters E. Pseudotaxonocity in MAMBAC and MAXCOV analyses of rating scale data: Turning continua into classes by manipulating observer's expectations. Psychol Methods 2003;8:3-15.
39. Fossati A, Citterio A, Grazioli F, Borroni S, Carretta I, Maffei C, Battaglia M. Taxonic structure of schizotypal personality disorder: a multiple-instrument, multi-sample study based on mixture models. Psychiatry Res 2005;137:71-85.
40. Fossati A, Raine A, Borroni S, Maffei C. Taxonic structure of schizotypal personality in nonclinical subjects: issues of replicability and age consistency. Psychiatry Res 2007;152:103-12.
41. Lenzenweger MF, Moldin SO. Discerning the latent structure of hypothetical psychosis proneness through admixture analysis. Psychiatry Res 1990;33:243-57.
42. Korfine L, Lenzenweger MF. The taxonicity of schizotypy: a replication. J Abnorm Psychol 1995;104:26-31.
43. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Matthysse S, Flanagan SD, Lipton RB, Cramer G, et al. A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry1988;45:641-7.
44. Gottesman II. Schizophrenia genesis: the origins of madness. New York: Freeman 1991.
45. Gottesman II, Shields J. Schizophrenia and genetics. A twin study vantage point. New York: Academic Press 1972.
46. Oh G, Petronis A. Environmental studies of schizophrenia through the prism of epigenetics. Schizophr Bull 2008;34:1122-9.
47. rd edn. New York: McGrawHill 1991.
48. Lenzenweger MF, Korfine L. Tracking the taxon: on the latent structure and base-rate of schizotypy. In: Raine A, Lencz T, Mednick SA, editors. Schizotypal Personality. New York: Cambridge University Press 1995, pp. 135-67.
49. Lenzenweger MF, Dworkin RH. The dimensions of schizophrenia phenomenology? Not one or not two, at least three, perhaps four. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:432-40.
50. Fossati A, Raine A, Carretta I, Leonardi B, Maffei C. The three-factor model of schizotypal personality: invariance across age and gender. Pers Individ Dif 2003;35:1007-19.
51. Vollema MG, Van den Bosch RJ. The multidimensionality of schizotypy. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1995;21:19-31.
52. Arndt S, Alliger RJ, Andreasen NC. The distinction of positive and negative symptoms. The failure of a two-dimensional model. BrJ Psychiatry 1991;158:317-22.
53. Gruzelier JH. The factorial structure of schizotypy: Part I. Affinities with syndromes of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1996;22:611-20.
54. Battaglia M, Fossati A, Torgersen S, Bertella S, Bajo S, Maffei C, et al. A psychometric-genetic study of schizotypal disorder. Schizophr Res 1999;37:53-64.
55. Kendler KS, Ochs AL, Groman AM, Hewitt JK, Ross DE, Mirsky AF. The structure of schizotypy: a pilot multitrait twin study. Psychiatry Res 1991;36:19-36.
56. Torgersen S. Relationship of schizotypal personality disorder to schizophrenia: genetics. Schizophr Bull 1985;11:554-63.
57. Kendler KS, Heath A, Martin NG. A genetic epidemiologic study of self-report suspiciousness. Compr Psychiatry 1987;28:187-96.
58. Torgersen S, Onstad S, Skre I, Edvardsen S, Kringlen E. The psychometric-genetic structure of DSM-III-R personality disorder criteria. J Pers Disord 1993;7:196-213.
59. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM. An independent analysis of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia. Vl: the relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptes. Arch Gen Psychiatry1984;41:555-64.
60. Lyons MJ, Toomey R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Comparison of schizotypal relatives of schizophrenic versus affective probands. Am J Med Genet 1994;54:279-85.
61. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Tsuang MT. Psychiatric illness in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic and surgical control patients. A family study using DSM-III criteria. Arch Gen Psychiatryl 985;42:770-9.
62. Lenzenweger MF. Consideration of the challenges, complications, and pitfalls of taxometric analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2004;113:10-23.
63. Beauchaine TP. Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2003;15:501-27.
64. Siever LJ, Davis KL. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: perspectives from the spectrum. Am J Psychiatry 2004;116:398-413.
65. Braff DL, Freedman R. Endophenotypes in studies of the genetics of schizophrenia. In: Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C, editors. Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2002, pp. 703-16.
66. Olgiati P, Lorenzi C, Marino E, Pirovano A, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Schizophrenia: genetics, prevention and rehabilitation. It J Psychopathol 2008;14:108-33.
67. Murray RM, Lappin J, Di Forti M. Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;18:129-34.
68. Süsser ES, Schaefer CA, Brown AS, Begg MD, Wyatt RJ. The design of the prenatal determinants of schizophrenia study. Schizophr Bull 2000;26:257-73.
69. Connell PH. Amphetamine Psychosis. London: Oxford University Press 1958.
70. Chen CK, Lin SK, Sham PC, Ball D, Loh EW, Hsiao CC, et al. Pre-morbid characteristics and co-morbidity of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. Psychol Med 2003;33:1407-14.
71. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry2003;60: 1187-92.
72. Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, van Os J. Is cannabis use psychotogenic? Lancet 2006;367:193-5.
73. Moore T, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes T, Jones P, Burke M, et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 2007;370:319-28.
74. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am Publ Health Association 2005;95:144-50.
75. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ 2005;332:172-5.
76. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington HL, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1117-27.
77. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, de Graaf R, ten Have M, van Os J. Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population. J Affect Disord 2006;95:103-10.
78. Veling W, Mackenbach JP, van Os J, Hoek HW. Cannabis use and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia: a case-control study. Psychol Med 2008;38:1251-6.
79. Zammit S, Spurlock G, Williams H, et al. Genotype effects of CHRNA7, CNR1 and COMT in schizophrenia: interactions with tobacco and cannabis use. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191:402-7.
80. Veling W. Genetic mediation of the link between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Genes and Environment 2008;7:511-5.
81. Keller F, Jahn T, Klein C. Anwendung von taxometrischen methoden und von mischvertei-lungsmodellen zur erfassung von schizotypie. In: Andresen B, Mass R, editors. Schizotypie. Psychometrische entwicklungen und biopsychologische forschungsansatze. Göttingen: Hogrefe 2001, pp. 391-412.
82. Meyer T, Keller F. Exploring the latent structure of the perceptual aberration, magical ideation and physical anhedonia scales in a german sample - a partial replication. J Personal Disord 2001;15:521-35.
83. Horan WP, Blanchard JJ, Gangestad SW, Kwapil TR. The psychometric detection of schizotypy: do putative schizotypy indicators identify the same latent class? J Abnorm Psychol 2004;113:339-57.
84. Linscott R, Marie D, Arnott K, Clarke B. Over-representation of Maori New Zealanders among adolescents In a schizotypy taxon. Schizophr Res 2006;84:289-96.
85. Blanchard JJ, Gangestad SW, Brown SA, Horan WP. Hedonic capacity and schizotypy revisited: a taxometric analysis of social anhedonia. J Abnorm Psychol 2000;109:87-95.
86. Hanssen MSS. Bijl RV, Vollebergh W, van Os J. Self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: a valid screening tool for DSM-IH-R psychotic disorders? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:369-77.
87. Van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A. Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the gen era /population? Schizophr Res 2000;45:11-20.
88. Johns LC, van Os J. The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin Psychol Rev 2001;21:1125-41.
89. Shevlin M, Adamson G, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R, van Os J. An application of item response mixture modelling to psychosis indicators in two large community samples. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:771-9.
90. Murphy J, Shevlin M, Adamson G. A latent class analysis of positive psychosis symptoms based on the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Pers Individ Dif 2007;42:1491-502.
91. Krabbendam L, Germeyes IM, de Graaf R, Vollbergh W, Nolen A, ledema J, et al. Dimensions of depression, mania and psychosis in the general population. Psychol Med 2004;34:1177-86.
92. Shevlin M, Murphy J, Dorahy MJ, Adamson G. The distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in the population: a latent class analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Schizophr Res 2007;89:101-9.