Psychiatric Illness in First-degree Relatives of Schizophrenic and Surgical Control Patients: A Family Study Using DSM-III Criteria

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 42, Issue 8, 1985, Pages 770-779

  Kendler, Kenneth S ^a   Gruenberg, Alan M ^b   Tsuang, Ming T ^c,d  

^a Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University ^*  (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; FAMILIAL DISEASE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOSIS; RELATIVE; SCHIZOIDISM; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HOSPITAL RECORDS; HUMAN; INTERVIEWS; MALE; MANUALS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGE; PARANOID DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE;

EID: 0021970467     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790310032004     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Kraepelin E: Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians, Diefendorf AR (trans). New York, Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, 1904.
2. Rudin E: Studien uber Verebung und Entstehung geistiger Storungen: I. Zur Vererbung und Neuenstehung der Dementia Praecox. Berlin, Springer, 1916.
3. Zerbin-Rudin E: Endogene Psychosen, in Becker PE (ed): Humangenetik: Ein Kurzes Handbuch in funf Banden. Stuttgart, West Germany, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1967, vol V/2 pp 446-513.
4. Lindelius R: A study of schizophrenia: A clinical, prognostic and family investigation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1970, suppl 216, pp 1-125.
5. Karlsson JL: An Icelandic family study of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1973;123:549-554.
6. Fischer M: Genetic and environment factors in schizophrenia: A study of schizophrenic twins and their families. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973, suppl 238, pp 1-133.
7. Tsuang MT, Fowler RC, Cadoret RJ, Monnelly E: Schizophrenia among first-degree relatives of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. Compr Psychiatry 1974;15:295-302.
8. Stephens DA, Atkinson MW, Kay DWK, Roth M, Garside RF: Psychiatric morbidity in parents and sibs of schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:97-108.
9. Bleuler M: The Schizophrenic Disorders: Long-term Patient and Family Studies, Clemens SM (trans). New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1978.
10. Scharfetter C, Nusperli M: The group of schizophrenias, schizoaffective psychoses and affective disorders. Schizophr Bull 1980;6:586-591.
11. Tsuang MT, Winokur G, Crowe RR: Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions. Br J Psychiatry 1980;137:497-504.
12. Guze SB, Cloninger CR, Martin RL, Clayton PJ: A follow-up and family study of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1273-1276.
13. Haverkamp F, Propping P, Hilger T: Is there an increase of reproductive rates in schizophrenics? I. Critical review of the literature. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1982;232:439-450.
14. Risch N: Estimating morbidity risks in relatives: The effect of reduced fertility. Behav Genet 1983;13:441-451.
15. Rosenthal D, Kety SS (eds): The Transmission of Schizophrenia. New York, Pergamon Press, 1968.
16. Pope HG, Jones JM, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF: Failure to find evidence of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:826-828.
17. Abrams R, Taylor MA: The genetics of schizophrenia: A reassessment using modern criteria. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:171-175.
18. Kendler KS: Heritability of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:131.
19. Weissman MM, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Gammon GD: Heritability of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:131-132.
20. Kety SS: Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees: Findings relevant to genetic and environmental factors in etiology. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:720-727.
21. Myerson A: The Inheritance of Mental Diseases. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1925.
22. Menninger K, Elenberger H, Pruyser P: The unitary concept of mental illness. Bull Menninger Clin 1958;22:4-12.
23. Salter E: The parents and children of manic-depressives, in Shields J, Gottesman II (eds): Man, Mind and Heredity. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1971, pp 55-68.
24. Reed SC, Hartley C, Anderson VE, Phillips VP, Johnsson NA: The Psychoses: Family Studies. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1973.
25. Smeraldi E, Negri F, Melica AM: The genetic study of affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977;56:382-398.
26. Kallmann FJ: The genetics of psychoses: An analysis of 1,232 twin index families, in Congress Internationale de Psychiatrie: VI. Psychiatrie Sociale. Paris, Hermann, 1950, pp 1-27.
27. Slater E: Psychotic and Neurotic Illnesses in Twins. London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1953.
28. Weinberg I, Lobstein J: Inheritance in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1943;18:93-140.
29. Sjogren T: Genetic-statistical and psychiatric investigations of a west-Swedish population. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1948, suppl 52, pp 1-102.
30. Loranger AW: Genetic independence of manic-depression and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981;63:444-452.
31. Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Clayton PJ: The significance of psychotic affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:1147-1150.
32. Coryell W, Tsuang MT, McDaniel J: Psychotic features in major depressions: Is mood congruence important? J Affective Disord 1984;4:227-236.
33. Frangos E, Athanassenas G, Tsitourides S, Psilognos P, Katsanov N: Psychotic depressive disorder: A separate entity? J Affective Disord 1983;5:259-265.
34. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: IV. The relationship between major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:639-642.
35. Tsuang MT, Dempsey GM, Dvoredsky A, Struss A: A family history study of schizo-affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1977;12:331-338.
36. Rosenthal NE, Rosenthal LN, Stallone F, Dunner DL, Fieve RR: Toward the validation of RDC schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:804-810.
37. Pope HG, Lipinski JF, Cohen BM, Axelrod DT: ‘Schizoaffective disorder’: An invalid diagnosis? A comparison of schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:921-927.
38. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:555-564.
39. Kendler KS, Adler D: The pattern of psychotic illness in affected sibling pairs. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:509-513.
40. Angst J, Felder W, Lohmeyer B: Schizoaffective disorders: Results of a genetic investigation: I. J Affective Disord 1979;1:139-153.
41. Tsuang MT: ‘Schizoaffective disorder’: Dead or alive? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:633-634.
42. Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Wilmotte J: Relationship between schizoaffective illness and affective disorders or schizophrenia: Morbidity risk and genetic transmission. J Affective Disord 1980;2:289-302.
43. Baron M, Gruen R, Asnis L, Kane J: Schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders: Morbidity risk and genetic transmission. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982;65:253-262.
44. McInnes RG: Observations on heredity in neurosis. Proc R Soc Med 1937;30:895-904.
45. Mitsuda H, Sakai T, Kobayashi J: A clinico-genetic study on the relationship between neurosis and psychosis. Bull Osaka Med Sch 1967;12(suppl):27-35.
46. Brown FN: Heredity in the psychoneuroses. Proc R Soc Med 1942;35:785-790.
47. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: I. The relationship between anxiety disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:973-977.
48. Cotton NS: The familial incidence of alcoholism: A review. J Stud Alcohol 1979;40:89-116.
49. Bleuler M: Familial and personal background of chronic alcoholics, in Diethelm O (ed): Etiology of Chronic Alcoholism. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1955, pp 110-166.
50. Rimmer J, Jacobsen B: Alcoholism in schizophrenics and their relatives. J Stud Alcohol 1977;38:1781-1784.
51. Morrison J, Clancy J, Crowe R, Winokur G: The Iowa 500: I. Diagnostic validity in mania, depression and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:457-461.
52. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;26:57-63.
53. Coryell W, Tsuang MT: Should ‘non-Feighner schizophrenia’ be classified with affective disorder? J Affective Disord 1979;1:3-8.
54. American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
55. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF, Simpson JC: The Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview: Rationale, reliability and validity. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1980, suppl 283, pp 1-38.
56. Stromgren E: Zum Ersatz des Weinbergschen ‘Abgekurzten Verfahrens’ Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage von der Erblichkeit des Erkrankungsalters bei der Schizophrenie. Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1935;153:784-797.
57. Kendler KS: Demography of paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder): A review and comparison with schizophrenia and affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:890-902.
58. Salter E, Cowie V: The Genetics of Mental Disorders. London, Oxford University Press, 1971.
59. Heimbuch RC, Mathysse S, Kidd KK: Estimating age-of-onset distributors for disorders with variable onset. Am J Hum Genet 1980;31:564-574.
60. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G: The family history method using diagnostic criteria: Reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:1229-1235.
61. Thompson WD, Orvaschel H, Prusoff BA, Kidd KK: An evaluation of the family history method for ascertaining psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:53-58.
62. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF: Mortality in patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression, and surgical conditions: A comparison with general population mortality. Br J Psychiatry 1977;130:162-166.
63. Weiner BP, Marvit RC: Schizophrenia in Hawaii: Analysis of cohort mortality risk in a multi-ethnic population. Br J Psychiatry 1977;131:497-503.
64. Robinette CD, Hrubec Z, Fraumeni JF: Chronic alcoholism and subsequent mortality in World War II veterans. Am J Epidemiol 1979;109:687-700.
65. Eastwood MR, Stiasny S, Meier HMR, Woogh CM: Mental illness and mortality. Compr Psychiatry 1982;23:377-385.
66. Breborowicz G, Trzebiatowska-Trzeciak O: A method for testing differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976;54:353-358.
67. Smith C: Concordance in twins: Methods and interpretation. Am J Hum Genet 1974;26:454-466.
68. Reich T, Cloninger CR, Guze S: The multifactorial model of disease transmission: I. Description of the model and its use in psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:1-10.
69. Endicott J, Nee J, Fleiss J, Cohen J, Williams JBW, Simon R: Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: Reliabilities and agreement between systems. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:884-889.
70. Falconer DS: The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives. Ann Hum Genet 1965;29:51-76.
71. Smith C, Falconer DS, Duncan LJP: A statistical and genetical study of diabetes: II. Heritability of liability. Ann Hum Genet 1972;35:281-299.
72. Kendler KS, Robinette CD: Schizophrenia in the NAS-NRC twin registry: A 16-year update. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1551-1563.
73. Kety SS, Rosenthal D, Wender PH, Schulsinger F, Jacobsen B: Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic: A preliminary report based on psychiatric interview, in Fieve R, Rosenthal D, Brill H (eds): Genetic Research in Psychiatry. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1975, pp 147-165.
74. Kendler KS: Overview: A current perspective on twin studies of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1413-1425.
75. Shields J, Gottesman II: Cross-national diagnosis of schizophrenia in twins: The heritability and specificity of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:725-730.
76. Brockington IF, Leff JP: Schizo-affective psychosis: Definitions and incidence. Psychol Med 1979;9:91-99.
77. Watt JAG, Hall DJ, Olley PC, Hunter D, Gardiner AQ: Paranoid states of middle life: Familial occurrence and relationship to schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980;61:413-426.
78. Kendler KS, Hays P: Paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder) and schizophrenia: A family history study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:547-551.
79. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: III. The relationship between paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder) and the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:985-987.
80. Kendler KS: The nosologic validity of paranoia (simple delusional disorder): A review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:699-706.
81. Kendall RE, Brockington IF: The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 1980;137:324-331.
82. Glassman AH, Kantor SJ, Shostak M: Depression, delusions and drug response. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:716-719.
83. Brown RP, Frances A, Kocsis JH, Mann JJ: Psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression: Comparison of treatment response. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:635-637.
84. Nelson JC, Bowers MB: Delusional unipolar depression: Description and drug response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:1321-1328.
85. Kaskey GB, Nasr S, Meltzer HY: Drug treatment in delusional depression. Psychiatry Res 1980;1:267-277.
86. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: II. The relationship between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:982-984.
87. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: Genetic relationship between paranoid personality disorder and the ‘schizophrenic spectrum’ disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1185-1186.
88. Kendler KS, Masterson C, Ungaro R, Davis KL: A family history study of schizophrenia-related personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:424-427.
89. Murphy HBM: Migration and the major mental disorders: A reappraisal, in Kantor MB (ed): Mobility and Mental Health. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1965, pp 5-29.