Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) and interferences-A review

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 411, Issue 5-6, 2010, Pages 309-317

  Dimeski, Goce ^a   Badrick, Tony ^b   John, Andrew St ^c  

^a PRINCESS ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b SULLIVAN NICOLAIDES PATHOLOGY   (Australia)

^c Australian Government Australian Research Council   (Australia)

Author keywords

Interferences; Ion selective electrode

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; BENZALKONIUM; CALCIUM ION; CHLORIDE; EDETIC ACID; LITHIUM; LITHIUM ION; MAGNESIUM ION; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM ION; SODIUM ION; SURFACTANT; THIOCYANATE;

ACCURACY; AEROBIC METABOLISM; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; CANNULA; CATHETER; CROSS REACTION; CYTOLYSIS; HEMOLYSIS; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; INTENSIVE CARE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; PATIENT CARE; PH; POINT OF CARE TESTING; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STORAGE TEMPERATURE;

CATIONS, DIVALENT; CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TESTS; HUMANS; ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES; METALS;

EID: 74849097377     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Frant M.S., and Ross Jr. J.W. Potassium ion specific electrode with high selectivity for potassium over sodium. Science 167 (1970) 987-988
2. Hirst A.D., and Stevens J.F. Electrodes in clinical chemistry. Ann Clin Biochem 22 (1985) 460-488
3. Dimeski G. Interference testing. Clin Biochem Rev. 29 Suppl 1 (Aug 2008) S43-S48
4. Commission on Analytical Nomenclature. Recommendations for nomenclature of ion-selective electrodes. Pure Appl Chem 48 (1976) 129-132
5. Burnett R.W., Covington A.K., Fogh-Andersen N., et al. Use of ion-selective electrodes for blood-electrolytes analysis. Recommendation for nomenclature, definitions and conventions. Clin Chem Lab Med 38 (2000) 363-370
6. Davis M.W., Mehr S., and Morley C.J. The effect of draw-up volume on the accuracy of electrolyte measurements from neonatal arterial lines. J Paediatr Child Health 36 (2000) 122-124
7. Odum L., and Drenck N.E. Blood sampling for biochemical analysis from central venous catheters: minimizing the volume of discarded blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 40 (2002) 152-155
8. Cardinal P., Allan J., Hindmarsh T., Jones G., and Delisle S. The effect of sodium citrate in arterial catheters on acid-base and electrolyte measurements. Crit Care Med 28 (2000) 1388-1393
9. Karon B.S., Kempe K.C., and Scott M.G. Heparin interference with sodium and albumin. Clin Chem 43 (1997) 697-698
10. Venkatesh B., Morgan T.J., and Clulow S. A 23 year old woman with a closed head injury who developed rapidly fluctuating sodium levels. Crit Care Resusc 2 (2000) 310-311
11. Malinowska E., and Meyerhoff M.E. Influence of nonionic surfactants on the potentiometric response of ion-selective polymeric membrane electrodes designed for blood electrolyte measurements. Anal Chem 15 (1998) 1477-1488
12. Cook J.D., Koch T.R., and Knoblock E.C. Erroneous electrolyte results caused by catheters. Clin Chem 34 (1988) 211
13. Gayford M.S., Pittman P.A., Bartness J., Tuinman A.A., and Lorch V. Release of benzalkonium chloride from heparin-bonded umbilical catheter with resultant factitious hypernatremia and hyperkalemia. Pediatrics 87 (1991) 631-635
14. Koch T.R., and Cook J.D. Benzalkonium interference with test methods for potassium and sodium. Clin Chem 36 (1990) 807-808
15. Lam S.H., Chan M.H.M., Ng P.C., et al. Are your hands clean enough for point-of-care electrolyte analysis?. Pathology 37 (2005) 299-304
16. Mansouri S. Performance evaluation of the IL GEM Premier 3000 analyser with intelligent quality management. Clin Chem 49 Suppl (2003) A150
17. Dybko A. Errors in chemical sensor measurements. Sensors 1 (2001) 29-37
18. Payne R.B., Buckley B.M., and Rawson K.M. Protein interference with ion-selective measurement depends on reference electrode composition and design. Ann Clin Biochem 28 (1991) 68-72
19. Rumenjak V., Milardovic S., Kruhak I., and Grabaric B. The study of some possible measurement errors in clinical blood electrolyte potentiometric (ISE) analysers. Clin Chim Acta 335 (2003) 75-81
20. Ben Rayana M.C., Burnett R.W., Covington A.K., et al. IFCC recommendation for measuring and reporting chloride by ISEs in undiluted serum, plasma or blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 44 (2006) 346-352
21. Bjister P., Vader H.L., and Vink C.J. Influence of erythrocytes on direct potentiometric determination of sodium and potassium. Ann Clin Biochem 20 (1983) 116-120
22. Schots J., De Raeve H., Boeyckens A., Umbrain V., Verbeek F., and Gorus F.K. Method-dependent differences in apparent sodium concentrations in plasma after exchange transfusions with citrated blood. Clin Chem 38 (1992) 558-562
23. Wimberley P.D., Siggaard-Andersen O., Fogh-Andersen N., and Boink A.B. Are sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate fully dissociated under physiological conditions?. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 45 (1985) 7-10
24. Ladenson J.H., Apple F.S., and Koch D.D. Misleading hyponatremia due to hyperlipemia: a method-dependent error. Ann Intern Med 95 (1981) 707-708
25. Ladenson J.H., Apple F.S., Aguanno J.J., and Koch D.D. Sodium measurements in multiple myeloma: two techniques compared. Clin Chem 28 (1982) 2383-2386
26. Dimeski G., and Barnett R.J. Effects of total protein concentration on plasma sodium, potassium, chloride measurements by an indirect ion selective electrode measuring system. Crit Care & Resus 7 (2004) 12-15
27. Lawn N., Wijdicks E.F., and Burritt M.F. Intravenous immune globulin and pseudohyponatratemia. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 632-633
28. Steinberger B., and Coleman T.A. Multiple complications of IV Ig therapy in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Am J Hematol 73 (2001) 67 59
29. Bern M. Clinically significant pseudohyponatremia. A J Haem 81 (2006) 558-559
30. Dimeski G., Mollee P., and Carter A. Effects of hyperlipidaemia on plasma sodium, potassium and chloride measurements by an indirect ion selective (ISE) measuring system. Clin Chem 52 (2006) 155-156
31. Vermeer H.J., Steen G., Naus A.J., Goevaerts B., Agricola P.T., and Schoenmakers C.H. Correction of patient results for Beckman Coulter LX-20 assays affected by interference due to hemoglobin, bilirubin or lipids: a practical approach. Clin Chem Lab Med 45 (2007) 114-119
32. Freemantle F.J., and MJ B.T. Ascorbate interferences in common clinical assays performed on three analysers. Clin Chem 40 (1994) 950-951
33. Meng Q.H., Irwin W.C., Fesser J., and Massey K.L. Interference of ascorbic acid with chemical analytes. Ann Clin Biochem 42 (2005) 475-477
34. Meng O.H., Irwin W., and Massey L. Interference of ascorbic acid on chemical analytes on Beckman Synchron LX20. Clin Chem 51 Suppl (2005) A134
35. Nagano O., Iwadoh S., Sanagawa Y., et al. Perioperative change of ionized magnesium concentration-effect of blood transfusion. Masui 48 (1999) 627-633
36. Dass S.S., Chaudharry R., Khetan D., Shukla J.S., Agarwal P., and Mishra R.B. Calcium and magnesium levels during automated plateletpheresis in normal donors. Transfus Med 15 (2005) 233-236
37. Kozik-Jaromin J., Nier V., Heemann U., Kreymann B., and Bohler J. Citrate pharmacokinetics and calcium levels during high-flux dialysis with regional citrate anticoagulation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24 (2009) 2244-2251
38. Bakker A.J., Boerma E.C., Keidel H., Kingma P., and van der Voort P.H.J. Detection of citrate overdose in critically ill patients on citrate-anticoagulated venovenous haemofiltration: use of ionized calcium and total/ionized calcium. Clin Chem Lab Med 44 (2006) 962-966
39. Wakai A., Roberts I.G., and Schierhout G. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2007) 10.1002/14651858.CD001049.pub4 Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001049
40. Elin R.J., Robertson E.A., and Johnson E. Bromide interferes with determination of chloride by each of four methods. Clin Chem 27 (1981) 778-779
41. Horowitz B.Z. Bromism from excessive cola consumption. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35 (1997) 315-320
42. Hsieh P.F., Tsan Y.T., Hung D.Z., Hsu C.L., Lee Y.C., and Chang M.H. Bromism caused by mix-formulated analgesic injectables. Hum Exp Toxicol 26 (2007) 971-973
43. Wang T., Diamandis E.P., Lane A., and Baines A.D. Variable selectivity of the Hitachi chemistry analyser chloride ion-selective electrode toward interfering ions. Clin Biochem 27 (1994) 37-41
44. Mori L., and Waldhuber S. Salicylate interferes with Roche Cobas Integra chloride electrode. Clin Chem 43 (1997) 1249-1250
45. Dimeski G., and Clague A.E. Bicarbonate interference with Chloride-Ion-Selective Electrode. Clin Chem 50 (2004) 1106-1107
46. Faulkner A.M., and Peake M.J. Bicarbonate interference with Hitachi chloride electrodes. Ann Clin Biochem 28 (1991) 107-108
47. Dimeski G., Tilley V., and Jones B. Analytical assessment of the IL GEM Premier 4000 Analyser. AACB Publication, Brisbane AACB Scientific Conference (Sep 2009) 89
48. Pinckard J.K., Zahn J., Ashby L., Parvin C.A., and Scott M.G. Falsely increased i-Stat chloride results for blood samples with increased urea. Clin Chem 47 (2001) 2064-2066
49. Braun S.L., Ciolek K., and Vogt W. Early detection of the selectivity loss of the Cobas Integra analyser chloride ion-selective electrode. Clin Chem 50 (2004) 1272-1273
50. Fudge A., Rumbelow B., and Peake M. Specificity problems with Hitachi chloride electrodes. Clin Chem 40 (1994) 1985-1986
51. Dimeski G., Clague A.E., and Hickman P.E. Correction and reporting of potassium results in haemolysed samples. Ann Clin Biochem 42 (2005) 119-123
52. Fincher R.K., Strong J.S., and Jackson J.L. Accuracy of measurements of hemoglobin and potassium in blood samples from peripheral catheters. Am J Crit Care 7 (1998) 439-443
53. Kellerman P.S., and Thornbery J.M. Pseudohyperkalemia due to pneumatic tube transport in a leukemic patient. Am J Kidney Dis 46 (2005) 746-748
54. Ellis G. An episode of increased hemolysis due to a defective pneumatic air tube delivery system. Clin Biochem 42 (2009) 1265-1269
55. Colussi G., and Cipriani D. Pseudohyperkalemia in extreme leukocytosis. Am J Nephrol 15 (1995) 450-452
56. Dimeski G., and Coakley J. Case presentation: pseudohyperkalaemia due to leukocytosis. Clinical Biochemistry Newsletter (2005), AACB Publication
57. Dimeski G., and Bird R. Hyperleukocytosis: pseudohyperkalaemia and other biochemical abnormalities in hyperleukocytosis. Clin Chel Lab Med 47 (2009) 880-881
58. Thurlow V., Ozevlat H., Jones S.A., and Bailey I.R. Establishing a practical blood platelet threshold to avoid reporting spurious potassium results due to thrombocytosis. Ann Clin Biochem 42 (2005) 196-199
59. Cornes M.P., Ford C., and Gama R. Spurious hyperkalaemia due to EDTA contamination: common and not always easy to identify. Ann Clin Biochem 45 (2008) 601-603
60. Sinclair D., Briston P., Young R., and Pepin N. Seasonal pseudohyperkalaemia. J Clin Pathol 56 (2003) 385-388
61. Trull A.K., Jackson C., Walsh S., Thornton A., Culank L.S., and McHugh J. The perennial problem with potassium. Ann Clin Biochem 41 (2004) 47-52
62. Don B.R., Sebastian A., Cheitlin M., Christiansen M., and Schambelan M. Pseudohyperkalemia caused by fist clenching during phlebotomy. NEJM 322 (1990) 1290-1292
63. Shepherd J., and Baldwin B. Interference in measurement of potassium caused by bacterial contamination of an analyser. Clin Chem 50 (2004) 2463-2464
64. Bakker E., Buhlmann P., and Pretsch E. Carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes. 2. Ionophores for potentiometric and optical sensors. Chem Rev 98 (1998) 1593-1687
65. Mann S.W., and Green A. Interference from heparin in commercial heparinised tubes in the measurement of plasma sodium by ion selective electrode: a note of caution. Ann Clin Biochem 23 (1986) 355-356
66. Vuillaume I., Penet S., Rakza T., et al. High concentrations of lithium heparin decrease measured serum sodium in some analyzers. Clin Chem 45 (1999) 1880-1881
67. Zoppi F., Guagnellini E., and Manzoni A. Incomplete recovery of sodium determined in direct potentiometry in blood samples added with heparin salts. Scan J Clin Lab Investig 53 (1999) 529-537
68. Yip P.M., Chan M.K., Zielinski N., and Adeli K. Heparin interference in whole blood sodium measurements in pediatric setting. Clin Biochem 39 (2006) 391-395
69. Loghrey C.M., Hanna E.V., McDonnell M., and Archbold G.P. Sodium measurement: effects of differing sampling and analytical methods. Ann Clin Biochem 43 (2006) 488-493
70. Al-Musheifri A., and Jones G.R.D. Glucose interference in direct ion-selective electrode sodium measurements. Ann Clin Biochem 45 (2008) 530-532
71. Twomey P.J., Cordle J., Pledger D.R., and Miao Y. An unusual case of hyponatraemia in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Pathol 58 (2005) 1219-1220
72. 2+ background. Anal Bioanal Chem 385 (2006) 1477-1482
73. Qin Y., Peper S., Radu A., Ceresa A., and Bakker E. Plasticizer-free polymer containing a covalently immobilized Ca2+-selective ionophore for potentiometric and optical sensors. Anal Chem 75 (2003) 3038-3045
74. Huijgen H.J., Sanders R., Cecco S.A., Rehak N.N., Sanders G.T., and Elin R.J. Serum ionized magnesium: comparison of results obtained with three ion-selective analyzers. Clin Chem Lab Med 37 (1999) 465-470
75. Biswas C.K., Ramos J.M., and Kerr D.N.B. Heparin effect on ionized calcium concentration. Clin Chim Acta 116 (1981) 343-347
76. Landt M., Horton G.L., Smith C.H., McClellan A., and Scott M.G. Interference in ionized calcium measurements by heparin salts. Clin Chem 40 (1994) 565-570
77. Toffaletti J., Ernst P., Hunt P., and Abrams B. Dry electrolyte-balanced heparinized syringes evaluated for determining ionized calcium and other electrolytes in whole blood. Clin Chem 37 (1991) 1730-1733
78. Collier J., Maguire S., and Kyne F. Sarstedt Monovettes falsely increase total calcium results. Clin Chem 42 (1996) 1722
79. Lyon M.E., Guajardo M., Laha T., Malik S., Henderson P.J., and Kenny M.A. Zinc heparin introduces a preanalytical error in the measurement of ionized calcium concentration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 55 (1995) 61-65
80. Lyon M.E., Bremner D., Laha T., Malik S., Henderson P.J., and Kenny M.A. Specific heparin preparations interfere with the simultaneous measurement of ionized magnesium and ionized calcium. Clin Biochem 28 (1995) 79-84
81. Koch S.M., Mehlhorn U., McKinley B.A., Irby S.L., Warters R.D., and Allen S.J. Arterial blood sampling devices influence ionized calcium measurements. Crit Care Med 23 (1995) 1825-1828
82. Toffaletti J.G., and Wildermann R.F. The effects of heparin anticoagulants and fill volume in blood gas syringes on ionized calcium and magnesium measurements. Clin Chim Acta 304 (2001) 147-151
83. Shin C.S., Chang C.H., and Kim J.H. Liquid heparin anticoagulant produces more negative bias in the determination of ionized magnesium than ionized calcium. Yonsei Med J 47 (2006) 191-195
84. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) Ionized calcium determination: pre-collection variables, specimen choice, collection, and handling proposed guideline, Document C31-A, 2001.
85. Sampson M., Ruddel M., Albright S., and Elin R.J. Positive interference in lithium determinations from clot activator in collection container. Clin Chem 43 (1997) 675-679
86. Cao Z., Tongate C., and Elin R.J. Evaluation of AVL988/4 analyser for measurement of ionized magnesium and ionized calcium. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 61 (2001) 389-394
87. Sachs C., Ritter C., Ghairamani M., Kindermans C., Deciaux M., and Marsoner H. Silicon; a cause for preanalytical error in ionized magnesium measurement. Magnes Res 6 (1993) 59-60
88. Zoppi F., Gasperi A., Guagnellini E., et al. Measurement of ionized magnesium with AVL988/4 electrolyte analyzer: preliminary analytical and clinical results. Scand J Clin Lab Invest (Suppl) 224 (1996) 259-274
89. Dimeski G., and Carter A. Magnesium contamination from Terumo blood collection tubes. Clin Chem 52 (2006) 1612-1614
90. Thode J., Holmegaard N., SN, I. T., Fogh-Andersen N., and Siggaard-Andersen O. Adjusted ionized calcium (at pH 7.4) and actual ionized calcium (at actual pH) in capillary blood compared for clinical evaluation of patients with disorders of calcium metabolism. Clin Chem 36 (1990) 541-544
91. Elin R.J., Hristova E.N., Cecco S.A., Niemela J.E., and Rehak N.N. Comparison of precision and effect of pH and calcium on the AVL and Nova magnesium ion-selective electrodes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest (Suppl) 224 (1996) 203-210
92. Sachs C., Chaneac M., Rabouine P., Kindermans C., and Dechaux M. Anomalies in pH 7.40 correction in ionised calcium analysers. Ann Clin Biochem 26 (1989) 542-546
93. Gaiter A.M., Bonfant G., Manes M., Belfanti P., and Alloatti S. Relation between blood pH and ionized calcium during acute metabolic alteration of the acid-base balance in vivo. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 57 (1997) 317-323
94. Thode J., Juul-Jørgensen B., Seibaek M., Elming H., Borresen E., and Jorda R. Evaluation of an ionized magnesium-pH analyzer NOVA 8. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 58 (1998) 127-133
95. Wang S., McDonnell E.H., Sedor F.A., and Toffaletti J.G. PH effects on measurement of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 126 (2002) 947-950
96. Renoe B.W., McDonald J.M., and Landenson J.H. The effects of stasis with and without exercise on free calcium, various cations, and related parameters. Clin Chim Acta 103 (1980) 91-100
97. Matthiesen G., Olofsson K., and Rudnicki M. Influence of blood sampling techniques on ionized magnesium level. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 62 (2002) 565-568
98. Akimoto T., Ando Y., Takahashi H., and Miyata Y. Sodium ion specifically modifies plasma ionized calcium concentration. Am J Nephrol 21 (2001) 429-434
99. Randall E.W., and St Louis P. Interference in glucose and other clinical chemistry assays by thiocyanate and cyanide in a patient treated with nitroprusside. Clin Chem 42 (1996) 449-453
100. Niemela J.E., Cecco S.A., Rehak N.N., and Elin R.J. The effect of smoking on the serum ionized magnesium concentration is method-dependent. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121 (1997) 1087-1092
101. Maj-Zurawska M., and Lewenstam A. Fully automated potentiometric determination of ionized magnesium in blood serum. Anal Chim Acta 236 (1990) 331-335
102. Boguschewski F.H., Seyfarth M., and Heindrich J.P. Evaluation of two Mg++ selective electrodes by means of a flow-through device. Clin Chem Lab Med 40 (2002) 308-311
103. Ben Rayana M.C., Burnett R.W., Covington A.K., et al. IFCC Guidelines for sampling, measuring and reporting ionized magnesium in undiluted serum, plasma or blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 43 (2005) 564-569
104. Ben Rayana M.C., Burnett R.W., Covington A.K., et al. IFCC Guideline for sampling, measuring and reporting ionized magnesium in plasma. Clin Chem Lab Med 46 (2008) 21-26
105. Rehak N.N., Cecco S.A., Niemela L.E., and Elin R.J. Thiocyanate in smokers interferes with the Nova magnesium ion-selective electrode. Clin Chem 43 (1997) 1595-1600
106. Hoshino K., Ogawa K., Hishitani T., and Kituzawa R. Characteristics of improved NOVA magnesium ion-selective electrode: changes of ionized magnesium values and reference interval in healthy children. Magnes Res 14 (2001) 203-210
107. Abudu A., Miller J.J., and Elin R.J. The effect of thyocyanate on the Nova ion-selective electrode for magnesium. Clin Chem 52 (2006) S6-A105(Suppl)
108. Lee D.C., and Klachko M.N. Falsely elevated lithium levels in plasma samples obtained in lithium containing tubes. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34 (1996) 467-469
109. Wills B.K., Mycyk M.B., Mazor S., Zell-Kanter M., Brace L., and Erickson T. Factitious lithium toxicity secondary to lithium heparin-containing blood tubes. J Med Toxicol 2 (2006) 61-63
110. + across lipid bilayer membranes mediated by an ionophore of novel design (ETH1644). J Membrane Biol 85 (1985) 61-67
111. Zeevi A., and Margalit R. Lithium-selective permeation through lipid bilayer membranes mediated by a di-imide ionophore with nonsymmetrical imide substituents (ETH1810). J Membrane Biol 121 (1991) 133-140
112. Okorodudu A.O., Burnett R.W., McComb R.B., and Bowers Jr. G.N. Evaluation of three first-generation ion-selective electrode analyzers for lithium: systematic errors, frequency of random interferences, and recommendations based on comparison with flame atomic emission spectrometry. Clin Chem. 36 (1990) 104-110
113. Sampson M., Ruddel M., and Elin R.J. Lithium determinations evaluated in eight analysers. Clin Chem 40 (1994) 869-872
114. Citterio D., Takeda J., Kosugi M., et al. pH-independent fluorescent chemosensor for highly selective lithium ion sensing. Anal Chem 79 (2007) 1237-1242
115. Dewitte K., Stockl D., and Thienpont L.M. Measurement of serum sodium and potassium with direct ion-selective electrode systems. Clin Chimica Acta 282 (1999) 227-228
116. Rodriguez-Garcia J., Sogo T., Otero S., and Paz J.M. Transferability of results obtained for sodium, potassium and chloride ions with different analysers. Clin Chimica Acta 275 (1998) 151-162
117. - liquid membranes for use with extracellular, self-referencing microelectrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 390 (2008) 1355-1359