Seizures in the context of acute illness

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 731-736

  Riviello Jr , James J ^a,b,c  

^a Department of Pediatrics   (United States)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute seizures; Nonconvulsive seizures; Nonconvulsive status epilepticus; Status epilepticus

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; DIAZEPAM; ETIRACETAM; FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; THIOPENTAL; VALPROIC ACID;

ACUTE DISEASE; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISEASE DURATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY CARE; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; SEIZURE;

ACUTE DISEASE; CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFORMATIONS; PROGNOSIS; SEIZURES;

EID: 74549182013     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328332c77d     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Blume WT, Luders HO, Mizrahi E, et al. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE taskforce on classification and terminology. Epilepsia 2001; 42:1212-1218. (Pubitemid 32951809)
2. Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau of Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 2005; 46:470-472. (Pubitemid 40470667)
3. Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Diagnosis and management of neonatal seizures. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott-Raven; 1998.
4. Shorvon S. Status epilepticus: its clinical features and treatment in children and adults. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
5. Riviello JJ Jr, Holmes GL. The treatment of status epilepticus. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2004; 11:129-138.
6. Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999; 40:120-122.
7. Beran RG. An alternative perspective on the management of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 12:349-353.
8. Delanty N, French JA, Labar DR, et al. Status epilepticus arising de novo in hospitalized patients: an analysis of 41 patients. Seizure 2001; 10:116-119.
9. Schwartzkroin PA, Baraban SC, Hochman DW. Osmolarity, ion flux, and changes in brain excitability. Epilepsy Res 1998; 32:275-285.
10. Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. Neurology of the newborn. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders; 2008.
11. Castilla-Guerra L, Fernandez-Moreno MdC, Lopez-Chozas JM, Fernandez- Bolanos R. Electrolyte disturbances and seizures. Epilepsia 2006; 47:1990-1998.
12. Lothman E. The biochemical basis and pathophysiology of status epilepticus. Neurology 1990; 40 (Suppl 2):13-23.
13. Gabor AJ, Brooks AG, Scobey RP, Parsons GH. Intracranial pressure during epileptic seizures. EEG Clin Neurophys 1984; 57:497-506.
14. Vespa PM, Miller C, McArthur D, et al. Nonconvulsive electrographic seizures after traumatic brain injury result in a delayed, prolonged increase in intracranial pressure and metabolic crisis. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2830-2836.
15. Valencia I, Lozano G, Kothare SV, et al. Seizures in the pediatric intensive care unit setting. Epileptic Disord 2006; 8:277-284.
16. Lopez Pison J, Galvan Manso M, Rubio Morales L, Juan Belloc S. Descriptive analysis of neurological disorders in the pediatric intensive care unit of a regional referral hospital. An Esp Pediatr 2000; 53:119-124.
17. Bell MJ, Carpenter J, Au AK, et al. Development of a pediatric neurocritical care service. Neurocrit Care 2009; 10:4-10.
18. Dosa NP, Boeing NM, Kanter RK. Excess risk of severe acute illness in children with chronic health conditions. Pediatrics 2001; 107:499-504.
19. Graham RJ, Dumas HM, O'Brien JE, Burns JP. Congenital neurodevelopmental diagnoses and an intensive care unit: defining a population. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:321-328.
20. Mestrovic J, Kardum G, Polic B, et al. The influence of chronic health conditions on susceptibility to severe acute illness in children treated in PICU. Eur J Ped 2006; 165:526-529.
21. Riviello JJ, Ashwal Shirtz D, Glauser T, et al. Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with status epilepticus (an evidence-based review) - report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the practice committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2006; 67:1542-1550.
22. Chin RFM, Neville BGR, Peckham C, et al. Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in children: prospective, populationbased study. Lancet 2006; 368:222-229.
23. Wong M, Schlaggar BL, Landt M. Postical CSF pleocytosis in children. J Pediatr 2001; 138:373-377.
24. Chin RFM, Neville BGR, Scott RC. Meningitis is a common cause of convulsive status epilepticus with fever. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90:66-69.
25. Maytal J, Novak G, Ascher C, Bienkowski R. Status epilepticus in children with epilepsy: the role of antiepileptic drug levels in prevention. Pediatrics 1996; 98:1119-1121.
26. Practice parameter: neuroimaging in the emergency patient presenting with seizure - summary statement. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology in cooperation with American College of Emergency Physicians, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Neurology 1996; 47:288-291.
27. Sharma S, Riviello JJ, Harper MB, Baskin MN. The role of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset afebrile seizures. Pediatrics 2003; 111:1-5.
28. Harden CL, Huff JS, Schwartz TH, et al. Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Reassessment: neuroimaging in the emergency patient presenting with seizure (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2007; 69:1772-1780.
29. Joffe AR. Lumbar puncture and brain herniation in acute bacterial meningitis: a review. J Intensive Care Med 2007; 22:194-207.
30. Shetty AK, Desselle BC, Craver RD, Steele RW. Fatal cerebral herniation after lumbar puncture in a patient with a normal computed tomography scan. Pediatrics 1999; 103:1284-1287.
31. Privitera MD, Strawsurg RH. Electroencephalographic monitoring in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994; 12:1089-1101.
32. Thomas P. Status epilepticus: indications for emergency EEG. Neurophysiol Clin 1997; 27:398-405.
33. Pakalnis A, Paolicchi J, Gilles E. Psychogenic status epilepticus in children: psychiatric and other risk factors. Neurology 2000; 54:969-970.
34. Novorol CL, Chin RFM, Scott RC. Outcome of convulsive status epilepticus: a review. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92:948-951.
35. Initial management of seizures. Texas Children's Hospital evidence-based guidelines. Texas; 2009.
36. Chin RFM, Neville BGR, Peckham C, et al. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: prospective, population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:696-703.
37. Abend NS, Dlugos DJ. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus: literature review and a proposed protocol. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 38:377-390.
38. McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:205-210.
39. Mpimbaza A, Ndeezi G, Staedke S, et al. Comparison of buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizures in Ugandan children: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e58-e64.
40. Talukdar B, Chakrabarty B. Efficacy of buccal midazolam compared to intravenous diazapam in controlling convulsions in children. Brain Dev (in press).
41. Klimach VC, Epic Clinical Network. The community use of rescue medications for prolonged epileptic seizures in children. Seizure 2009; 18:343-346.
42. Drislane FW. Presentation, evaluation, and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2000; 1:301-314.
43. Shorvon S. What is nonconvulsive status epilepticus and what are its subtypes? Epilepsia 2007; 48 (Suppl 8):35-38.
44. Granner MA, Lee SI. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: EEG analysis of a large series. Epilepsia 1994; 35:42-47.
45. Young GB, Jordan KG, Doig GS. An assessment of nonconvulsive seizures in the intensive care unit using continuous EEG monitoring: an investigation of variables associated with mortality. Neurology 1996; 47:83-89.
46. Chong DJ, Hirsch LJ. Which EEG patterns warrant treatment in the critically ill? Reviewing the evidence for treatment of periodic epileptiform discharges and related patterns. J Clin Neurophys 2005; 22:79-91.
47. Jirsch J, Hirsch LJ. Nonconvulsive seizures: developing a rational approach to the diagnosis and management in the critically ill population. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1660-1670.
48. Tay SKH, Hirsch LJ, Leary L, et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children: clinical and EEG characteristics. Epilepsia 2006; 47:1504-1509.
49. Abend NS, Dlugos DJ. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37:165-170.
50. Treiman DM, Walton NY, Kendrick C. A progressive sequence of electroencephalographic changes during generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 1990; 5:49-60.
51. DeLorenzo RJ, Waterhouse EJ, Towne AR, et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1998; 39:833-840.
52. Hyllienmark L, Amark P. Continuous EEG monitoring in a paediatric intensive care unit. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007; 11:70-75.
53. Towne AR, Waterhouse EJ, Boggs JG, et al. Prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology 2000; 54:340-345.
54. Jette N, Claassen J, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Frequency and predictors of nonconvulsive seizures during continuous electroencephalographic monitoring in critically ill children. Arch Neurol 2006; 63:1750-1755.
55. Saengpattrachai M, Sharma R, Hunjan A, et al. Nonconvulsive seizures in the pediatric intensive care unit: etiology, EEG, and brain imaging findings. Epilepsia 2006; 47:1510-1518.
56. Covanis A. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a benign childhood autonomic epilepsy frequently imitating encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorder, or gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 2006; 118:e1237-e1243.
57. Panayiotopoulos CP. Autonomic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus peculiar to childhood: diagnosis and management. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5:286-295.
58. Ferrie CD, Caraballo R, Covanis A, et al. Autonomic status epilepticus in Panayiotopoulos syndrome and other childhood and adult epilepsies: a consensus view. Epilepsia 2007; 48:1165-1172.