The treatment of status epilepticus

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 129-138

  Riviello Jr , James J ^a   Holmes, Gregory L ^b  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; DIAZEPAM; FOLINIC ACID; FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; PROPOFOL; PYRIDOXINE; THIOPENTAL; VALPROIC ACID;

AIR CONDITIONING; ANOXIA; BRAIN INJURY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CIRCULATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPILEPTIC STATE; FEVER; HUMAN; INFECTION; INJURY; LUNG CLEARANCE; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; OXYGENATION; PROGNOSIS; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SEIZURE; TUMOR;

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; STATUS EPILEPTICUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 3042701864     PISSN: 10719091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2004.03.011     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Working Group on Status Epilepticus, Epilepsy Foundation of America. Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. JAMA. 270:1993;854-859
2. Lowenstein D.H., Bleck T., Macdonald R.L. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 40:1999;120-122
3. Alldredge B.K., Gelb A.M., Isaacs S.M., et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 345:2001;631-637
4. Holmes G.L. Partial complex seizures in children An analysis of 69 seizures in 24 patients using EEG FM radiotelemetry and videotape recording. Electroencepahalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 57:1984;13-20
5. Shinnar S., Berg A.T., Moshe S.L., et al. How long do new-onset seizures in children last? Ann Neurol. 49:2001;659-664
6. Mazarati A.M., Baldwin R.A., Sankar R., et al. Time-dependent decrease in the effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs during the course of self-sustaining status epilepticus. Brain Res. 814:1998;179-185
7. Kapur J., Lothman E.W., DeLorenzo R.J. Loss of GABAA receptors during partial status epilepticus. Neurology. 44:1994;2407-2408
8. Kapur J., Macdonal R.L. Rapid seizure-induced reduction of benzodiazepine and Zn2+ sensitivity of hippocampal dentate granule cell GABAA receptors. J Neurosci. 17:1997;7532-7540
9. Jones D.M., Esmaeil N., Maren S., et al. Characterization of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines in the rat Li-pilocarpine model of status epielpticus. Epilepsy Res. 50:2002;301-312
10. Goodkin H.P., Liu X., Holmes G.L. Diazepam terminates brief but not prolonged seizures in young, naive rats. Epilepsia. 44:2003;. 1190-1112
11. Treiman D.M., Meyers P.D., Walton N.Y., et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. N Eng J Med. 339:1998;792-798
12. Mayer S.A., Claassen J., Lokin J., et al. Refractory status epileptcius Frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome. Arch Neurol. 59:2002;205-210
13. Mora E.U., Olmos-Garcia de Alba G., Garcia D.V., et al. Neonatal status epilepticus I Clinical aspects. Clin Electroencephalogr. 15:1984;193-196
14. Monod N., Dreyfus-Brisac C., Sfaello Z. Depistae et prognostic de l'etat de mal neonatal. D'apres l'etude electro-clinique de 150 cas. Arch Fr Pediatr. 26:1969;1085-1102
15. Scher M.S., Hamid M.Y., Steppe D.A., et al. Ictal and interictal electrographic seizure durations in preterm and term neonates. Epilepsia. 34:1993;284-288
16. Ortibus E.L., Sum J.M., Hahn J.S. Predictive value of EEG for outcome and epilepsy following neonatal seizures. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 98:1996;175-185
17. Morton L.D., Leszczyszyn D.J., Kopec-Garnett L., et al. Maturational changes in the EEG of status epilepticus in the first six months of life [abstract]. Neurology. 54:(Suppl 3):2000;A248
18. Mikati M.A., Werner S., Shehab L., et al. Stages of status epilepticus in the developing brain. Epilepsy Res. 55:2003;9-19
19. Treiman D.M., Delgado-Escueda A.V. Status epilepticus. Thompson R.A., Green R.A., Green J.R. Critical Care of Neurological and Neurosurgical Emergencies. 1980;53-99 Raven, New York
20. Sahin M., Menache C., Holmes G.L., et al. Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia. 42:2001;1461-1467
21. Treiman D.M., DeGiorgio C.M., Salisbury S., et al. Subtle generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 25:1984;653
22. Pakalnis A., Paolicchi J., Gilles E. Psychogenic status epilepticus in children Psychiatric and other risk factors. Neurology. 54:2000;969-970
23. Shorvon S. Status Epilepticus Its Clinical Features and Treatment in Children and Adults. 1994;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
24. Riviello JJ: Pediatric status epilepticus. Ann Emerg Med, in press
25. Treiman D.M., Walton N.Y., Kendrick C. A progressive sequence of electroencephalographic changes during generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 5:1990;49-60
26. Lowenstein D.H., Aminoff M.J. Clinical and EEG features of status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology. 42:1992;100-104
27. Holmes G.L. Seizure-induced neuronal injury. Neurology. 59:2002;3S-6S
28. Represa A., Tremblay E., Ben-Ari Y. Kainate binding sites in the hippocampal mossy fibers Localization and plasticity. Neuroscience. 20:1987;739-748
29. Lipton S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Excitatory amino acids as final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N Eng J Med. 330:1994;613-622
30. Holmes G.L., Ben-Ari Y. The neurobiology and consequences of epilepsy in the developing brain. Pediatr Res. 49:2001;320-325
31. Cherubini E., Ben-Ari Y., Krnjevic K. Anoxia produces smaller changes in synaptic transmission, membrane potential, and input resistance in immature rat hippocampus. J Neurophysiol. 62:1989;882-895
32. Holmes G.L., Khazipov R., Ben-Ari Y. Seizure-induced damage in the developing human relevance of experimental models. Prog Brain Res. 135:2002;321-334
33. Yang Y., Tandon P., Liu Z., et al. Synaptic reorganization following kainic acid-induced seizures during development. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 107:1998;169-177
34. Liu Z., Stafstrom C.E., Sarkisian M., et al. Age-dependent effects of glutamate toxicity in the hippocampus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 97:1996;178-184
35. Marks J.D., Friedman J.E., Haddad G.G. Vulnerability of CA1 neurons to glutamate is developmentally regulated. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 97:1996;194-206
36. Lothman E. The biochemical basis and pathophysiology of status epilepticus. Neurology. 40:(Suppl 2):1990;13-23
37. Wijdicks E.F., Hubmayr R.D. Acute acid-base disorders associated with status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc. 69:1994;1044-1046
38. Aicardi J., Chevrie J.J. Convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children A study of 239 cases. Epilepsia. 11:1970;187-197
39. Maytal J., Shinnar S., Moshe S.L., et al. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in childhood. Pediatrics. 83:1989;323-331
40. DeLorenzo R.J., Towne A.R., Pellock J.M., et al. Status epilepticus in children, adults, and the elderly. Epilepsia. 33:(Suppl 4):1992;15-25
41. Shinnar S., Pellock J.M., Moshe S.L., et al. In whom does status epilepticus occur? Age-related differences in children. Epilepsia. 38:1997;907-914
42. Morton L.D., Garnett L.K., Towne A.R., et al. Mortality of status epilepticus in the first year of life. Epilepsia. 42:(Suppl 7):2001;164-165
43. Barnard C., Wirrell E. Does status epilepticus in children cause developmental deterioration and exacerbation of epilepsy? J Child Neurol. 14:1999;787-794
44. Scholtes F.B., Renier W.O., Meinardi H. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus Causes, therapy, and outcome in 346 patients. Epilepsia. 35:1994;1104-1112
45. Barry E., Hauser W.A. Pleocytosis after status epilepticus. Arch Neurol. 51:1994;190-193
46. Maytal J., Novak G., Ascher C., et al. Status epilepticus in children with epilepsy The role of antiepileptic drug levels in prevention. Pediatrics. 98:1996;1119-1121
47. Caksen H., Odabas D., Erol M., et al. Do not overlook acute isoniazid poisoning in children with status epilepticus. J Child Neurol. 18:2003;142-143
48. Haverkos G.P., DiSalvo R.P., Imhoff T.E. Fatal seizures after flumazenil administration in a patient with a mixed overdose. Ann Pharmacother. 28:1994;1347-1349
49. Sharma S., Riviello J.J., Harper M.B., et al. The role of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset afebrile seizures. Pediatrics. 111:2003;1-5
50. Privitera M.D., Strawsurg R.H. Electroencephalographic monitoring in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 12:1994;1089-1101
51. DeLorenzo R.J., Waterhouse E.J., Towne A.R., et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 39:1998;833-840
52. Towne A.R., Waterhouse E.J., Boggs J.G., et al. Prevalence of nonconvuslive status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology. 54:2000;340-345
53. Thomas P. Status epileptics Indications for emergency EEG. Neurophysiol Clin. 27:1997;398-405
54. Delanty N., French J.A., Labar D.R., et al. Status epilepticus arising de novo in hospitalized patients An analysis of 41 patients. Seizure. 10:2001;116-119
55. Shephard S.M. Management of status epilepticus. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 12:1994;941-961
56. Walker M.C., Smith S.J., Shorvon S.D. The intensive care treatment of status epilepticus in the UK. Results of a national survey and recommendations. Anaesthesia. 50:1995;130-135
57. Appleton R., Choonara I., Martland T., et al. Status Epilepticus Working Party. The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. Arch Dis Child. 83:2000;415-419
58. Code Team Manual, Children's Hospital. 2003
59. O'Brien T.J., Cascino G.D., So E.L., et al. Incidence and clinical significance of the purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin. Neurology. 51:1998;1034-1039
60. Cornfield D.N., Tegtmeyer K., Nelson M.D., et al. Continuous propofol infusion in 142 critically ill children. Pediatrics. 110:2002;1177-1181
61. Erikkson K.J., Koivikko M.J. Status epilepticus in children Etiology, treatment and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 39:1997;652-658
62. Garr R.E., Appleton R.E., Robson W.J., et al. Children presenting with convulsions (including status epilepticus) to a pediatric accident and emergency department An audit of a treatment protocol. Dev Med Child Neurol. 41:1999;44-47
63. Gilbert D.L., Gartside P.S., Glauser T.A. Efficacy and mortality in treatment of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus in children A meta-analysis. J Child Neurol. 14:1999;602-609
64. Kim S.J., Lee D.Y., Kim J.S. Neurologic outcomes of pediatric patients treated with pentobarbital coma. Pediatr Neurol. 25:2001;217-220
65. Riviello JJ: Status epilepticus, in Wyllie E (ed): The Principles of Epilepsy Treatment (ed 4). Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
66. Crawford T.O., Mitchell W.G., Fishman L.S., et al. Very-high-dose phenobarbital for refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology. 38:1988;1035-1040
67. Singhi S., Banerjee S., Singhi P. Refractory status epilepticus in children Role of continuous diazepam infusion. J Child Neurol. 13:1998;23-26
68. Singhi S., Murthy A., Singhi P., et al. Continuous midazolam versus diazepam infusion for refractory convulsive status epilepticus. J Child Neurol. 17:2002;106-110
69. Stecker M.M., Kramer T.H., Raps E.C., et al. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with propofol Clinical and pharmacokinetic findings. Epilepsia. 39:1998;18-26
70. Vasile B., Rasulo F., Candiani A., et al. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome A simple name for a complex syndrome. Int Care Med. 29:2003;1417-1425
71. Prasad A., Worrall B.B., Bertram E.H., et al. Propofol and midazolam in the treatment of refractory status epilelpticus. Epilepsia. 42:2001;380-386
72. Fujikawa D.G. Neuroprotective effect of ketamine administered after status epilepticus onset. Epilepsia. 36:1995;186-195
73. Claassen J., Hirsch L.J., Emerson R.G., et al. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam A systematic review. Epilepsia. 43:2002;146-153
74. Kareski S., Morrell M., Carpenter D. The expert consensus guideline series Treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2:2001;A1-A50
75. Claassen J., Hirsch L.J., Mayer S.A. Treatment of status epilepticus A survey of neurologists. J Neurol Sci. 211:2003;37-41
76. Bleck T.P. Management approaches to prolonged seizures and status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 40:(Suppl 1):1999;S59-S63
77. Bleck T.P. Refractory status epilepticus in 2001. Arch Neurol. 59:2002;188-189
78. Sahin M., Riviello J.J. Jr. Prolonged treatment of refractory status epilepticus in a child. J Child Neurol. 16:2001;147-150
79. Krishnamurthy K.B., Drislane F.W. Relapse and survival after barbiturate anesthetic treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 37:1996;863-867
80. Krishnamurthy K.B., Drislane F.W. Depth of EEG suppression and outcome in barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 40:1999;759-762
81. Sahin M., Menache C.C., Holmes G.L., et al. Outcome of acute symptomatic refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurology. 61:2003;398-401
82. Mirski M.A., Williams M.A., Hanley D.F. Prolonged pentobarbital and phenobarbital coma for refractory generalized status epileptics. Crit Care Med. 23:1995;400-404
83. Gal P., Toback J., Boer H.R., et al. Efficacy of phenobarbital monotherapy in treatment of neonatal seizures-relationship to blood levels. Neurology. 32:1982;1401-1404
84. Gilman J.T., Gal P., Duchowny M.S., et al. Rapid sequential phenobarbital treatment of neonatal seizures. Pediatrics. 83:1989;674-678
85. Painter M.L., Scher M.S., Stein A.D., et al. Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures. N Eng J Med. 341:1999;485-489
86. Riviello J.J. Drug therapy for neonatal seizures. Part I. Neoreviews. 5:2004;e215-e220
87. Riviello J.J. Drug therapy for neonatal seizures. Part II. Neoreviews. 5:2004;e262-e268