Intracranial MR dynamics in clinically diagnosed alzheimer's disease: The emerging concept of "pulse wave encephalopathy"

Current Alzheimer Research

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 488-502

  Henry Feugeas, Marie Cécile ^a  

^a BICHAT HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; BINSWANGER ENCEPHALOPATHY; BLOOD VESSEL COMPLIANCE; BRAIN ARTERY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN CAPILLARY; BRAIN CIRCULATION; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; BRAIN PERFUSION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; LEUKOARAIOSIS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NORMOTENSIVE HYDROCEPHALUS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARAMETER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE WAVE ENCEPHALOPATHY; REVIEW; SKULL; BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; HEMODYNAMICS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PULSATILE FLOW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; COGNITION DISORDERS; ENCEPHALITIS; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; HYDROCEPHALUS, NORMAL PRESSURE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PULSATILE FLOW;

EID: 73949141191     PISSN: 15672050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156720509790147124     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34: 939-944 (1984).
2. Ranginwala NA, Hynan LS, Weiner MF, White CL 3rd. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: still good after all these years. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16(5): 384-388 (2008).
3. Henry-Feugeas MC. Alzheimer's disease in late-life dementia: A minor toxic consequence of devastating cerebrovascular dysfunction. Med Hypertens 70(4): 866-875 (2008).
4. Stenset V, Johnsen L, Kocot D, Negaard A, Skinningsrud A, Gulbrandsen P, et al. Associations between white matter lesions, cerebrovascular risk factors, and low CSF Abeta42. Neurology 67(5): 830-833 (2006).
5. Mrak RE. Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes in morbidly obese elderly individuals. Clin Neuropathol 28(1): 40-5 (2009).
6. Erten-Lyons D, Woltjer RL, Dodge H, Nixon R, Vorobik R, Calvert JF, et al. Factors associated with resistance to dementia despite high Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 72(4): 354-60 (2009).
7. Bowler JV, Munoz DG, Mersky H, Hachinski V. Fallacies in the pathological confirmation of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64: 18-24 (1998).
8. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance III: Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine (Review) and Memantine for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Issued: November, 2006 [on-line]. Available at http://www.nice.org.uk
9. Pantoni L, Sarti C, Alafuzoff I, Jellinger K, Munoz DG, Ogata J, et al. Postmortem examination of vascular lesions in cognitive impairment: a survey among neuropathological services. Stroke 37(4): 1005-1009 (2006).
10. Waragai M, Takeuchi H, Fukushima T, Haisa T, Yonemitsu T. MRI and SPECT studies of dural arteriovenous fistulas presenting as pure progressive dementia with leukoencephalopathy: a cause of treatable dementia. Eur J Neurol 13(7): 754-759 (2006).
11. Bernstein R, Dowd CF, Gress DR: Rapidly reversible dementia. Lancet 361: 392 (2003).
12. Ala TA, Beh GO, Frey WH. Pure hippocampal sclerosis: a rare cause of dementia mimicking Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 54: 843-848 (2000).
13. Emery VO, Gillie EX, Smith JA. Non infarct vascular dementia and Alzheimer dementia spectrum. J Neurol Sci 229-230: 27-36 (2005).
14. Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, Becker JT, DeKosky ST, Lyketsos C, et al. Determinants of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Neurology 64(9): 1548-1552 (2005).
15. Royall DR. Location, location, location! Neurobiol Aging 28(10): 1481-1482 (2007).
16. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology 69(24): 2197-2204 (2007).
17. Misra C, Fan Y, Davatzikos C. Baseline and longitudinal patterns of brain atrophy in MCI patients, and their use in prediction of short-term conversion to AD: results from ADNI. Neuroimage 44(4): 1415-22 (2009).
18. Sonnen JA, Larson EB, Crane PK, Haneuse S, Li G, Schellenberg GD, et al. Pathological correlates of dementia in a longitudinal, population-based sample of aging. Ann Neurol 62(4): 406-413 (2007).
19. Moorhouse P, Rockwood K. Vascular cognitive impairment: current concepts and clinical developments. Lancet Neurol 7(3): 246-255 (2008).
20. Oktar SO, Yücel C, Karaosmanoglu D, Akkan K, Ozdemir H, Tokgoz N, et al. Blood-flow volume quantification in internal carotid and vertebral arteries: comparison of 3 different ultrasound techniques with phase-contrast MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 27(2): 363-369 (2006).
21. Greitz D, Franck A, Nordell B. On the pulsatile nature of intracranial and spinal CSF-circulation demonstrated by MR imaging. Acta Radiol 34(4): 321-328 (1993).
22. Greitz D. Radiological assessment of hydrocephalus: new theories and implications for therapy. Neurosurg Rev 27(3): 145-165 (2004).
23. Baledent O, Henry-Feugeas MC, Idy-Peretti I. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and relation with blood flow: a magnetic resonance study with semiautomated cerebrospinal fluid segmentation. Invest Radiol 36(7): 368-377 (2001).
24. Schroth G, Klose U. Cerebrospinal fluid flow. I. Physiology of cardiac-related pulsation. Neuroradiology 35(1): 1-9 (1992).
25. Henry-Feugeas MC, Idy-Peretti I, Blanchet B, Hassine D, Zannoli G, Schouman-Claeys E. Temporal and spatial assessment of normal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics with MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 11(8): 1107-1118 (1993).
26. Henry-Feugeas MC, Idy-Peretti I, Baledent O, Poncelet-Didon A, Zannoli G, Bittoun J, et al. Origin of subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid pulsations: a phase-contrast MR analysis. Magn Reson Imaging 18(4): 387-395 (2000).
27. O'Rourke MF, Hashimoto J. Mechanical factors in arterial aging: a clinical perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 50(1): 1-13 (2007).
28. van Beek AH, Claassen JA, Rikkert MG, Jansen RW. Cerebral autoregulation: an overview of current concepts and methodology with special focus on the elderly. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(6): 1071-1085 (2008).
29. Iadecola C. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci Rev 5: 347-360 (2004).
30. O'Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension 46(1): 200-204 (2005).
31. Barzilay JI, Fitzpatrick AL, Luchsinger J, Yasar S, Bernick C, Jenny NS, et al. Albuminuria and dementia in the elderly: a community study. Am J Kidney Dis 52(2): 216-226 (2008).
32. Zou R, Park EH, Kelly EM, Egnor M, Wagshul ME, Madsen JR. Intracranial pressure waves: characterization of a pulsation absorber with notch filter properties using systems analysis: laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg Pediat 2(1): 83-94 (2008).
33. Hu X, Alwan AA, Rubinstein EH, Bergsneider M. Reduction of compartment compliance increases venous flow pulsatility and lowers apparent vascular compliance: implications for cerebral blood flow hemodynamics. Med Eng Phys 28(4): 304-314 (2006).
34. Egnor M, Zheng L, Rosiello A, Gutman F, Davis R. A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 36(6): 281-303 (2002).
35. Bateman GA. Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Am J Neuroradiol. 21(9): 1574-1585 (2000).
36. Bateman GA. Pulse wave encephalopathy: a spectrum hypothesis incorporating Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and normal pressure hydrocephalus. Med Hypotheses 62(2): 182-187 (2004).
37. Rekate HL. Comments on the article by D. Greitz "Paradigm shift in hydrocephalus research in legacy of Dandy's pioneering work: rationale for third ventriculostomy in communicating hydrocephalus". Childs Nerv Syst 23(11): 1227-8 (2007).
38. Stephensen H, Tisell M, Wikkelsö C. There is no transmantle pressure gradient in communicating or noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 50: 763-773 (2002).
39. Bateman GA. Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of compliance and collateral flow in late-onset idiopathic aqueductal stenosis: venous pathophysiology revisited. J Neurosurg 107(5): 951-958 (2007).
40. Rekate HL 2008 Rekate HL. The definition and classification of hydrocephalus: a personal recommendation to stimulate debate. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 5: 2 (2008).
41. Greitz D. Paradigm shift in hydrocephalus research in legacy of Dandy's pioneering work: rationale for third ventriculostomy in communicating hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 23(5): 487-9 (2007).
42. Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Naddeo M, Godano U, Mascari C, Broggi G, et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: an Italian multicenter study. Neurosurgery 63(1): 62-67 (2008).
43. Miao Q, Paloneva T, Tuisku S, Roine S, Poyhonen M, Viitanen M, et al. Arterioles of the lenticular nucleus in CADASIL. Stroke 37(9): 2242-2247 (2006).
44. Fernando MS, Simpson JE, Matthews F, Brayne C, Lewis CE, Barber R, et al. White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: molecular pathology suggests origin from chronic hypoperfusion injury. Stroke 37(6): 1391-1398 (2006).
45. Eide PK, Bentsen G, Stanisic M, Stubhaug A. Association between intracranial pulse pressure levels and brain energy metabolism in a patient with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51(9): 1273-1276 (2007).
46. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness: a new surrogate end point for cardiovascular disease? J Nephrol 20 (Suppl 12): 45-50 (2007).
47. Eide PK, Sorteberg W, Meling T, Jörum E, Hald J, Stubhaug A. From intracranial pressure to intracranial pressure wave-guided intensive care management of a patient with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51(4): 501-504 (2007).
48. Bateman GA. Pulse-wave encephalopathy: a comparative study of the hydrodynamics of leukoaraiosis and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neuroradiology 44(9): 740-748 (2002).
49. Henry-Feugeas MC, De Marco G, Idy-Peretti I, Godon Hardy S, Fredy D, Schouman-Claeys E. Age-related cerebral white matter changes and pulse-wave encephalopathy: observations with three-dimensional MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 23(9): 929-937 (2005).
50. Henry-Feugeas MC, Roy C, Baron G, Schouman-Claeys E. Leukoaraiosis and pulse-wave encephalopathy: Observations with phase-contrast MRI in mild cognitive impairment. J Neuroradiol in press (2009).
51. Safar ME, Frohlich ED. Atherosclerosis, large arteries and cardiovascular risk. Basel: Karger press 2007.
52. Hirata K, Yaginuma T, O'Rourke MF, Kawakami M. Age-related changes in carotid artery flow and pressure pulses possible implications for cerebral microvascular disease. Stroke 37(10): 2552-2556 (2006).
53. Bateman GA, Levi CR, Schofield P, Wang Y, Lovett EC. The venous manifestations of pulse wave encephalopathy: windkessel dysfunction in normal aging and senile dementia. Neuroradiology 50(6): 491-497 (2008).
54. Stoquart-ElSankari S, Balédent O, Gondry-Jouet C, Makki M, Godefroy O, Meyer ME. Aging effects on cerebral blood and cerebrospinal fluid flows. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(9):1563-1572 (2007).
55. Bateman GA, Levi CR, Schofield P, Wang Y, Lovett EC. The pathophysiology of the aqueduct stroke volume in normal pressure hydrocephalus: can co-morbidity with other forms of dementia be excluded? Neuroradiology 47(10): 741-748 (2005).
56. Bateman GA, Levi CR, Schofield P, Wang Y, Lovett EC. Quantitative measurement of cerebral haemodynamics in early vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Neurosci 13(5): 563-568 (2006).
57. Henry-Feugeas MC, Onen F, Schouman-Claeys E. Classifying late-onset dementias; is arteriosclerotic brain degeneration the most common cause of Alzheimer's syndrome? Clin Interv Aging 3(1): 187-199 (2008).
58. Henry-Feugeas MC. Assessing cerebrovascular contribution to late dementia of the Alzheimer's type: the role of combined hemodynamic and structural MR analysis. J Neurol Sci 283(1-2): 44-48 (2003).
59. Bakker SL, de Leeuw FE, den Heijer T, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Cerebral haemodynamics in the elderly: the rotterdam study. Neuroepidemiology 23(4): 178-184 (2004).
60. Cacabelos R, Fernández-Novoa L, Lombardi V, Corzo L, Pichel V, Kubota Y. Cerebrovascular risk factors in Alzheimer's disease: brain hemodynamics and pharmacogenomic implications. Neurol Res 25(6): 567-580 (2003).
61. Doepp F, Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ. Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer's dementia. Neurol Res 28: 645-649 (2006).
62. Michel E, Zernikow B. Gosling's Doppler pulsatility index revisited. Ultrasound Med Biol 24(4): 597-599 (1998).
63. Manabe S, Okura T, Watanabe S, Higaki J. Association between carotid haemodynamics and inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 19: 787-791 (2005).
64. van Laar PJ, van der Graaf Y, Mali WP, van der Grond J, Hendrikse J; SMART Study Group. Effect of cerebrovascular risk factors on regional cerebral blood flow. Radiology 246(1): 198-204 (2008).
65. van Raamt AF, Appelman AP, Mali WP, van der Graaf Y; SMART Study Group. Arterial blood flow to the brain in patients with vascular disease: the SMART Study. Radiology 240(2): 515-521 (2006).
66. Vernooij MW, van der Lugt A, Ikram MA, Wielopolski PA, Vrooman HA, Hofman A, et al. Total cerebral blood flow and total brain perfusion in the general population:the Rotterdam Scan Study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(2): 412-419 (2008).
67. Lee MY, Wu CM, Chu CS, Lee KT, Sheu SH, Lai WT. Association of carotid hemodynamics with risk of coronary heart disease in a Taiwanese population with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 21(6): 696-700 (2008).
68. Lee KO, Lee KY, Lee SY, Ahn CW, Park JS. Lacunar infarction in type 2 diabetes is associated with an elevated intracranial arterial pulsatility index. Yonsei Med J 48(5): 802-806 (2007).
69. Sierra C, de la Sierra A, Chamorro A, Larrousse M, Domènech M, Coca A. Cerebral hemodynamics and silent cerebral white matter lesions in middle-aged essential hypertensive patients. Blood Press 13(5): 304-309 (2004).
70. Heine GH, Gerhart MK, Ulrich C, Köhler H, Girndt M. Renal Doppler resistance indices are associated with systemic atherosclerosis in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 68(2): 878-885 (2005).
71. Stolz E, Kaps M, Kern A, Babacan SS, Dorndorf W. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers. Stroke 30(5): 1070-1075 (1999).
72. Uftring SJ, Chu D, Alperin N, Levin DN. The mechanical state of intracranial tissues in elderly subjects studied by imaging CSF and brain pulsations. Magn Reson Imaging 18(8): 991-996 (2000).
73. König K, Heissler HE, Zumkeller M, Rickels E. Age-dependence of cerebrospinal parameters. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95: 315-318 (2005).
74. Yoshita M, Fletcher E, Harvey D, Ortega M, Martinez O, Mungas DM, et al. Extent and distribution of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging, MCI, and AD. Neurology 67(12): 2192-2198 (2006).
75. Pugh KG, Lipsitz LA. The microvascular frontal-subcortical syndrome of aging. Neurobiol Aging 23(3): 421-431 (2002).
76. Onen F, Henry Feugeas MC, Roy C, Baron G, Ravaud P. Mobility decline of unknown origin in Mild Cognitive Impairment: an MRI-based clinical study of the pathogenesis. Brain Res 1222: 79-86 (2008).
77. Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM. Blood-brain barrier: Ageing and microvascular disease - systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol
78. Pantoni L. Leukoaraiosis: from an ancient term to an actual marker of poor prognosis. Stroke 39(5): 1401-1403 (2008).
79. Vernooij MW, van der Lugt A, Ikram MA, Wielopolski PA, Niessen WJ, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Neurology 70(14): 1208-1214 (2008).
80. O'Rourke MF. Brain microbleeds, amyloid plaques, intellectual deterioration, and arterial stiffness. Hypertension 51(3): e20 (2008).
81. Rouhl RP, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Knottnerus IL, Staals JE, Lodder J. Virchow-Robin spaces relate to cerebral small vessel disease severity. J Neurol 255(5): 692-696 (2008).
82. Lee AY, Jeong SH, Choi BH, Sohn EH, Chui H. Pulse pressure correlates with leukoaraiosis in Alzheimer disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 42(2): 157-166 (2006).
83. Duprez DA, De Buyzere ML, Van den Noortgate N, Simoens J, Achten E, Clement DL, et al. Relationship between periventricular or deep white matter lesions and arterial elasticity indices in very old people. Age Ageing 30(4): 325-330 (2001).
84. Naish JH, Baldwin RC, Patankar T, Jeffries S, Burns AS, Taylor CJ, et al. Abnormalities of CSF flow patterns in the cerebral aqueduct in treatment-resistant late-life depression: a potential biomarker of microvascular angiopathy. Magn Reson Med 56(3): 509-516 (2006).
85. Piguet O, Double KL, Kril JJ, Harasty J, Macdonald V, McRitchie DA, et al. White matter loss in healthy ageing: a postmortem analysis. Neurobiol Aging 30(8): 1288-12995 (2009).
86. Bastos Leite AJ, van der Flier WM, van Straaten EC, Scheltens P, Barkhof F. Infratentorial abnormalities in vascular dementia. Stroke 37(1): 105-110 (2006).
87. Ikram MA, Vrooman HA, Vernooij MW, van der Lijn F, Hofman A, van der Lugt A, et al. Brain tissue volumes in the general elderly population. The Rotterdam Scan Study. Neurobiol Aging 29(6): 882-890 (2008).
88. Ohmine T, Miwa Y, Yao H, Yuzuriha T, Takashima Y, Uchino A, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and cerebral white matter lesions in community-dwelling elderly subjects. Hypertens Res 31(1): 75-81 (2008).
89. Bombois S, Debette S, Bruandet A, Delbeuck X, Delmaire C, Leys D, et al. Vascular Subcortical Hyperintensities Predict Conversion to Vascular and Mixed Dementia in MCI Patients. Stroke 39(7): 2046-2051 (2008).
90. ten Dam VH, van den Heuvel DM, de Craen AJ, Bollen EL, Murray HM, Westendorp RG, et al. Decline in total cerebral blood flow is linked with increase in periventricular but not deep white matter hyperintensities. Radiology 243(1): 198-203 (2007).
91. Delano-Wood L, Abeles N, Sacco JM, Wierenga CE, Horne NR, Bozoki A. Regional white matter pathology in mild cognitive impairment: differential influence of lesion type on neuropsychological functioning. Stroke 39(3): 794-799 (2008).
92. Jefferson AL, Tate DF, Poppas A, Brickman AM, Paul RH, Gunstad J, et al. Lower cardiac output is associated with greater white matter hyperintensities in older adults with cardiovascular disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 55(7): 1044-1048 (2007).
93. Derdeyn CP, Simmons NR, Videen TO, Yundt KD, Fritsch SM, Carpenter DL, et al. Absence of selective deep white matter ischemia in chronic carotid disease: a positron emission tomographic study of regional oxygen extraction. Am J Neuroradiol 21(4): 631-638 (2000).
94. Altaf N, Morgan PS, Moody A, MacSweeney ST, Gladman JR, Auer DP. Brain white matter hyperintensities are associated with carotid intraplaque hemorrhage. Radiology 248(1): 202-209 (2008). [95] Patankar T, Widjaja E, Chant H, McCollum C, Baldwin R, Jeffries S, et al. Relationship of deep white matter hyperintensities and cerebral blood flow in severe carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Neurol 13(1): 10-16 (2006).
95. Ikeda K, Iwasaki Y, Osako M, Ichikawa Y, Kinoshita M. Dural arteriovenous fistula mimicking leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 54: 1123 (2000).
96. Holland CM, Smith EE, Csapo I, Gurol ME, Brylka DA, Killiany RJ, et al. Spatial distribution of white-matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and healthy aging. Stroke 39(4): 1127-1133 (2008).
97. Zaknun JJ, Leblhuber F, Schücktanz H. Value of cerebral blood flow quantification in the diagnosis of dementia. Nucl Med Commun 29(3): 260-269 (2008).
98. Inatomi Y, Yonehara T, Hashimoto Y, Hirano T, Uchino M. Correlation between ventricular enlargement and white matter changes. J Neurol Sci 269(1-2): 12-17 (2008).
99. Andeweg J. Consequences of the anatomy of deep venous outflow from the brain. Neuroradiology 41(4):233-241 (1999).
100. Mok VC, Liu T, Lam WW, Wong A, Hu X, Guo L, et al. Neuroimaging predictors of cognitive impairment in confluent white matter lesion: volumetric analyses of 99 brain regions. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25(1): 67-73 (2008).
101. Sierra C, de la Sierra A, Lomeña F, Paré JC, Larrousse M, Coca A. Relation of left ventricular hypertrophy to regional cerebral blood flow: single photon emission computed tomography abnormalities in essential hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 8(10): 700-705 (2006).
102. Nagata K, Saito H, Ueno T, Sato M, Nakase T, Maeda T, et al. Clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 257(1-2): 44-48 (2007).
103. Dai W, Lopez OL, Carmichael OT, Becker JT, Kuller LH, Gach HM. Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in cognitively normal elderly subjects with hypertension. Stroke 39(2): 349-354 (2008).
104. Gückel FJ, Brix G, Hennerici M, Lucht R, Ueltzhöffer C, Neff W. Regional cerebral blood flow and blood volume in patients with subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (SAE). Eur Radiol 17(10): 2483-2490 (2007).
105. Rosengarten B, Paulsen S, Molnar S, Kaschel R, Gallhofer B, Kaps M. Activation-flow coupling differentiates between vascular and Alzheimer type of dementia. J Neurol Sci 257(1-2): 149-154 (2007).
106. Jagust WJ, Zheng L, Harvey DJ, Mack WJ, Vinters HV, Weiner MW, et al. Neuropathological basis of magnetic resonance images in aging and dementia. Ann Neurol 63(1): 72-80 (2008).
107. Bastos-Leite AJ, Kuijer JP, Rombouts SA, Sanz-Arigita E, van Straaten EC, Gouw AA, et al. Cerebral blood flow by using pulsed arterial spin-labeling in elderly subjects with white matter hyperintensities. Am J Neuroradiol 29(7): 1296-1301 (2008).
108. Selvarajah J, Scott M, Stivaros S, Hulme S, Georgiou R, Rothwell N, et al. Potential surrogate markers of cerebral microvascular angiopathy in asymptomatic subjects at risk of stroke. Eur Radiol 19(4): 1011-8 (2009).
109. Levine DN. Intracranial pressure and ventricular expansion in hydrocephalus: have we been asking the wrong question? J Neurol Sci 269(1-2): 1-11 (2008).
110. Bateman GA, Smith RL, Siddique SH. Idiopathic hydrocephalus in children and idiopathic intracranial hypertension in adults: two manifestations of the same pathophysiological process? J Neurosurg 107(6 Suppl): 439-444 (2007).
111. Henry-Feugeas MC, Idy-Peretti I, Baledent O, Cornu P, Lejay H, Bittoun J, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid flow waveforms: MR analysis in chronic adult hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol 36(3): 146-154 (2001).
112. Bech-Azeddine R, Høgh P, Juhler M, Gjerris F, Waldemar G. Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: clinical comorbidity correlated with cerebral biopsy findings and outcome of cerebro-spinal fluid shunting. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(2): 157-1561 (2007).
113. Brean A, Eide PK. Assessment of idiopathic normal pressure patients in neurological practice: the role of lumbar infusion testing for referral of patients to neurosurgery. Eur J Neurol 15(6): 605-612 (2008).
114. Czosnyka M, Czosnyka Z, Keong N, Lavinio A, Smielewski P, Momjian S, et al. Pulse pressure waveform in hydrocephalus: what it is and what it isn't. Neurosurg Focus 22(4): E2 (2007).
115. Fisher CM. Reversal of normal pressure hydrocephalus symptoms by subdural collections. Can J Neurol Sci 29(2): 171-174 (2002).
116. Onen F, Henry Feugeas MC, De Marco G, Baron G, Ravaud P, Legrain S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid MR dynamics and risk of falls in the elderly. J Neuroradiol 32(1): 3-9 (2005).
117. Sasaki M, Honda S, Yuasa T, Iwamura A, Shibata E, Ohba H. Narrow CSF space at high convexity and high midline areas in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus detected by axial and coronal MRI. Neuroradiology 50(2): 117-122 (2008).
118. Katayama S, Asari S, Ohmoto T. Quantitative measurement of normal and hydrocephalic cerebrospinal fluid flow using phase-contrast cine MR imaging. Acta Med Okayoma 47: 157-168 (1993).
119. Mocco J, Tomey MI, Komotar RJ, Mack WJ, Frucht SJ, Goodman RR, et al. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus increases midbrain size: a potential mechanism for gait improvement. Neurosurgery 59(4): 847-850 (2006).
120. Nakayama T, Ouchi Y, Yoshikawa E, Sugihara G, Torizuka T, Tanaka K. Striatal D2 receptor availability after shunting in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Nucl Med 48(12): 1981-1986 (2007).
121. Owler BK, Pena A, Momjian S, Czosnyka Z, Czosnyka M, Harris NG, et al. Changes in cerebral blood flow during cerebrospinal fluid pressure manipulation in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus: a methodological study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24(5): 579-587 (2004).
122. Hellström P, Edsbagge M, Archer T, Tisell M, Tullberg M, Wikkelsø C. The neuropsychology of patients with clinically diagnosed idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 61(6): 1219-1226 (2007).
123. Ravdin LD, Katzen HL, Jackson AE, Tsakanikas D, Assuras S, Relkin NR. Features of gait most responsive to tap test in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110(5): 455-461 (2008).
124. Meier U, Mutze S. Does the ventricular size change after shunt operation of normal-pressure hydrocephalus? Acta Neurochir Suppl 95: 257-259 (2005).
125. Bateman GA. The reversibility of reduced cortical vein compliance in normal-pressure hydrocephalus following shunt insertion. Neuroradiology 45(2): 65-70 (2003).
126. de Marco G, Idy-Peretti I, Didon-Poncelet A, Baledent O, Onen F, Henry-Feugeas MC. Intracranial fluid dynamics in normal and hydrocephalic states: systems analysis with phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28(2): 247-254 (2004).
127. Bateman GA. The pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: cerebral ischemia or altered venous hemodynamics? Am J Neuroradiol 29(1): 198-203 (2008).
128. Bateman GA. Cerebral blood flow and hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3(3): 244 (2009).
129. Bateman GA, Loiselle AM. Can MR measurement of intracranial hydrodynamics and compliance differentiate which patient with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus will improve following shunt insertion? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 149(5): 455-462 (2007).
130. Miyati T, Mase M, Kasai H, Hara M, Yamada K, Shibamoto Y, et al. Noninvasive MRI assessment of intracranial compliance in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Magn Reson Imaging 26(2): 274-8 (2007).
131. Czosnyka Z, Czosnyka M, Owler B, Momjian S, Kasprowicz M, Schmidt EA, et al. Clinical testing of CSF circulation in hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95: 247-251 (2005).
132. Hertel F, Walter C, Schmitt M, Mörsdorf M, Jammers W, Busch HP, et al. Is a combination of Tc-SPECT or perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging with spinal tap test helpful in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(4): 479-484 (2003).
133. Foss T, Eide PK, Finset A. Intracranial pressure parameters in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients with or without improvement of cognitive function after shunt treatment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23(1): 47-54 (2007).
134. Dombrowski SM, Deshpande A, Dingwall C, Leichliter A, Leibson Z, Luciano MG. Chronic hydrocephalus-induced hypoxia: increased expression of VEGFR-2+ and blood vessel density in hippocampus. Neuroscience 152(2): 346-359 (2008).
135. Espay AJ, Narayan RK, Duker AP, Barrett ET Jr, de Courten-Myers G. Lower-body parkinsonism: reconsidering the threshold for external lumbar drainage. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 4(1): 50-55 (2008).
136. Kondziella D, Sonnewald U, Tullberg M, Wikkelso C. Brain metabolism in adult chronic hydrocephalus. J Neurochem 106(4): 1515-1524 (2008).
137. Wilson RK, Williams MA. Evidence that congenital hydrocephalus is a precursor to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in only a subset of patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(5): 508-511 (2007).
138. Bret P, Chazal J, Janny P, Renaud B, Tommasi M, Lemaire JJ, et al. Chronic hydrocephalus in adults. Neurochirurgie 36 (Suppl 1): 1-159 (1990).
139. Scollato A, Tenenbaum R, Bahl G, Celerini M, Salani B, Di Lorenzo N. Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume and progression of symptoms in patients with unshunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Am J Neuroradiol 29(1): 192-197 (2008).
140. Abbey P, Singh P, Khandelwal N, Mukherjee KK. Shunt surgery effects on cerebrospinal fluid flow across the aqueduct of Sylvius in patients with communicating hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci 16(4): 514-8 (2009).
141. Sharma AK, Gaikwad S, Gupta V, Garg A, Mishra NK. Measurement of peak CSF flow velocity at cerebral aqueduct, before and after lumbar CSF drainage, by use of phase-contrast MRI: utility in the management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110(4): 363-368 (2008).
142. Kahlon B, Annertz M, Ståhlberg F, Rehncrona S. Is aqueductal stroke volume, measured with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging scans useful in predicting outcome of shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus? Neurosurgery 60(1): 124-129 (2007).
143. Bugalho P, Alves L. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: white matter lesions correlate negatively with gait improvement after lumbar puncture. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109(9): 774-778 (2007).
144. Farkas E, De Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Luiten PG. Are Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and cerebrocapillary damage related?. Neurobiol Aging 21(2): 235-243 (2000).
145. Stopa EG, Butala P, Salloway S, Johanson CE, Gonzalez L, Tavares R, et al. Cerebral cortical arteriolar angiopathy, vascular beta-amyloid, smooth muscle actin, Braak stage, and APOE genotype. Stroke 39(3): 814-821 (2008).
146. Meyer EP, Ulmann-Schuler A, Staufenbiel M, Krucker T. Altered morphology and 3D architecture of brain vasculature in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(9): 3587-3592 (2008).
147. Hamel E, Nicolakakis N, Aboulkassim T, Ongali B, Tong XK. Oxidative stress and cerebrovascular dysfunction in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Physiol 93(1): 116-120 (2008).
148. Rosengarten B, Paulsen S, Burr O, Kaps M. Neurovascular coupling in Alzheimer patients: effect of acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors. Neurobiol Aging in press (2008).
149. Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 368(9533): 387-403 (2006).
150. Gentile MT, Poulet R, Pardo AD, Cifelli G, Maffei A, Vecchione C, et al. beta-Amyloid deposition in brain is enhanced in mouse models of arterial hypertension. Neurobiol Aging 30(2): 222-228 (2009).
151. Klinge PM, Samii A, Niescken S, Brinker T, Silverberg GD. Brain amyloid accumulates in aged rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Neuroreport 17(6): 657-660 (2006).
152. Silverberg GD, Mayo M, Saul T, Rubenstein E, McGuire D. Alzheimer's disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and senescent changes in CSF circulatory physiology: a hypothesis. Lancet Neurol 2: 506-511 (2003).
153. Beach TG, Wilson JR, Sue LI, Newell A, Poston M, Cisneros R, et al. Circle of Willis atherosclerosis: association with Alzheimer's disease, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Acta Neuropathol 113(1): 13-21 (2007).
154. Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Orantes M, Wiestler OD. Vascular pathology in Alzheimer disease: correlation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and arteriosclerosis/lipohyalinosis with cognitive decline. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62(12): 1287-1301 (2003).
155. Stenset V, Johnsen L, Kocot D, Negaard A, Skinningsrud A, Gulbrandsen P, et al. Associations between white matter lesions, cerebrovascular risk factors, and low CSF Abeta42. Neurology 67(5): 830-833 (2006).
156. Cullen KM, Kocsi Z, Stone J. Microvascular pathology in the aging human brain: evidence that senile plaques are sites of microhemorrhages. Neurobiol Aging 27: 1786-1796 (2006).
157. Kapaki EN, Paraskevas GP, Tzerakis NG, Sfagos C, Seretis A, Kararizou E, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau, phospho-tau181 and beta-amyloid1-42 in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a discrimination from Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol 14(2): 168-173 (2007).
158. Roher AE, Garami Z, Alexandrov AV, Kokjohn TA, Esh CL, Kalback WM, et al. Interaction of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 28(6): 672-678 (2006).
159. Bell RD, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular mechanisms and blood-brain barrier disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 118(1): 103-113 (2009).
160. Maruyama M, Matsui T, Tanji H, Nemoto M, Tomita N, Ootsuki M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein and periventricular white matter lesions in patients with mild cognitive impairment: implications for 2 major pathways. Arch Neurol 61(5): 716-720 (2004).
161. Barber R, Gholkar A, Scheltens P, Ballard C, McKeith IG, O'Brien JT. MRI volumetric correlates of white matter lesions in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15(10): 911-916 (2000).
162. Waragai M, Yamada T, Matsuda H. Evaluation of brain perfusion SPECT using an easy Z-score imaging system (eZIS) as an adjunct to early-diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci 260(1-2): 57-64 (2007).
163. Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Hardenberg JP, Dowell RE Jr, Kitagawa Y, Mortel KF. Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Influences on cerebral hemodynamic and cerebrospinal fluid pressure - chemical autoregulation. Surg Neurol 21(2): 195-203 (1984).
164. Silverberg GD, Mayo M, Saul T, Fellmann J, Carvalho J, McGuire D. Continuous CSF drainage in AD: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 71(3): 202-209 (2008).
165. Luetmer PH, Huston J, Friedman JA, Dixon GR, Petersen RC, Jack CR, et al. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral aqueduct by use of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging: technique validation and utility in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 50(3): 534-543 (2002).
166. Schaller B. Physiology of cerebral venous blood flow: from experimental data in animals to normal function in humans. Brain Res Rev 46(3): 243-260 (2004).
167. Kuczynski B, Reed B, Mungas D, Weiner M, Chui HC, Jagust W. Cognitive and anatomic contributions of metabolic decline in Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular disease. Arch Neurol 65(5): 650-655 (2008).
168. Henry-Feugeas MC. MRI of the 'Alzheimer syndrome'. J Neuroradiol 34(4): 220-227 (2007).
169. Karas G, Sluimer J, Goekoop R, van der Flier W, Rombouts SA, Vrenken H, et al. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: structural MR imaging findings predictive of conversion to Alzheimer disease. Am J Neuroradiol 29(5): 944-949 (2008).
170. Whitwell JL, Josephs KA, Murray ME, Kantarci K, Przybelski SA, Weigand SD, et al. MRI correlates of neurofibrillary tangle pathology at autopsy: a voxel-based morphometry study. Neurology 71(10): 743-749 (2008).
171. Biedert S, Förstl H, Hewer W. Multiinfarct dementia vs Alzheimer's disease: sonographic criteria. Angiology 46(2): 129-135 (1995).
172. Puls I, Hauck K, Demuth K, Horowski A, Schliesser M, Dörfler P, et al. Diagnostic impact of cerebral transit time in the identification of microangiopathy in dementia: a transcranial ultrasound study. Stroke 30(11): 2291-2295 (1999).
173. Nagata K, Sato M, Satoh Y, Watahiki Y, Kondoh Y, Sugawara M, et al. Hemodynamic aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 977: 391-402 (2002).
174. Vicenzini E, Ricciardi MC, Altieri M, Puccinelli F, Bonaffini N, Di Piero V, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity in degenerative and vascular dementia: a transcranial Doppler study. Eur Neurol 58(2): 84-89 (2007).
175. Qaseem A, Snow V, Cross JT Jr, Forciea MA, Hopkins R Jr, Shekelle P, et al. Current pharmacologic treatment of dementia: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Ann Intern Med 148(5): 370-378 (2008).
176. Modrego PJ, Rios C, Pérez Trullen JM, García-Gómara MJ, Errea JM. Carotid intima-media thickness as a predictor of response to cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: an open-label trial. CNS Drugs 23(3): 253-60 (2009).
177. Mills S, Cain J, Purandare N, Jackson A. Biomarkers of cerebrovascular disease in dementia. Br J Radiol 80: 128-145 (2007).