Brain serotonin and dopamine transporter bindings in adults with high-functioning autism

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 59-68

  Nakamura, Kazuhiko ^a   Sekine, Yoshimoto ^a   Ouchi, Yasuomi ^a,b   Tsujii, Masatsugu ^a,d   Yoshikawa, Etsuji ^c   Futatsubashi, Masami ^c   Tsuchiya, Kenji J ^a   Sugihara, Genichi ^a   Iwata, Yasuhide ^a   Suzuki, Katsuaki ^a   Matsuzaki, Hideo ^a   Suda, Shiro ^a   Sugiyama, Toshiro ^e   Takei, Nori ^a   Mori, Norio ^a  

^a HAMAMATSU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b HAMAMATSU MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

^c CENTRAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (Japan)

^d CHUKYO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e AICHI CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,5,6,10B HEXAHYDRO 6 (4 METHYLTHIOPHENYL)PYRROLO[2,1 A]ISOQUINOLINE; 1,2,3,5,6,10B HEXAHYDRO 6 (4 METHYLTHIOPHENYL)PYRROLO[2,1 A]ISOQUINOLINE C 11; 3BETA (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2BETA TROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER; 3BETA (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2BETA TROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER C 11; CARBON 11; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADULT; ADULT DISEASE; ARTICLE; AUTISM; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; MALE; ORBITAL CORTEX; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROTEIN BINDING; SEROTONIN BLOOD LEVEL; THALAMUS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AUTISTIC DISORDER; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CARBON RADIOISOTOPES; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; HUMANS; ISOQUINOLINES; MALE; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS;

EID: 73849108267     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.137     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
2. Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006;368(9531):210-215.
3. Szatmari P, Paterson AD, Zwaigenbaum L, Roberts W, Brian J, Liu XQ, Vincent JB, Skaug JL, Thompson AP, Senman L, Feuk L, Qian C, Bryson SE, Jones MB, MarshallCR, SchererSW,Vieland VJ, Bartlett C,ManginLV,GoedkenR, Segre A, Pericak-VanceMA,CuccaroML,Gilbert JR, WrightHH,AbramsonRK,Betancur C, Bourgeron T, Gillberg C, Leboyer M, Buxbaum JD, Davis KL, Hollander E, Silverman JM, Hallmayer J, Lotspeich L, Sutcliffe JS, Haines JL, Folstein SE, Piven J, Wassink TH, Sheffield V, Geschwind DH, Bucan M, Brown WT, Cantor RM, Constantino JN, Gilliam TC,HerbertM,LajonchereC,LedbetterDH,Lese-MartinC,MillerJ,NelsonS, Samango-Sprouse CA, Spence S, State M, Tanzi RE, Coon H, Dawson G, Devlin B, Estes A, Flodman P, Klei L, McMahonWM,Minshew N, Munson J, Korvatska E, Rodier PM, Schellenberg GD, Smith M, Spence MA, Stodgell C, Tepper PG, Wijsman EM, Yu CE, Rogé B, Mantoulan C, Wittemeyer K, Poustka A, Felder B, Klauck SM, Schuster C, Poustka F, Bölte S, Feineis-Matthews S, Herbrecht E, Schmötzer G, Tsiantis J, Papanikolaou K, Maestrini E, Bacchelli E, Blasi F, Carone S, Toma C, Van Engeland H, de Jonge M, Kemner C, Koop F, Langemeijer M, Hijimans C, Staal WG, Baird G, Bolton PF, Rutter ML, Weisblatt E, Green J, Aldred C, Wilkinson JA, Pickles A, Le Couteur A, Berney T, McConachie H, Bailey AJ, Francis K, Honeyman G, Hutchinson A, Parr JR, Wallace S, Monaco AP, Barnby G, Kobayashi K, Lamb JA, Sousa I, Sykes N, Cook EH, Guter SJ, Leventhal BL, Salt J, Lord C, Corsello C, Hus V, Weeks DE, Volkmar F, Tauber M, Fombonne E, Shih A, Meyer KJ; Autism Genome Project Consortium. Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements [published correction appears in Nat Genet. 2007;39(10):1285]. Nat Genet. 2007;39(3):319-328.
4. Sebat J, Lakshmi B, Malhotra D, Troge J, Lese-Martin C, Walsh T, Yamrom B, Yoon S, Krasnitz A, Kendall J, Leotta A, Pai D, Zhang R, Lee YH, Hicks J, Spence SJ, Lee AT, Puura K, Lehtimäki T, Ledbetter D, Gregersen PK, Bregman J, Sutcliffe JS, Jobanputra V, Chung W, Warburton D, King MC, Skuse D, Geschwind DH, Gilliam TC, Ye K, Wigler M. Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science. 2007;316(5823):445-449.
5. Weiss LA, Shen Y, Korn JM, Arking DE, Miller DT, Fossdal R, Saemundsen E, Stefansson H, Ferreira MA, Green T, Platt OS, Ruderfer DM, Walsh CA, Altshuler D, Chakravarti A, Tanzi RE, Stefansson K, Santangelo SL, Gusella JF, Sklar P, Wu BL, Daly MJ; Autism Consortium. Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(7):667-675.
6. Schain RJ, Freedman DX. Studies on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in autistic and other mentally retarded children. J Pediatr. 1961;58:315-320.
7. Hanley HG, Stahl SM, Freedman DX. Hyperserotonemia and amine metabolites in autistic and retarded children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34(5):521-531.
8. Ciaranello RD. Hyperserotonemia and early infantile autism. N Engl J Med. 1982; 307(3):181-183.
9. Anderson GM, Freedman DX, Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, Hoder EL, McPhedran P, Minderaa RB, Hansen CR, Young JG. Whole blood serotonin in autistic and normal subjects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987;28(6):885-900.
10. Cook EH Jr, Leventhal BL, Freedman DX. Serotonin and measured intelligence. J Autism Dev Disord. 1988;18(4):553-559.
11. Abramson RK, Wright HH, Carpenter R, Brennan W, Lumpuy O, Cole E, Young SR. Elevated blood serotonin in autistic probands and their first-degree relatives. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19(3):397-407.
12. Cook EH Jr, Leventhal BL, Heller W, Metz J, Wainwright M, Freedman DX. Autistic children and their first-degree relatives: relationships between serotonin and norepinephrine levels and intelligence. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990;2(3): 268-274.
13. Cross S, Kim SJ, Weiss LA, Delahanty RJ, Sutcliffe JS, Leventhal BL, Cook EH Jr, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Molecular genetics of the platelet serotonin system in first-degree relatives of patients with autism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33(2):353-360.
14. McDougle CJ, Naylor ST, Cohen DJ, Aghajanian GK, Heninger GR, Price LH. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(11):993-1000.
15. Kolevzon A, Mathewson KA, Hollander E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism: a review of efficacy and tolerability. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(3): 407-414.
16. Yonan AL, Alarcón M, Cheng R, Magnusson PK, Spence SJ, Palmer AA, Grunn A, Juo SH, Terwilliger JD, Liu J, Cantor RM, Geschwind DH, Gilliam TC. A genomewide screen of 345 families for autism-susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet. 2003; 73(4):886-897.
17. Cook EH Jr, Courchesne R, Lord C, Cox NJ, Yan S, Lincoln A, Haas R, Courchesne E, Leventhal BL. Evidence of linkage between the serotonin transporter and autistic disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997;2(3):247-250.
18. Klauck SM, Poustka F, Benner A, Lesch KP, Poustka A. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene variants associated with autism? Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6(13): 2233-2238.
19. Wassink TH, Hazlett HC, Epping EA, Arndt S, Dager SR, Schellenberg GD, Dawson G, Piven J. Cerebral cortical gray matter overgrowth and functional variation of the serotonin transporter gene in autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(6):709-717.
20. Surguladze SA, Elkin A, Ecker C, Kalidindi S, Corsico A, Giampietro V, Lawrence N, Deeley Q, Murphy DG, Kucharska-Pietura K, Russell TA, McGuffin P, Murray R, Phillips ML. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter modulates neural systemwide response to fearful faces. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7(5):543-551.
21. Chugani DC, Muzik O, Behen M, Rothermel R, Janisse JJ, Lee J, Chugani HT. Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children. Ann Neurol. 1999;45(3):287-295.
22. Chandana SR, Behen ME, Juhász C, Muzik O, Rothermel RD, Mangner TJ, Chakraborty PK, Chugani HT, Chugani DC. Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23(2-3):171-182.
23. Makkonen I, Riikonen R, Kokki H, Airaksinen MM, Kuikka JT. Serotonin and dopamine transporter binding in children with autism determined by SPECT. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(8):593-597.
24. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Grega DM, Perry R, Small AM, Green WH. Haloperidol in the treatment of infantile autism: effects on learning and behavioral symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141(10):1195-1202.
25. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Adams P, Small AM, Perry R, Shell J. The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19(2):227-239.
26. Gillberg C, Svennerholm L. CSF monoamines in autistic syndromes and other pervasive developmental disorders of early childhood. Br J Psychiatry. 1987; 151:89-94.
27. Narayan M, Srinath S, Anderson GM, Meundi DB. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in autism. Biol Psychiatry. 1993; 33(8-9):630-635.
28. Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW, Levy DL, Smith M, Borison RL, Evans DD, Klein DN, MacMurray J, Tosk JM, Sverd J, Gysin R, Flanagan SD. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1991; 266(13):1793-1800.
29. Hettinger JA, Liu X, Schwartz CE, Michaelis RC, Holden JJA. DRD1 haplotype is associated with risk for autism spectrum disorders in male-only affected sib-pair families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147B(5):628-636.
30. Gadow KD, Roohi J, DeVincent CJ, Hatchwell E. Association of ADHD, tics, and anxiety with dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(12):1331-1338.
31. Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Pascualvaca D, Cohen RM. Low medial prefrontal dopaminergic activity in autistic children [letter] [published correction appears in Lancet. 1998;351(9100):454]. Lancet. 1997;350(9078):638.
32. Fernell E, Watanabe Y, Adolfsson I, Tani Y, Bergström M, Hartvig P, Lilja A, von Knorring AL, Gillberg C, La° ngström B. Possible effects of tetrahydrobiopterin treatment in six children with autism-clinical and positron emission tomography data: a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39(5):313-318.
33. Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24(5):659-685.
34. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH Jr, Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, Pickles A, Rutter M. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30(3):205-223.
35. American Psychiatric Association. User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders SCID-I: Clinician Version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997.
36. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G. The family history method using diagnostic criteria: reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34(10): 1229-1235.
37. Stone VE, Baron-Cohen S, Knight RT. Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. J Cogn Neurosci. 1998;10(5):640-656.
38. Baron-Cohen S, O'Riordan M, Stone V, Jones R, Plaisted K. Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999;29(5):407-418.
39. Stone VE, Baron-Cohen S, Calder A, Keane J, Young A. Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(2):209-220.
40. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, I: development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1006-1011.
41. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, II: validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1012-1016.
42. Hamilton M. Diagnosis and rating of anxiety. In: Lader MH, ed. Studies of Anxiety: Papers Read at the World Psychiatric Association Symposium, "Aspects of Anxiety," London, November, 1967. Ashford, England: Headley Brothers Ltd for Royal Medico-Psychological Association; 1969:76-79. Third special publication of The British Journal of Psychiatry.
43. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959; 32(1):50-55.
44. Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63 (3):452-459.
45. Rousset OG, Ma Y, Evans AC. Correction for partial volume effects in PET: principle and validation. J Nucl Med. 1998;39(5):904-911.
46. Aston JA, Cunningham VJ, Asselin MC, Hammers A, Evans AC, Gunn RN. Positron emission tomography partial volume correction: estimation and algorithms. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22(8):1019-1034.
47. Sekine Y, Iyo M, Ouchi Y, Matsunaga T, Tsukada H, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Takei N, Mori N. Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET.AmJ Psychiatry. 2001;158(8):1206-1214.
48. Ouchi Y, Yoshikawa E, Okada H, Futatsubashi M, Sekine Y, Iyo M, Sakamoto M. Alterations in binding site density of dopamine transporter in the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala in early Parkinson's disease: compartment analysis for β-CFT binding with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol. 1999;45(5): 601-610.
49. Sekine Y, Ouchi Y, Takei N, Yoshikawa E, Nakamura K, Futatsubashi M, Okada H, Minabe Y, Suzuki K, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Tsukada H, Iyo M, Mori N. Brain serotonin transporter density and aggression in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(1):90-100.
50. Meyer JH, Houle S, Sagrati S, Carella A, Hussey DF, Ginovart N, Goulding V, Kennedy J, Wilson AA. Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography: effects of major depressive episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(12): 1271-1279.
51. Szabo Z, McCann UD, Wilson AA, Scheffel U, Owonikoko T, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Hilton J, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA. Comparison of (+)-11C-McN5652 and 11CDASB as serotonin transporter radioligands under various experimental conditions. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(5):678-692.
52. Wong DF, Yung B, Dannals RF, Shaya EK, Ravert HT, Chen CA, Chan B, Folio T, Scheffel U, Ricaurte GA, et al. In vivo imaging of baboon and human dopamine transporters by positron emission tomography using [11C]WIN 35,428. Synapse. 1993;15(2):130-142.
53. Ouchi Y, Kanno T, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Nobezawa S, Torizuka T, Tanaka K. Changes in dopamine availability in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopaminergic systems by gait in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2001;124(pt 4): 784-792.
54. Meyer JH, McNeely HE, Sagrati S, Boovariwala A, Martin K, Verhoeff NP, Wilson AA, Houle S. Elevated putamen D2 receptor binding potential in major depression with motor retardation: an [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(9):1594-1602.
55. Ritvo ER, Jorde LB, Mason-Brothers A, Freeman BJ, Pingree C, Jones MB, McMahon WM, Petersen PB, Jenson WR, Mo A. The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: recurrence risk estimates and genetic counseling. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146(8):1032-1036.
56. Tsakanikos E, Costello H, Holt G, Bouras N, Sturmey P, Newton T. Psychopathology in adults with autism and intellectual disability. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006; 36(8):1123-1129.
57. Danielsson S, Gillberg IC, Billstedt E, Gillberg C, Olsson I. Epilepsy in young adults with autism: a prospective population-based follow-up study of 120 individuals diagnosed in childhood. Epilepsia. 2005;46(6):918-923.
58. Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Metzger M, Solimando A, Spiegel-Cohen J, Hollander E. Anterior cingulate gyrus volume and glucose metabolism in autistic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(8):1047-1050.
59. Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto T, Kunihiro T, Nishikawa M, Uema T, Sasaki M. Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism. Brain. 2000;123 (pt 9):1838-1844.
60. Murphy DG, Daly E, Schmitz N, Toal F, Murphy K, Curran S, Erlandsson K, Eersels J, Kerwin R, Ell P, Travis M. Cortical serotonin 5-HT2A receptor binding and social communication in adults with Asperger's syndrome: an in vivo SPECT study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(5):934-936.
61. Smith DF. Neuroimaging of serotonin uptake sites and antidepressant binding sites in the thalamus of humans and "higher" animals. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;9(6):537-544.
62. Murphy DG, Critchley HD, Schmitz N, McAlonan G, Van Amelsvoort T, Robertson D, Daly E, Rowe A, Russell A, Simmons A, Murphy KC, Howlin P. Asperger syndrome: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(10):885-891.
63. Hollander E, Anagnostou E, Chaplin W, Esposito K, Haznedar MM, Licalzi E, Wasserman S, Soorya L, Buchsbaum M. Striatal volume on magnetic resonance imaging and repetitive behaviors in autism. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(3):226-232.
64. Atmaca M, Yildirim H, Ozdemir H, Ozler S, Kara B, Ozler Z, Kanmaz E, Mermi O, Tezcan E. Hippocampus and amygdalar volumes in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 32(5):1283-1286.
65. Page LA, Daly E, Schmitz N, Simmons A, Toal F, Deeley Q, Ambery F, McAlonan GM, Murphy KC, Murphy DG. In vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of amygdala-hippocampal and parietal regions in autism. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(12):2189-2192.
66. Cook EH Jr. Brief report: pathophysiology of autism: neurochemistry. J Autism Dev Disord. 1996;26(2):221-225.
67. Whitaker-Azmitia PM. Behavioral and cellular consequences of increasing serotonergic activity during brain development: a role in autism? Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23(1):75-83.
68. Janusonis S, Anderson GM, Shifrovich I, Rakic P. Ontogeny of brain and blood serotonin levels in 5-HT receptor knockout mice: potential relevance to the neurobiology of autism. J Neurochem. 2006;99(3):1019-1031.
69. McNamara IM, Borella AW, Bialowas LA, Whitaker-Azmitia PM. Further studies in the developmental hyperserotonemia model (DHS) of autism: social, behavioral and peptide changes. Brain Res. 2008;1189:203-214.
70. Maestrini E, Lai C, Marlow A, Matthews N, Wallace S, Bailey A, Cook EH, Weeks DE, Monaco AP; International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit β3 (GABRB3) gene polymorphisms are not associated with autism in the IMGSA families. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88(5):492-496.
71. Persico AM, Militerni R, Bravaccio C, Schneider C, Melmed R, Conciatori M, Damiani V, Baldi A, Keller F. Lack of association between serotonin transporter gene promoter variants and autistic disorder in two ethnically distinct samples. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96(1):123-127.
72. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, Benjamin J, Müller CR, Hamer DH, Murphy DL. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 1996;274 (5292):1527-1531.
73. Bradley SL, Dodelzon K, Sandhu HK, Philibert RA. Relationship of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and haplotypes to mRNA transcription. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005;136B(1):58-61.
74. Siever LJ. Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165 (4):429-442.
75. Matson JL, Nebel-Schwalm MS. Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Res Dev Disabil. 2007;28(4):341-352.
76. Nieminen-von Wendt TS, Metsähonkala L, Kulomaki TA, Aalto S, Autti TH, Vanhala R, Eskola O, Bergman J, Hietala JA, von Wendt LO. Increased presynaptic dopamine function in Asperger syndrome. Neuroreport. 2004;15(5):757-760.
77. Bachevalier J, Loveland KA. The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and selfregulation of social-emotional behavior in autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006; 30(1):97-117.
78. Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation: a possible prelude to violence. Science. 2000;289(5479):591-594.
79. Bolte Taylor J, Cunningham MC, Benes FM. Neonatal raphe lesions increase dopamine fibers in prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Neuroreport. 1998;9(8):1811-1815.
80. Zhou FC, Lesch KP, Murphy DL. Serotonin uptake into dopamine neurons via dopamine transporters: a compensatory alternative. Brain Res. 2002;942(1-2): 109-119.
81. Ouchi Y, Kanno T, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Nobezawa S, Torizuka T, Tanaka K. Changes in dopamine availability in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopaminergic systems by gait in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2001;124 (pt 4):784-792.
82. Sekine Y, Iyo M, Ouchi Y, Matsunaga T, Tsukada H, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Takei N, Mori N. Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158(8):1206-1214.
83. Sekine Y,MinabeY, Ouchi Y, Takei N, IyoM,NakamuraK, Suzuki K, Tsukada H,Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Mori N. Association of dopamine transporter loss intheorbitofrontalanddorsolateralprefrontalcorticeswithmethamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(9):1699-1701.
84. Villemagne V, Yuan J, Wong DF, Dannals RF, Hatzidimitriou G, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Musachio J, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA. Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable to those recreationally abused by humans: evidence from [11C]WIN-35,428 position emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations. J Neurosci. 1998;18(1):419-427.