Can Self-Verification Strivings Fully Transcend the Self-Other Barrier? Seeking Verification of Ingroup Identities

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 97, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1021-1044

  Gómez, Ángel ^a   Seyle, D Conor ^b   Huici, Carmen ^a   Swann Jr , William B ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

collective self verification; identification; ingroup identity; social identity

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; EGO; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; MOTIVATION; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPAIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; EGO; FEEDBACK, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESSES; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MOTIVATION; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL ALIENATION; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SPAIN; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 72949093094     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0016358     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Abelson R.P. Whatever became of consistency theory?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9 (1983) 37-54
2. Abrams D., and Hogg M.A. Comments on motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology 18 (1988) 317-334
3. Abrams D., and Hogg M.A. Prospects for research in group processes and intergroup relations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 1 (1998) 7-20
4. Aiken L.S., and West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions (1991), Sage, Newbury Park, CA
5. Ariyanto A., Hornsey M.J., and Gallois C. Group-directed criticism in Indonesia: Role of message source and audience. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 9 (2006) 96-102
6. Aronson E. Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In: Abelson R.P., Aronson E., McGuire W.J., Newcomb T.M., Rosenberg M.J., and Tannenbaum P.H. (Eds). Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (1968), Rand-McNally, Chicago 5-27
7. Ashmore R.D., Deaux K., and Mclaughlin-Volpe T. An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004) 80-114
8. Blair I.V., Park B., and Bachelor J. Understanding intergroup anxiety: Are some people more anxious than others?. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 6 (2003) 151-169
9. Branscombe N.R., Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. The context and content of social identity threats. In: Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. (Eds). Social identity: Context, commitment, content (1999), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom 35-58
10. Brehm J.W., and Cohen A.R. Explorations in cognitive dissonance (1963), Academic Press, New York
11. Brewer M.B. In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin 86 (1979) 307-324
12. Brewer M.B. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (1991) 475-482
13. Brewer M.B. The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate?. Journal of Social Issues 55 (1999) 429-444
14. Brewer M.B., and Kramer R.M. The psychology of intergroup attitudes and behavior. Annual Review of Psychology 36 (1985) 219-243
15. Brewer M.B., and Kramer R.M. Choice behavior in social dilemmas: Effects of social identity, group size, and decision framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 543-549
16. Castano E., Yzerbyt V.Y., Paladino M.P., and Sacchi S. I belong therefore I exist: Ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002) 135-143
17. Chen S., Chen K.Y., and Shaw L. Self-verification motives at the collective level of self-definition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (2004) 77-94
18. Chen S., Shaw L., and Jeung K.Y. Collective self-verification among members of a naturally-occurring group: Possible antecedents and long-term consequences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 28 (2006) 101-115
19. Cooley C.H. Human nature and the social order (1902), Transaction, London
20. Crisp R.J., and Beck S.R. Reducing intergroup bias: The moderating role of ingroup identification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 8 (2005) 173-186
21. Deaux K., Reid A., Mizrahi K., and Cotting D. Connecting the person to the social: The functions of social identification. In: Tyler T.R., Kramer R.M., and John O.P. (Eds). The psychology of the self (1999), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 91-113
22. Dukerich J.M., Golden B.R., and Shortell S.M. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: The impact of organizational identification, identity, and image on physician cooperative behaviors. Administrative Science Quarterly 47 (2002) 507-534
23. Dutton J.E., Dukerich J.M., and Harquail C.V. Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (1994) 239-263
24. Ellemers N., Kortekaas P., and Ouwerkerk J. Self-categorization, commitment to the group and social self esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology 28 (1999) 371-398
25. Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. Social identity: Context, commitment, content (1999), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
26. Ellemers N., and Van Knippenberg A. Stereotyping in social context. In: Spears R., Oakes P.J., Ellemers N., and Haslam S.A. (Eds). The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (1997), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom 208-235
27. English T., Chen S., and Swann Jr. W.B. A cross-cultural analysis of self-verification motives. In: Sorrentino R., and Yamaguchi S. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures (2008), Elsevier, San Diego, CA 119-142
28. Felipe A.I. Evaluative versus descriptive consistency in trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (1970) 627-638
29. Fernández-Berrocal P., Extremera N., and Ramos N. Validity and reliability of the Spanish modified version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Psychological Reports 94 (2004) 751-755
30. Festinger L.A. A theory of cognitive dissonance (1957), Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA
31. Fuller J.B., Barnett T., Hester K., and Relyea C. A social identity perspective on the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. Journal of Social Psychology 143 (2003) 789-791
32. Giesler R.B., Josephs R.A., and Swann Jr. W.B. Self-verification in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996) 358-368
33. Gómez A. Metastereotypes and intergroup relations: If my group stereotypes others, others stereotype my group... and we know. Concept, research lines and future perspectives of metastereotypes. Revista de Psicología Social 17 (2002) 253-282
34. Gómez A., and Huici C. Vicarious intergroup contact and the role of authorities in prejudice reduction. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 11 (2008) 103-114
35. Gómez A., Huici C., and Morales J.F. ¡Nos gusta que nos vean como somos! Implicaciones de la teoría de la auto-verificación a nivel intergrupal [We like others to see us the way we are! Implications of self-verification theory at a group level]. Revista de Psicología Social 19 (2004) 139-158
36. Greenwald A.G., and Ronis D.L. Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case experiment of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review 85 (1978) 53-57
37. Hall N.R., and Crisp R.J. Assimilation and contrast to group primes: The moderating role of ingroup identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008) 344-353
38. Haslam S.A., O'Brien A., Jetten J., Vormedal K., and Penna S. Taking the strain: Social identity, social support and the experience of stress. British Journal of Social Psychology 44 (2005) 355-370
39. Haslam S.A., and Reicher S.D. Stressing the group: Social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress. Journal of Applied Psychology 91 (2006) 1037-1052
40. Heine S.J. Where is the evidence for pancultural self-enhancement? A reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Toguchi (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2005) 531-538
41. Heine S.J., and Hamamura D.R. In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2007) 1-24
42. Heine S.J., Lehman D.R., Markus H.R., and Kitayama S. Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?. Psychological Review 106 (1999) 766-794
43. Hewstone M., Rubin M., and Willis H. Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology 53 (2002) 575-604
44. Hixon J.G., and Swann Jr. W.B. When does introspection bear fruit? Self-reflection, self-insight, and interpersonal choices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993) 35-43
45. Hodson G., Dovidio J.F., and Esses V.M. Ingroup identification as a moderator of positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology 33 (2003) 215-233
46. Hornsey M.J., and Jetten J. The individual within the group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 (2004) 248-264
47. Jackson J.W., and Smith E.R. Conceptualizing social identity: A new framework and evidence for the impact of different dimensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (1999) 120-135
48. Jetten J., Postmes T., and McAuliffe B.J. "We're all individuals": Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification, and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology 32 (2002) 189-207
49. Jones S.C. Self- and interpersonal evaluations: Esteem theories versus consistency theories. Psychological Bulletin 79 (1973) 185-199
50. Klein O., and Azzi A.E. The strategic confirmation of metastereotypes: How group members attempt to tailor an out-group's representation of themselves. British Journal of Social Psychology 40 (2001) 279-293
51. Kramer R.M., and Messick D.M. Getting by with a little help from our enemies: Collective paranoia and its role in intergroup relations. In: Sedikides C.S., Schopler J., and Insko C.A. (Eds). Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (1998), Erlbaum, London 233-255
52. Kramer R.M., and Wei J. Social uncertainty and the problem of trust in social groups: The social self in doubt. In: Tyler T.R., Kramer R.M., and John O.P. (Eds). The psychology of the social self (1999), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 145-168
53. Kraus M.W., and Chen S. Striving to be known by significant others: Automatic activation of self-verification goals in relationship contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (2009) 58-73
54. Krueger J. Personal beliefs and cultural stereotypes about racial characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (1996) 536-548
55. Lammers J., Gordijn E.H., and Otten S. Looking through the eyes of the powerful: The effect of power on metastereotyping and the mediating role of perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008) 1229-1238
56. Lecky P. Self-consistency: A theory of personality (1945), Island Press, New York
57. Lemay E.P., and Ashmore R.D. Reactions to perceived categorization by others during the transition to college: Internalization of self-verification processes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 7 (2004) 173-187
58. London M. Antecedents and consequences of self-verification: Implications for individual and group development. Human Resource Development Review 2 (2003) 273-293
59. Mackie D.M. Arriving at the truth by definition: The case of stereotype inaccuracy. Social Problems 20 (1973) 431-447
60. Mackie D.M., Worth L.T., and Asuncion A.G. The processing of persuasive in-group messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1990) 812-822
61. Mael F., and Ashforth A.E. Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior 13 (1992) 103-123
62. McCrae R.R., and Terracciano A. Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 547-561
63. Mead G.H. Mind, self and society (1934), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
64. Messick D.M., and Mackie D.M. Intergroup relations. In: Rosenzweig M.R., and Porter L.W. (Eds). Annual review of psychology 40 (1989), Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA 45-81
65. Park B., and Judd C.M. Rethinking the link between categorization and prejudice within the social cognition perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review 9 (2005) 108-130
66. Peabody D. Trait inferences: Evaluative and descriptive aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monographs 7 4, Pt. 2 (1967)
67. Peabody D. Group judgment in the Philippines: Evaluative and descriptive aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10 (1968) 290-300
68. Peabody D. Evaluative and descriptive aspects in personality perception: A reappraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (1970) 639-646
69. Pelham B.W., and Swann Jr. W.B. The juncture of intrapersonal and interpersonal knowledge: Self-certainty and interpersonal congruence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (1994) 349-357
70. Polzer J.T., Milton L.P., and Swann Jr. W.B. Capitalizing on diversity: Interpersonal congruence in small work groups. Administrative Science Quarterly 47 (2002) 296-324
71. Reynolds K.J., Turner J.C., and Haslam S. When are we better than them and they worse than us? A closer look at social discrimination in positive and negative domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 64-80
72. Robinson D., and Smith-Lovin L. Selective interaction as a strategy for identity maintenance: An affect control model. Social Psychology Quarterly 55 (1992) 12-28
73. Salovey P., Mayer J.D., Goldman S.L., Turvey C., and Palfai T.P. Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In: Pennebaker J.W. (Ed). Emotion, disclosure, & health (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 125-151
74. Sangrador J.L. Estereotipos de las nacionalidades y regiones de España [Stereotypes of nationalities and regions of Spain] (1996), Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Madrid, Spain
75. Secord P.E., and Backman C.W. An interpersonal approach to personality. In: Maher B. (Ed). Progress in experimental personality research 2 (1965), Academic Press, New York 91-125
76. Sedikides C., Gaertner L., and Toguchi Y. Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003) 60-79
77. Sedikides C., Gaertner L., and Vevea J.L. Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded: A meta-analytic reply to Heine (2005). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2005) 539-551
78. Sedikides C., and Strube M.J. Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 29 (1997), Academic Press, New York 209-269
79. Sheldon K.M., and Bettencourt B.A. Psychological need-satisfaction and subjective well-being within social groups. British Journal of Social Psychology 41 (2002) 25-38
80. Simon B., Aufderheide B., and Hastedt C. The double negative effect: The (almost) paradoxical role of the individual self in minority and majority members' information processing. British Journal of Social Psychology 39 (2000) 73-93
81. Simon B., Loewy M., Stürmer S., Weber U., Freytag P., Habig C., et al. Collective identification and social movement participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 646-658
82. Spears R., Jetten J., and Scheepers D. Distinctiveness and the definition of collective self: A tripartite model. In: Tesser A., Wood J.V., and Stapel D.A. (Eds). Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (2002), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 147-171
83. Steele C.M. The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 21 (1988), Academic Press, New York 261-302
84. Stephan W.G., and Stephan C.W. Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985) 157-175
85. Suitner C., and Mass A. The role of valence in the perception of agency and communication. European Journal of Social Psychology 38 (2008) 1073-1082
86. Swann Jr. W.B. Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In: Suls J., and Greenwald A.G. (Eds). Psychological perspectives on the self 2 (1983), Erlbaum, Hill 33-66
87. Swann Jr. W.B. Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (1987) 1038-1051
88. Swann Jr. W.B., Chang-Schneider C., and Angulo S. Self-verification in relationships as an adaptive process. In: Wood J., Tesser A., and Holmes J. (Eds). Self and relationships (2007), Psychology Press, New York 49-72
89. Swann Jr. W.B., and Ely R.J. A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 1287-1302
90. Swann Jr. W.B., Gómez A., Seyle C., Morales F., and Huici C. Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (2009) 995-1011
91. Swann Jr. W.B., Griffin J.J., Predmore S., and Gaines B. The cognitive-affective crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 881-889
92. Swann Jr. W.B., and Hill C.A. When our identities are mistaken: Reaffirming self-conceptions through social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1982) 59-66
93. Swann Jr. W.B., Hixon G., Stein-Seroussi A., and Gilbert D.T. The fleeting gleam of praise: Behavioral reactions to self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 17-26
94. Swann Jr. W.B., Kwan V.S.Y., Polzer J.T., and Milton L.P. Capturing the elusive "value in diversity" effect: Individuation, self-verification and performance in small groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 1396-1406
95. Swann Jr. W.B., Milton L.P., and Polzer J.T. Should we create a niche or fall in line? Identity negotiation and small group effectiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (2000) 238-250
96. Swann Jr. W.B., and Pelham B.W. Who wants out when the going gets good? Psychological investment and preference for self-verifying college roommates. Self and Identity 1 (2002) 219-233
97. Swann Jr. W.B., Pelham B.W., and Chidester T. Change through paradox: Using self-verification to alter beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988) 268-273
98. Swann Jr. W.B., Pelham B.W., and Krull D.S. Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 782-791
99. Swann Jr. W.B., Polzer J.T., Seyle C., and Ko S. Finding value in diversity: Verification of personal and social self-views in diverse groups. Academy of Management Review 29 (2004) 9-27
100. Swann Jr. W.B., and Read S.J. Self-verification: How we sustain our self-conceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 17 (1981) 351-372
101. Swann Jr. W.B., Stein-Seroussi A., and Giesler R.B. Why people self-verify. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 392-401
102. Swann Jr. W.B., Wenzlaff R.M., Krull D.S., and Pelham B.W. The allure of negative feedback: Self-verification strivings among depressed persons. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 293-306
103. Tajfel H., and Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In: Austin W.G., and Worchel S. (Eds). The social psychology of intergroup relations (1979), Brooks-Cole, Monterey, CA 33-47
104. Taylor S.T., and Brown J. Illusion and well-being: Some social psychological contributions to a theory of mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988) 193-210
105. Terracciano A., Abdel-Khalek A.M., Adám N., Adamovová L., Ahn C.-K., Alansari B.M., et al. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science 310 (2005, October 7) 96-100
106. Tesser A. Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 21 (1988), Academic Press, New York 181-227
107. Tropp L. The psychological impact of prejudice: Implications for intergroup contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 6 (2003) 131-149
108. Turner J.C. Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In: Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. (Eds). Social identity: Context, commitment, content (1999), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom 6-34
109. Turner J.C., and Oakes P.J. Self-categorization theory and social influence. In: Paulus P.B. (Ed). The psychology of group influence (1989), Erlbaum, Hill 233-275
110. Turner J.C., and Reynolds K.J. The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: Theories, themes and controversies. In: Brown R., and Gaertner S. (Eds). Handbook of social psychology: Vol. 4: Intergroup processes (2001), Blackwell, Oxford, United 133-152
111. Vorauer J.D., Main K.J., and O'Connell G.B. How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 917-937
112. West S.G., Aiken L.S., and Krull J.L. Experimental personality designs: Analyzing categorical by continuous variable interactions. Journal of Personality 64 (1996) 1-48