Romantic intent, relationship uncertainty, and relationship maintenance in young adults' cross-sex friendships

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

Volumn 26, Issue 6-7, 2009, Pages 964-988

  Weger Jr, Harry ^a   Emmett, Melissa C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Communication; Cross sex friendship; Relational uncertainty; Relationship maintenance; Relationships

Indexed keywords

EID: 72749100204     PISSN: 02654075     EISSN: 14603608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0265407509347937     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Afifi, W.A., & Burgoon, J.K. (1998). "We never talk about that": A comparison of cross-sex friendships and dating relationships on uncertainty and topic avoidance. Personal Relationships, 5, 255-272.
2. Afifi, W. & Faulkner, S.L. (2000). On being "just friends": The frequency and impact of sexual activity in cross-sex friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 205-222.
3. Afifi, W.A., & Guerrero, L.K. (1998). Some things are better left unsaid II: Topic avoidance in friendships. Communication Quarterly, 46, 231-249.
4. Aylor, B.A. (2003). Maintaining long-distance relationships. In D. J. Canary, & M. Dainton (Eds.), Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual and cultural variations (pp. 127-140). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Baxter, L.A., & Montgomery, B.M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics. New York: Guilford.
6. Baxter, L.A., & Wilmot, W.W. (1984). Secret tests: Social strategies for acquiring information about the state of the relationship. Human Communication Research, 11, 171-201.
7. Baxter, L.A., & Wilmot, W.W. (1985). Taboo topics in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 253-269.
8. Berger, C.R., & Bradac, J.J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: Uncertainty in interpersonal relationships. London: Edward Arnold.
9. Berger, C.R., & Calabrese, R. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.
10. Bleske-Receck, A.L., & Buss, D.M. (2001). Opposite-sex friendship: Sex differences and similarities in initiation, selection, and dissolution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1310-1323.
11. Brashers, D.E. (2001). Communication and uncertainty management. Journal of Communication, 51, 477-497.
12. Brown, P., & Levinson, S.C. (1978). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Buhrke, R.A., & Fuqua, D. (1987). Sex differences in same-and cross-sex supportive relationships. Sex Roles, 17, 339-352.
14. Burleson, B.R., & Samter, W. (1996). Similarity in the communication skills of young adults: Foundations of attraction, friendship, and relationship satisfaction. Communication Reports, 9, 127-139.
15. Canary, D.J., & Stafford, L. (1992). Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communication Monographs, 59, 243-267.
16. Canary, D.J., Stafford, L., Hause, K., & Wallace, L. (1993). An inductive analysis of relational maintenance strategies: Comparisons among lovers, relatives, friends, and others. Communication Research Reports, 10, 5-14.
17. Canary, D.J., & Zelley, E.D. (2000). Current research programs on relational maintenance behaviors. In M. E. Roloff, & G. D. Paulson (Eds.), Communication yearbook 23 (pp. 305-339). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
18. Cole, T., & Teboul, J.C.B. (2004). Non-zero-sum collaboration, reciprocity, and the preference for similarity: Developing an adaptive model of close relational functioning. Personal Relationships, 11, 135-160.
19. Cupach, W.R., & Metts, S. (1994). Facework. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Dainton, M. (2003). Equity and uncertainty in relational maintenance. Western Journal of Communication, 67, 164-186.
21. Dainton, M., & Aylor, B.A. (2001). A relational uncertainty analysis of jealousy, trust, and the maintenance of long-distance versus geographically-close relationships. Communication Quarterly, 49, 172-188.
22. Dainton, M., & Aylor, B.A. (2002). Routine and strategic maintenance efforts: Behavioral patterns, variations associated with relationship length, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 69, 52-66.
23. Dainton, M., Zelley, E., & Langan, E. (2003). Maintaining friendships throughout the lifespan. In D. J. Canary, & M. Dainton (Eds.), Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations (pp. 79-102). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Emmett, M.C. (2006). A focus group study of relationship maintenance in cross-sex friendships. Unpublished manuscript, University of Miami.
25. Ficara, L.C., & Mongeau, P.A. (2000, November). Relational uncertainty in long-distant college student dating relationships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Seattle, WA.
26. Gonzalez, R., & Griffin, D. (1997). The statistics of interdependence: Treating dyadic data with respect. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (2nd ed, pp. 271-302). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
27. Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
28. Guerrero, L., & Chavez, A. (2005). Relational maintenance in cross-sex friendships characterized by different types of romantic intent: An explorative study. Western Journal of Communication, 69, 339-358.
29. Honeycutt, J.M. (1993). Components and functions of communication during initial interaction, with extrapolations to beyond. In S. A. Deetz (Ed.), Communication yearbook 16 (pp. 461-490). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30. Hopper, R. (2003). Gendering talk. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
31. Kan, M.L., & Cares, A.C. (2006). From "friends with benefits" to "going steady": New directions in understanding romance and sex in adolescence and emerging adulthood. In A. C. Crouter, & A. Booth (Eds.), Romance and sex in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Risks and opportunities (pp. 241-258). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Kaplan, R.E. (1975/1976). Maintaining interpersonal relationships: A bipolar theory. Interpersonal Development, 6, 106-119.
33. Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A., & Cook, W.L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York: Guilford.
34. Knobloch, L.K. (2007). Perceptions of turmoil within courtship: Associations with intimacy, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 363-384.
35. Knobloch, L.K., & Solomon, D.H. (1999). Measuring the sources and content of relational uncertainty. Communication Studies, 50, 261-278.
36. Knobloch, L.K., & Solomon, D.H. (2002). Information seeking beyond initial interaction: Negotiating relational uncertainty within close relationships. Human Communication Research, 28, 243-257.
37. Messman, S., Canary, D.J., & Hause, K. (2000). Motives to remain platonic, equity, and the use of maintenance strategies in opposite-sex friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 67-94.
38. Monsour, M. (1996). Communication and cross-sex friendships across the life cycle: A review of the literature. In B. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 20 (pp. 375-414). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. O'Meara, J.D. (1989). Cross-sex friendship: Four basic challenges of an ignored relationship. Sex Roles, 21, 525-543.
40. Reeder, H. (2000). 'I like you... as a friend': The role of attraction in cross-sex friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 329-348.
41. Rose, S.M. (1985). Same and cross-sex friendships and the psychology of homosociality. Sex Roles, 12, 63-74.
42. Sapadin, L. (1988). Friendship and gender: Perspectives of professional men and women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 387-403.
43. Schumacker, R.E., & Lomax. R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling, (2nd ed). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Solomon, D.H., & Knobloch, L.K. (2004). A model of relational turbulence: The role of intimacy, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners in appraisals of irritations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 795-816.
45. Stafford, L., & Canary, D.J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 217-242.
46. Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale development, sex versus gender roles, and prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 67, 306-323.
47. Sunnafrank, M. (1986). Predicted outcome value during initial interactions: A reformulation of uncertainty reduction theory. Human Communication Research, 13, 3-33.
48. Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
49. Weston, R., & Gore, P.A., Jr. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 719-751.