Gap dynamics in a near-natural spruce forest at Mt. Brocken, Germany

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 259, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 624-632

  Kathke, Sabine ^a   Bruelheide, Helge ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aerial photographs; Disturbance; Gap dynamics; Picea abies; Turnover rate

Indexed keywords

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS; AREA-BASED; CLIMATE VARIABLES; CONIFER FORESTS; CORE ZONES; DATA SETS; FOREST TYPE; GAP DYNAMICS; GAP FORMATION; GAP SIZE; GERMANY; NATIONAL PARKS; OBSERVATION PERIOD; PICEA ABIES; PICEA ABIES FOREST; ROTATION TIME; SMALL GAPS; SPATIAL SCALE; SPRUCE FOREST; SPRUCE STANDS; STUDY AREAS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; TURNOVER RATE;

AIRCRAFT PROPULSION; CLIMATE CHANGE; FORESTRY; PARKS; PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT; PHOTOGRAPHY;

ROTATION;

CLIMATE EFFECT; CONIFEROUS FOREST; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; GAP DYNAMICS; GIS; MONTANE FOREST; TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENT; TURNOVER;

AIR CRAFT; FORESTRY; PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT; PHOTOGRAPHY; PICEA ABIES; ROTATION; SEASONAL VARIATION;

BROCKEN; GERMANY; HARZ MOUNTAINS; SAXONY-ANHALT;

CONIFEROPHYTA; PICEA; PICEA ABIES;

EID: 72649093255     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.021     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Angelstam P.K. Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes. J. Veg. Sci. 9 (1998) 593-602
2. Bartemucci P., Coates K.D., Harper K.A., and Wright E.F. Gap disturbances in northern old-growth forests of British Columbia, Canada. J. Veg. Sci. 13 (2002) 685-696
3. Battles J.J., and Fahey T.J. Spruce decline as a disturbance event in the subalpine forests of the northeastern United States. Can. J. For. Res. 26 (1996) 408-421
4. Bekker R., Bruelheide H., and Woods K. Long-term datasets: from descriptive to predictive data using ecoinformatics. J. Veg. Sci. 18 (2007) 458-462
5. Brokaw N.V.L. Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest. Ecology 66 (1985) 682-687
6. Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV), 2008. Waldzustandsbericht 2007, http://www.bmelv.de/.
7. Coates K.D., and Burton P.J. A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management objectives. For. Ecol. Manage. 99 (1997) 337-354
8. Coners H. Wasseraufnahme und artspezifische hydraulische Eigenschaften der Feinwurzeln von Buche, Eiche und Fichte: In situ-Messungen an Altbäumen. Berichte des Forschungszentzums Waldökosysteme - Reihe A 178 (2002) 118 pp
9. Foster J.R., and Reiners W.A. Size distribution and expansion of canopy gaps in a northern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Vegetatio 68 (1986) 109-114
10. Fraver S., Jonsson B.G., Jönsson M., and Esseen P.-A. Demographics and disturbance history of a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest. J. Veg. Sci. 19 (2008) 789-798
11. Fujita T., Itaya A., Miura M., Manabe T., and Yamamoto S.-I. Long-term canopy dynamics analysed by aerial photographs in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest. J. Ecol. 91 (2003) 686-693
12. Gehrig-Fasel J., Guisan A., and Zimmermann N.E. Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: climate change or land abandonment?. J. Veg. Sci. 18 (2007) 571-582
13. Glässer R. Das Klima des Harzes (1994), Kovac, Hamburg, Germany 341 pp.
14. Greenberg C.H., and McNab W.H. Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina. For. Ecol. Manage. 104 (1998) 179-191
15. Harcombe P.A., Bill C.J., Fulton M., Glitzenstein J.S., Marks P.L., and Elsik I.S. Stand dynamics over 18 years in a southern mixed hardwood forest, Texas, USA. J. Ecol. 90 (2002) 947-957
16. Heino R., Brázdil R., Førland E., Tuomenvirta H., Alexandersson H., Beniston M., Pfister C., Rebetez M., Rosenhagen G., Rösner S., and Wibig J. Progress in the study of climate extremes in northern and central Europe. Clim. Chang. 42 (1999) 151-181
17. Henbo Y., Itaya A., Nishimura N., and Yamamoto S.-I. Long-term canopy dynamics in a large area of temperate old-growth beech (Fagus crenata) forest: analysis by aerial photographs and digital elevation models. J. Ecol. 92 (2004) 945-953
18. Henbo Y., Itaya A., Nishimura N., and Yamamoto S.-I. Long-term canopy dynamics analyzed by aerial photographs and digital elevation data in a subalpine old-growth coniferous forest. Ecoscience 13 (2006) 451-458
19. Hofgaard A. 50 years of change in a Swedish boreal old-growth Picea abies forest. J. Veg. Sci. 4 (1993) 773-782
20. Holeksa J., and Cybulski M. Canopy gaps in a Carpathian subalpine spruce forest. Forstwiss. Cent.bl. 120 (2001) 331-348
21. Hundecha Y., and Bárdossy A. Trends in daily precipitation and temperature extremes across western Germany in the second half of the 20th century. Int. J. Climatol. 25 (2005) 1189-1202
22. Hytteborn H., Liu Q., and Verwijst T. Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in a Swedish boreal forest. In: Nakagoshi N., and Golley F.B. (Eds). Coniferous Forest Ecology from an International Perspective (1991), SPB Acad. Publ., The Hague, The Netherlands 93-108
23. Itaya A., Miura M., and Yamamoto S.-I. Canopy height changes of an old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest analyzed with digital elevation models. For. Ecol. Manage. 194 (2004) 403-411
24. Jönsson A.M., Harding S., Bärring L., and Ravn H.P. Impacts of climate change on the population dynamics of Ips typographus in southern Sweden. Agric. For. Meteorol. 146 (2007) 70-81
25. Kathke, S., Bruelheide, H., submitted for publication. Interaction of gap age and microsite type for the regeneration of Picea abies.
26. Keith D.A., Akçakaya H.R., Thuiller W., Midgley G.F., Pearson R.G., Philips S.J., Regan H.M., Araújo M.B., and Rebelo T.G. Predicting extinction risks under climate change: coupling stochastic population models with dynamic bioclimatic habitat models. Biol. Lett. 4 (2008) 560-563
27. Kirchner K., Kammermeier S., and Bruelheide H. The response of the pseudoannual species Trientalis europaea L. to forest gap dynamics in a near-natural spruce forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 257 (2009) 1070-1077
28. Kjellström E. Recent and future signatures of climate change in Europe. Ambio 33 (2004) 193-198
29. Kneeshaw D.D., and Bergeron Y. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology 79 (1998) 783-794
30. Krause G.H.M., Arndt U., Brandt C.J., Bucher J., Kenk G., and Matzner E. Forest decline in Europe: development and possible causes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31 (1986) 647-668
31. Kuuluvainen T. Disturbance dynamics in boreal forests: defining the ecological basis of restoration and management of biodiversity. Silva Fenn. 36 (2002) 5-11
32. Lertzman K.P., and Krebs C.J. Gap-phase structure of a subalpine old-growth forest. Can. J. For. Res. 21 (1991) 1730-1741
33. Liu Q., and Hytteborn H. Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. J. Veg. Sci. 2 (1991) 391-402
34. McCarthy J. Gap dynamics of forest trees: a review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9 (2001) 1-59
35. Meyer P., and Ackermann J. Lückendynamik in Buchen-Naturwäldern Nordwestdeutschlands. LWF-Aktuell 46 (2004) 10-14
36. Modrzyński J., and Eriksson G. Response of Picea abies populations from elevational transects in the Polish Sudety and Carpathian mountains to simulated drought stress. For. Ecol. Manage. 165 (2002) 105-116
37. Nakashizuka T., Iida S., Tanaka H., Shibata M., Abe S., Masaki T., and Niiyama K. Community dynamics of Ogawa Forest Reserve, a species rich deciduous forest, central Japan. Vegetatio 103 (1992) 105-112
38. Parmesan C., and Yohe G. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421 (2004) 37-42
39. Pitelka L.F., and Raynal D.J. Forest decline and acidic deposition. Ecology 70 (1989) 2-10
40. Raffa K.F., Aukema B.H., Bentz B.J., Carroll A.L., Hicke J.A., Turner M.G., and Romme W.H. Cross-scale drivers of natural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: the dynamics of bark beetle eruptions. BioScience 58 (2008) 501-517
41. Rebetz M., Mayer H., Dupont O., Schindler D., Gartner K., Kropp J.P., and Menzel A. Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis. Ann. For. Sci. 63 (2006) 569-577
42. Rossi S., Deslauriers A., Anfodillo T., Morin H., Saracino A., Motta R., and Borghetti M. Conifers in cold environments synchronize maximum growth rate of tree-ring formation with day length. New Phytol. 170 (2006) 301-310
43. Rouvinen S., and Kouki J. The natural northern European boreal forests: unifying the concepts, terminologies, and their application. Silva Fenn. 42 (2008) 135-146
44. Runkle J.R. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology 62 (1981) 1041-1051
45. Runkle J.R. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63 (1982) 1533-1546
46. Runkle J.R. Changes in southern Appalachian canopy tree gaps sampled thrice. Ecology 79 (1998) 1768-1780
47. Runkle J.R. Canopy tree turnover in old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 81 (2000) 554-567
48. SAS Institute Inc., 2002. Cary, NC, USA.
49. Schelhaas M.-J., Nabuurs G.-J., and Schuck A. Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Glob. Chang. Biol. 9 (2003) 1620-1633
50. Schleip C., Menzel A., and Dose V. Norway spruce (Picea abies): Bayesian analysis of the relationship between temperature and bud burst. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148 (2008) 631-643
51. Schlyter P., Stjernquist I., Bärring L., Jönsson A.M., and Nilsson C. Assessment of the impacts of climate change and weather extremes on boreal forests in northern Europe, focusing on Norway spruce. Clim. Res. 31 (2006) 75-84
52. Schumacher S., and Bugmann H. The relative importance of climatic effects, wildfires and management for future forest landscape dynamics in the Swiss Alps. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12 (2006) 1435-1450
53. Schütt P., Weisgerber H., Lang U.M., Roloff A., and Stimm B. Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse. Ecomed CD (2006)
54. Seidl R., Rammer W., Jäger D., and Lexer M.J. Impact of bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) disturbance on timber production and carbon sequestration in different management strategies under climate change. For. Ecol. Manage. 256 (2008) 209-220
55. In: Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt K.B., Tignor M., and Miller H.L. (Eds). Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html
56. Spies T.A., and Franklin J.F. Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 70 (1989) 543-545
57. Splechtna B.E., Gratzer G., and Black B.A. Disturbance history of a European old-growth mixed-species forest - a spatial dendro-ecological analysis. J. Veg. Sci. 16 (2005) 511-522
58. Stöcker G. Structure and dynamics of spruce forests in the Harz Mountains. Berichte der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft Hannover 139 (1997) 31-61
59. Stöcker G. Growth dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in natural spruce forest ecosystems of the National Park Hochharz. 1. Regeneration phase and initial phase. Forstwiss. Cent.bl. 120 (2001) 187-202
60. Stöcker G. Growth dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in natural spruce forest ecosystems of the National Park Hochharz. 2. Climax, ageing and decay phases. Forstwiss. Cent.bl. 121 (2002) 109-127
61. Stöcker G., and Rommerskirchen A. Beiträge zur Strukturanalyse natürlicher und forstlich bestimmter Fichten-Ökosysteme im Nationalpark Hochharz. Beitr. Forstwirtsch. Landsch.ökol. 36 (2002) 6-13
62. Stöcker G., and Wegener U. Intraspezifische Konkurrenz der Fichtenverjünung naturnaher Fichtenwald-Ökosysteme im Harz. Arch. Nat.schutz Landsch.forsch. 45 (2006) 3-27
63. Theurillat J.-P., and Guisan A. Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: a review. Clim. Chang. 50 (2001) 77-109
64. Thuiller W. Climate change and the ecologist. Nature 448 (2007) 550-552
65. Turner M.G., and Dale V.H. Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: what have we learned?. Ecosystems 1 (1998) 493-496
66. Ulanova N.G. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review. For. Ecol. Manage. 135 (2000) 155-167
67. Utschig H. Analysis of single tree productivity and growing space on long term trial plots - methods, program development and initial results. Forstwiss. Cent.bl. 121 (2002) 335-348
68. Walther G.-R., Beißler S., and Burga C.A. Trends in the upward shift of alpine plants. J. Veg. Sci. 16 (2005) 541-548
69. Wegener U. Landschaftswandel im Harz - die Rolle von Bergbau, Forst- und Landwirtschaft bei der Entwicklung der Kulturlandschaft. Veröffentlichung der LRP Landschaftsplanung Dr. Reichhoff GmbH 1 (2001) 57-65
70. Wegener U., and Kison H.-U. Die Vegetation des Brockens im Nationalpark Hochharz (Exkursion G). Tuexenia 22 (2002) 243-267
71. Wegener U., Lehmann M., Stöcker G., and Karste G. Analysis of conditions from autochthonous spruces [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] at the Brocken (National Park Hochharz). Arch. Nat.schutz Landsch.forsch. 42 (2003) 65-81
72. Wermelinger B. Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus - a review of recent research. For. Ecol. Manage. 202 (2004) 67-82
73. White P.S., and Pickett S.T.A. Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. In: Pickett S.T.A., and White P.S. (Eds). The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (1985), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA 3-13
74. Woods K.D. Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades. Ecology 81 (2000) 110-126
75. Woods K.D. Predictability, contingency, and convergence in late succession: slow systems and complex data-sets. J. Veg. Sci. 18 (2007) 543-554
76. Worrall J.J., Lee T.D., and Harrington T.C. Forest dynamics and agents that initiate and expand canopy gaps in Picea-Abies forests of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, USA. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 178-190
77. Yamamoto S.-I. Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in subalpine old-growth coniferous forests, central Japan. Ecol. Res. 10 (1995) 31-39