It Does Not Have To Be Uncomfortable: The Role of Behavioral Scripts in Black-White Interracial Interactions

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 94, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1382-1393

  Avery, Derek R ^a   Richeson, Jennifer A ^b   Hebl, Michelle R ^c   Ambady, Nalini ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

anxiety; behavioral scripting; diversity; interracial interactions

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NEGRO; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES; WORKPLACE;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ANXIETY; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL; RACE RELATIONS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES; WORKPLACE;

EID: 72249109552     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0016208     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Aberson C.L., and Haag S.C. Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 10 (2007) 179-201
2. Ambady N., Bernieri F., and Richeson J.A. Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 32 (2000) 201-271
3. Ambady N., and Rosenthal R. Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992) 256-274
4. Babad E.Y., Bernieri F., and Rosenthal R. Nonverbal communication and leakage in the behavior of biased and unbiased teachers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 89-94
5. Bacharach S.B., Bamberger P.A., and Vashdi D. Diversity and homophily at work: Supportive relations among White and African-American peers. Academy of Management Journal 48 (2005) 619-644
6. Bargh J.A. Auto-motives: Pre-conscious determinants of social interaction. In: Higgins E.T., and Sorrentino R.M. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition 2 (1990), Guilford Press, New York 93-130
7. Baumeister R.F., and Newman L.S. The primacy of stories, the primacy of roles, and the polarizing effects of interpretive motives: Some propositions about narratives. In: Wyer R.S. (Ed). Advances in social cognition 8 (1995), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 97-108
8. Blanchard F.A., Crandall C.S., Brigham J.C., and Vaughn L.A. Condemning and condoning racism: A social context approach to interracial settings. Journal of Applied Psychology 79 (1994) 993-997
9. Blank R., and Slipp S. Voices of diversity (1994), AMACOM, New York
10. Blascovich J., Mendes W.B., Hunter S.B., and Lickel B. Stigma, threat, and social interaction. In: Heatherton T.F., Hebl M.R., and Hull J.G. (Eds). The social psychology of stigma (2000), Guilford Press, New York 307-333
11. Blascovich J., Mendes W.B., Hunter S.B., Lickel B., and Kowai-Bell N. Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001) 253-267
12. Blascovich J., and Tomaka J. The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 28 (1996) 1-51
13. Block C.J., Roberson L., and Neuger D.A. White racial identity theory: Implications for understanding reactions toward interracial situations in organizations. Journal of Vocational Behavior 46 (1995) 71-88
14. Campion M.A., Palmer D.K., and Campion J.E. A review of structure in the selection interview. Personnel Psychology 50 (1997) 655-702
15. Chrobot-Mason D. Managing racial differences: The role of majority managers' ethnic identity development on minority employee perceptions of support. Group and Organization Management 29 (2004) 5-31
16. Combs G.S., and Griffith J. An examination of interracial contact: The influence of cross-race interpersonal efficacy and affect regulation. Human Resource Development Review 6 (2007) 222-244
17. Combs G.S., and Luthans F. Diversity training: Analysis of the impact of self-efficacy. Human Resource Development Quarterly 18 (2007) 91-120
18. Cortina L.M. Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review 33 (2008) 55-75
19. Crandall C.S., Eshleman A., and O'Brien L. Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 359-378
20. Cribbie R.A., Gruman J.A., and Arpin-Cribbie C.A. Recommendations for applying tests of equivalence. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60 (2004) 1-10
21. Crocker J., Major B., and Steele C.M. Social stigma. In: Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., and Lindzey G. (Eds). The handbook of social psychology. 4th ed. 2 (1998), McGraw-Hill, New York 504-553
22. Cunningham G.B., and Sagas M. The role of perceived demographic dissimilarity and interaction in customer-service satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36 (2006) 1654-1673
23. DePaulo B.M., and Friedman H.S. Nonverbal communication. In: Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., and Lindzey G. (Eds). The handbook of social psychology. 4th ed. 2 (1998), McGraw-Hill, New York 3-40
24. Devine P.G., Evett S.R., and Vasquez-Suson K.A. Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In: Sorrentino R.M., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context 3 (1996), Guilford Press, New York 423-464
25. Devine P.G., and Vasquez K.A. The rocky road to positive intergroup relations. In: Eberhardt J.L., and Fiske S.T. (Eds). Confronting racism: The problem and the response (1998), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 234-262
26. Dixon J.C. The ties that bind and those that don't: Toward reconciling group threat and contact theories of prejudice. Social Forces 84 (2006) 2179-2204
27. Dovidio J.F., and Gaertner S.L. On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism. In: Eberhardt J.L., and Fiske S.T. (Eds). Confronting racism: The problem and the response (1998), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 3-32
28. Dovidio J.F., Kawakami K., and Gaertner S.L. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 62-68
29. Dovidio J.F., Kawakami K., Johnson C., Johnson B., and Howard A. On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (1997) 510-540
30. Dunton B.C., and Fazio R.H. An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (1997) 316-326
31. Eagly A.H., and Johnson B.T. Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 108 (1990) 233-256
32. Emerson M.O., Kimbro R.T., and Yancey G. Contact theory extended: The effects of prior racial contact on current social ties. Social Science Quarterly 83 (2002) 745-761
33. Enchautegui-de-Jesús N., Hughes D., Johnston K.E., and Oh H.J. Well-being in the context of workplace ethnic diversity. Journal of Community Psychology 34 (2006) 211-223
34. Ensher E.A., Grant-Vallone E.J., and Donalson S.I. Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly 12 (2001) 153-172
35. Fazio R.H., Jackson J.R., Dunton B.C., and Williams C.J. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 1013-1027
36. Feldman R.S., and Donahoe L.F. Nonverbal communication of affect in interracial dyads. Journal of Educational Psychology 70 (1978) 979-987
37. Gaertner S.L., and Dovidio J.F. The aversive form of racism. In: Dovidio J., and Gaertner S. (Eds). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (1986), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 61-89
38. Gudykunst W.B. Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current status. In: Wiseman R. (Ed). Intercultural communication theory (1995), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 8-58
39. Gudykunst W.B., and Shapiro R.B. Communication in everyday interpersonal and intergroup encounters. Journal of Intercultural Relations 20 (1996) 19-45
40. Hamilton D.L., and Bishop G.D. Attitudinal and behavioral effects of initial integration of White suburban neighborhoods. Journal of Social Issues 32 2 (1976) 47-67
41. Hebl M.R., Tickle J., and Heatherton T.F. Awkward moments in interactions between nonstigmatized and stigmatized individuals. In: Heatherton T.F., Kleck R.E., Hebl M.R., and Hull J.G. (Eds). The social psychology of stigma (2000), Guilford Press, New York 273-306
42. Hyers L.L., and Swim J.K. A comparison of the experiences of dominant and minority group members during an intergroup encounter. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 1 (1998) 143-163
43. Ibarra H. Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review 18 (1993) 56-87
44. Ibarra H. Race, opportunity, and diversity of social circles in managerial networks. Academy of Management Journal 38 (1995) 673-703
45. Jones E.E. Interpersonal perception (1990), Freeman, New York
46. Kenny D.A., Kashy D.A., and Cook W.L. Dyadic data analysis (2006), Guilford Press, New York
47. Kulik C.T., and Roberson L. Common goals and golden opportunities: Evaluations of diversity education in academic and organizational settings. Academy of Management Learning and Education 7 (2008) 309-331
48. Larkey L.K. Toward a theory of communicative interactions in culturally diverse workgroups. Academy of Management Review 21 (1996) 463-491
49. Lee C.M., and Gudykunst W.B. Attraction in initial interethnic interactions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 25 (2001) 373-387
50. Mauraven M., and Baumeister R.F. Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?. Psychological Bulletin 126 (2000) 247-259
51. McKay P.F., and Avery D.R. What has race got to do with it? Unraveling the role of racioethnicity in job seekers' reactions to site visits. Personnel Psychology 59 (2006) 395-429
52. Neuberg S.L., Smith D.L., and Asher T. Why people stigmatize: Toward a bicultural framework. In: Heatherton T.F., Kleck R.E., Hebl M.R., and Hull J.G. (Eds). The social psychology of stigma (2000), Guilford Press, New York 31-61
53. Norton M.I., Sommers S.R., Apfelbaum E.P., Pura N., and Ariely D. Color blindness and interracial interaction: Playing the political correctness game. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 949-953
54. Olson J.M., Roese N.J., and Zanna M.P. Expectancies. In: Higgins E.T., and Kruglanski A.W. (Eds). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (1996), Guilford Press, New York 211-238
55. Pendry L.F., Driscoll D.M., and Field S.C.T. Diversity training: Putting theory into practice. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology 80 (2007) 27-50
56. Plant E.A., Butz D.A., and Tartakovsky M. Interethnic interactions: Expectancies, emotions, and behavioral intentions. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 11 (2008) 555-574
57. Plant E.A., and Devine P.G. Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 811-832
58. Plant E.A., and Devine P.G. The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 790-801
59. Pryor J.B., and Merluzzi T.V. The role of expertise in processing social interaction scripts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 21 (1985) 362-379
60. Richard O.C. Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal 43 (2000) 164-177
61. Richard O.C., Murthi B.P.S., and Ismail K. The impact of racial diversity on intermediate and long-term performance: The moderating role of environmental context. Strategic Management Journal 28 (2007) 1213-1233
62. Richeson J.A., and Shelton J.N. When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychological Science 14 (2003) 287-290
63. Richeson J.A., and Trawalter S. Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resource depletion account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 934-947
64. Richeson J.A., Trawalter S., and Shelton J.N. African Americans' implicit racial attitudes and the depletion of executive function after interracial interactions. Social Cognition 23 (2005) 336-352
65. Roberson L., and Kulik C.T. Stereotype threat at work. Academy of Management Perspectives 21 (2007) 24-40
66. Roberson L., Kulik C.T., and Pepper M.B. Using needs assessment to resolve controversies in diversity training design. Group and Organization Management 28 (2003) 148-174
67. Rosenthal R. Judgment studies: Design, analysis, and meta-analysis (1987), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
68. Schank R.C., and Abelson R.P. Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding (1977), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
69. Schlenker B.R., and Weigold M.F. Interpersonal processes involving impression regulation and management. Annual Review of Psychology 43 (1992) 133-168
70. Schofield J.W. Effects of norms, public disclosure, and need for approval on volunteering behavior consistent with attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (1975) 1126-1133
71. Shelton J.N. Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 6 (2003) 171-185
72. Shelton J.N., and Richeson J.A. Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 91-107
73. Smith T.W. Measuring inter-racial friendships. Social Science Research 31 (2002) 576-593
74. Snyder M., and Stukas A.A. Interpersonal processes: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral, activities in social interaction. Annual Review of Psychology 50 (1999) 273-303
75. Stephan W.G., and Stephan C.W. Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985) 157-175
76. Thomas K.M. Diversity resistance in organizations (2007), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
77. Toossi M. A new look at long-term labor force projections to 2050. Monthly Labor Review 129 11 (2006) 19-39
78. Towles-Schwen T., and Fazio R.H. Choosing social situations: The relation between automatically-activated racial attitudes and anticipated comfort interacting with African Americans. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 170-182
79. Tsui A.S., and Gutek B.A. Demographic differences in organizations (1999), Lexington Books, Lanham, MD
80. Vorauer J.D., Hunter A.J., Main K.J., and Roy S.A. Meta-stereotype activation: Evidence from indirect measures for specific evaluative concerns experienced by members of dominant groups in intergroup interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 690-707
81. Warner L.G., and De Fleur M.L. Attitude as an interactional concept: Social constraint and social distance as intervening variables between attitudes and action. American Sociological Review 34 (1969) 153-169
82. Wegner D., and Bargh J. Control and automaticity in social life. In: Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., and Lindzey G. (Eds). The handbook of social psychology. 4th ed. 1 (1998), McGraw-Hill, New York 446-496
83. Weitz S. Attitude, voice, and behavior: A repressed affect model of interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24 (1972) 14-21
84. Wells G.L., and Windschitl P.D. Stimulus sampling and social psychological experimentation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (1999) 1115-1125
85. Wilder D.A. The role of anxiety in facilitating stereotypic judgments of out-group behavior. In: Mackie D.M., and Hamilton D.L. (Eds). Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (1993), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 87-109
86. Williamson L.G., Campion J.E., Malos S.B., Roehling M.V., and Campion M.A. Employment interview on trial: Linking interview structure with litigation outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997) 900-912
87. Word C.O., Zanna M.P., and Cooper J. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 10 (1974) 109-120