Stereotype threat at work

Academy of Management Perspectives

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 24-40

  Roberson, Loriann ^a   Kulik, Carol T ^b  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547226141     PISSN: 15589080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMP.2007.25356510     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Adler, N. J. (2002). International dimensions of organizational behavior, Fourth Edition. Cincinnati OH: South-Western Publishing.
2. Aronson, J. (2002). Stereotype threat: Contending and coping with unnerving expectations. In J. Aronson (Ed.) Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education (pp. 279-301). San Francisco: Elsevier.
3. Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When White men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
4. Aronson, J., Quinn, D. M., & Spencer, S. J. (1998). Stereotype threat and the academic underperformance of minorities and women. In Swim, J.K. & Stangor, C. (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 83-103). New York: Academic Press.
5. Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2005). When high-powered people fail: Working memory and "choking under pressure" in math. Psychological Science, 16, 101-105.
6. Bendick, M., Egan, M. L., & Lofhjelm, S. M. (2001). Workforce diversity training: From anti-discrimination compliance to organizational development. Human Resource Planning, 24, 10-36.
7. Blank, R., & Shipp, S. (1994). Voices of diversity: Real people talk about problems and solutions in a workplace where everyone is not dike. New York: AMACOM.
8. Blascovich, J., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12, 225-229.
9. Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10. Brief, A. P., & Barsky, A. (2000). Establishing a climate for diversity: The inhibition of prejudiced reactions in the workplace. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 19, 91-129.
11. Brown, R. P., & Josephs, R. A. (1999). A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 246-257.
12. Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Frigerio, S., Impagliazzo, L., & Latinotti, S. (2003). Stereotype threat: The effect of expectancy on performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 267-285.
13. Chandler, M. (1999, October 4). Secrets of the SAT (FRONTLINE, #1802). New York and Washington, D.C.: Public Broadcasting Service.
14. Chung-Herrera, B. G., & Lankau, M. J. (2005). Are we there yet? An assessment of fit between stereotypes of minority managers and the successful-manager prototype. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2029-2056.
15. Cocchiara, F. K., & Quick, J. C. (2004). The negative effects of positive stereotypes: Ethnicity-related stressors and implications on organizational health. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 781-785.
16. Cox, T. H. Jr. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
17. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
18. Dickins, F., & Dickens, J. B. (1991). The Black manager: Making it in the corporate world. New York: AMACOM.
19. Elliott, A. J., &. Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461-475.
20. Frantz, C. M., Cuddy, A. J. C., Burnett, M., Ray, H., & Hart, A. (2004). A threat in the computer: The race implicit association test as a stereotype threat experience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1611-1614.
21. Friedman, R. A., & Holtom, B. (2002). The effects of network groups on minority employee turnover intentions. Human Resource Management, 41, 405-421.
22. Friedman, R. A., Kane, M., & Cornfield, D. B. (1998). Social support and career optimism: Examining the effectiveness of network groups among Black managers. Human Relations, 51, 1155-1177.
23. Greenberg, J. (1996). Managing behavior in organizations: Science in service to practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
24. Greengard, S. (2003). Gimme attitude. Workforce, 82, 56-60.
25. Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 12, 748-769.
26. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
27. Hansen, F. (2003). Diversity's business case doesn't add up. Workforce, 82, 28-32.
28. Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., Martell, R. F., & Simon, M. C. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 935-942.
29. Hite, L. M. (2004). Black and White women managers: Access to opportunity. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15, 131-146.
30. Hom, P. W., Roberson, L., & Ellis, A. D. (2007). Challenging conventional wisdom about who quits: Revehtions from corporate America. Manuscript submitted for publication, Arizona State University.
31. Inzlicht, M., & Ben Zeev, T. (2003). Do high-achieving female students underperform in private? The implications of threatening environments on intellectual processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 796-805.
32. Jackson, S. E., Brett, J. F., Sessa, V. I., Cooper, D. M., Julin, J. A., & Peyronnin, K. (1991). Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 675-689.
33. Jehn, K. A., Neale, M., & Northcraft, G. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-763.
34. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. (2005). Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance. Psychological Science, 16, 175-179.
35. Kanter, R. (1977). Men and women of the organization. New York: Basic Books.
36. Kellough, J. E., & Naff, K. C. (2004). Responding to a wake up call: An examination of Federal Agency Diversity Management Programs. Administration & Society, 36, 62-91.
37. Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., Leonare, J., Levine, D., & Thomas, D. (2003). The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network. Human Resource Management, 42, 3-21.
38. Kray, L. J., Galinsky, A. D., & Thompson, L. (2002). Reversing the gender gap in negotiations: An exploration of stereotype regeneration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 87, 386-409.
39. Kray, L. J., Thompson, L., & Galinsky, A. (2001). Battle of the sexes: Gender stereotype confirmation and reactance in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 942-958.
40. Marx, D. M., & Roman, J. S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1183-1193.
41. McCauley, C., Eastman, L., & Ohlott, P. (1995). Linking management selection and development through stretch assignments. Human Resource Management, 34, 93-115.
42. McIntyre, R. B., Paulson, R. M., & Lord, C. G. (2003). Alleviating women's mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 83-90.
43. Niemann, Y. F., & Dovidio, J. F. (1998). Relationship of solo status, academic rank, and perceived distinctiveness to job satisfaction of racial/ethnic minorities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 55-71.
44. Noe, R. A. (1999). Employee training and development. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
45. Parks-Yancy, R. (2006). The effects of social group membership and social capital resources on career. Journal of Black Studies, 36, 515-545.
46. Personal blog. (2005, June 3). Available at: http://www.big fatblog.com/archives/001607.php.
47. Reio, Jr., T. G., & Callahan, J. L. (2004). Affect, curiosity, and socialization-related learning: A path analysis of antecedents to job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 3-22.
48. Rice, F. (1996). Denny's changes its spots. Fortune, 133, 133-138.
49. Roberson L., Deitch, E., Brief, A. P., & Block, C. J. (2003). Stereotype threat and feedback seeking in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 176-188.
50. Robinson, G., & Dechant, K. (1997). Building a business case for diversity. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 21-31.
51. Smith, J. L. (2004). Understanding the process of stereotype threat: A review of mediational variables and new performance goal directions. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 177-206.
52. Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychohgy, 35, 4-28.
53. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
54. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
55. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. Advances in Experimental Social Psychobgy, 34, 379-440.
56. Steele-Johnson, D., Beauregard, R. S., Hoover, P. B., & Schmidt, A. M. (2000). Goal orientation and task demand effects on motivation, affect, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 724-738.
57. Stone, J., Lynch, C. L., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J.M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychobgy, 77, 1213-1227.
58. Thomas, D. A. (2001). The truth about mentoring minorities: Race matters. Harvard Business Review, 79, 98-107.
59. Thomas, D. A., & Ely, R. J. (1996). Making differences matter: A new paradigm for managing diversity. Harvard Business Review, 74, 79-91.
60. Thomas, D. A., & Gabarro, J. J. (1999). Breaking through: The making of minority executives in corporate America. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
61. Thomas, R. R. Jr. (1991). Beyond race and gender: Unleashing the power of your total work force by managing diversity. NY: AMACOM.
62. Tomkiewicz, J., Brenner, O. C, & Adeyemi-Bello, T. (1998). The impact of perceptions and stereotypes on the managerial mobility of African Americans. Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 88-92.
63. Tsui, A. Egan, T., & O'Reilly, C. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.
64. Verbeke, W., & Bagozzi, R. (2000). Sales call anxiety: Exploring what it means when fear rules a sales encounter. Joumai of Marketing, 64, 88-102.
65. Vandewalle, D. (2001). Goal orientation: Why wanting to look successful doesn't always lead to success. Organisational Dynamics, 30, 162-171.
66. Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 18, 459-482.
67. Zenger, T., & Lawrence, B. (1989). Organizational demography: The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communications. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 353-376.