메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1128-1139

Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AKINESIA; DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MUSCLE TONE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; TREMOR;

EID: 72149101615     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70293-5     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (651)

References (127)
  • 1
    • 0002637262 scopus 로고
    • Disorders of motility and tone
    • 53-62, 169-78.
    • Wilson S. Disorders of motility and tone. Lancet 206 (1925) 1-10 53-62, 169-78.
    • (1925) Lancet , vol.206 , pp. 1-10
    • Wilson, S.1
  • 2
    • 0020029213 scopus 로고
    • The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia: the Robert Wartenberg Lecture
    • Marsden C.D. The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia: the Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 32 (1982) 514-539
    • (1982) Neurology , vol.32 , pp. 514-539
    • Marsden, C.D.1
  • 3
    • 40449124460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic research on dopamine in Parkinson's disease and the discovery of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway: the view of an eyewitness
    • Hornykiewicz O. Basic research on dopamine in Parkinson's disease and the discovery of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway: the view of an eyewitness. Neurodegener Dis 5 (2008) 114-117
    • (2008) Neurodegener Dis , vol.5 , pp. 114-117
    • Hornykiewicz, O.1
  • 4
    • 53149137434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional organization of the basal ganglia: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease
    • Obeso J.A., Rodríguez-Oroz M.C., Benitez-Temino B., et al. Functional organization of the basal ganglia: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 23 suppl 3 (2008) S548-S559
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Obeso, J.A.1    Rodríguez-Oroz, M.C.2    Benitez-Temino, B.3
  • 6
    • 0029981855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stride length regulation in Parkinson's disease. Normalization strategies and underlying mechanisms
    • Morris M.E., Iansek R., Matyas T.A., and Summers J.J. Stride length regulation in Parkinson's disease. Normalization strategies and underlying mechanisms. Brain 119 (1996) 551-568
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 551-568
    • Morris, M.E.1    Iansek, R.2    Matyas, T.A.3    Summers, J.J.4
  • 7
    • 0015464660 scopus 로고
    • The response to muscle stretch and shortening in Parkinsonian rigidity
    • Andrews C.J., Burke D., and Lance J.W. The response to muscle stretch and shortening in Parkinsonian rigidity. Brain 95 (1972) 795-812
    • (1972) Brain , vol.95 , pp. 795-812
    • Andrews, C.J.1    Burke, D.2    Lance, J.W.3
  • 8
    • 34347261717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of Jules Froment to the study of parkinsonian rigidity
    • Broussolle E., Krack P., Thobois S., et al. Contribution of Jules Froment to the study of parkinsonian rigidity. Mov Disord 22 (2007) 909-914
    • (2007) Mov Disord , vol.22 , pp. 909-914
    • Broussolle, E.1    Krack, P.2    Thobois, S.3
  • 9
    • 0024450903 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
    • Albin R.L., Young A.B., and Penney J.B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci 12 (1989) 366-375
    • (1989) Trends Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 366-375
    • Albin, R.L.1    Young, A.B.2    Penney, J.B.3
  • 10
    • 0023205338 scopus 로고
    • MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the monkey: neurochemical pathology, complications of treatment and pathophysiological mechanisms
    • Crossman A.R., Clarke C.E., Boyce S., et al. MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the monkey: neurochemical pathology, complications of treatment and pathophysiological mechanisms. Can J Neurol Sci 14 (1987) 428-435
    • (1987) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.14 , pp. 428-435
    • Crossman, A.R.1    Clarke, C.E.2    Boyce, S.3
  • 11
    • 0025298139 scopus 로고
    • Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin
    • DeLong M.R. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci 13 (1990) 281-285
    • (1990) Trends Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 281-285
    • DeLong, M.R.1
  • 12
    • 0034109592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: problems with the current model
    • Obeso J.A., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Rodriguez M., DeLong M.R., and Olanow C.W. Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: problems with the current model. Ann Neurol 47 4 suppl 1 (2000) S22-S32
    • (2000) Ann Neurol , vol.47 , Issue.4 SUPPL. 1
    • Obeso, J.A.1    Rodriguez-Oroz, M.C.2    Rodriguez, M.3    DeLong, M.R.4    Olanow, C.W.5
  • 13
    • 0028048143 scopus 로고
    • The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of stereotaxic surgery in Parkinson's disease
    • Marsden C.D., and Obeso J.A. The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of stereotaxic surgery in Parkinson's disease. Brain 117 (1994) 877-897
    • (1994) Brain , vol.117 , pp. 877-897
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Obeso, J.A.2
  • 14
    • 39549087461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxes of functional neurosurgery: clues from basal ganglia recordings
    • Brown P., and Eusebio A. Paradoxes of functional neurosurgery: clues from basal ganglia recordings. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 12-20
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 12-20
    • Brown, P.1    Eusebio, A.2
  • 15
    • 0034853535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics
    • Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Rodriguez M., Guridi J., et al. The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics. Brain 124 (2001) 1777-1790
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 1777-1790
    • Rodriguez-Oroz, M.C.1    Rodriguez, M.2    Guridi, J.3
  • 16
    • 44949169838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic correlates of subthalamic nucleus activity in Parkinson's disease
    • Lin T.P., Carbon M., Tang C., et al. Metabolic correlates of subthalamic nucleus activity in Parkinson's disease. Brain 131 (2008) 1373-1380
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 1373-1380
    • Lin, T.P.1    Carbon, M.2    Tang, C.3
  • 17
    • 0032931177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on the preparation and execution of voluntary hand and arm movements in Parkinson's disease
    • Limousin P., Brown R.G., Jahanshahi M., et al. The effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on the preparation and execution of voluntary hand and arm movements in Parkinson's disease. Brain 122 (1999) 315-327
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , pp. 315-327
    • Limousin, P.1    Brown, R.G.2    Jahanshahi, M.3
  • 18
    • 33646590661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Network modulation by the subthalamic nucleus in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Trost M., Su S., Su P., et al. Network modulation by the subthalamic nucleus in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 31 (2006) 301-307
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.31 , pp. 301-307
    • Trost, M.1    Su, S.2    Su, P.3
  • 20
    • 33745923209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basal ganglia in human learning
    • Seger C.A. The basal ganglia in human learning. Neuroscientist 12 (2006) 285-290
    • (2006) Neuroscientist , vol.12 , pp. 285-290
    • Seger, C.A.1
  • 21
    • 34247469020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update
    • Bjorklund A., and Dunnett S.B. Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update. Trends Neurosci 30 (2007) 194-202
    • (2007) Trends Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 194-202
    • Bjorklund, A.1    Dunnett, S.B.2
  • 22
    • 44949221767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits and striato-frontal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease
    • Sawamoto N., Piccini P., Hotton G., et al. Cognitive deficits and striato-frontal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease. Brain 131 (2008) 1294-1302
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 1294-1302
    • Sawamoto, N.1    Piccini, P.2    Hotton, G.3
  • 23
    • 60149097824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal dynamics of basal ganglia under-recruitment in Parkinson's disease: transient caudate abnormalities during updating of working memory
    • Marklund P., Larsson A., Elgh E., et al. Temporal dynamics of basal ganglia under-recruitment in Parkinson's disease: transient caudate abnormalities during updating of working memory. Brain 132 (2009) 336-346
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 336-346
    • Marklund, P.1    Larsson, A.2    Elgh, E.3
  • 24
    • 39549107566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrastriatal monoamine neuron function in Parkinson's disease: an 18F-dopa PET study
    • Moore R.Y., Whone A.L., and Brooks D.J. Extrastriatal monoamine neuron function in Parkinson's disease: an 18F-dopa PET study. Neurobiol Dis 29 (2008) 381-390
    • (2008) Neurobiol Dis , vol.29 , pp. 381-390
    • Moore, R.Y.1    Whone, A.L.2    Brooks, D.J.3
  • 25
    • 0028907136 scopus 로고
    • Image analyser-assisted morphometry of the locus coeruleus in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Hoogendijk W.J., Pool C.W., Troost D., et al. Image analyser-assisted morphometry of the locus coeruleus in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 118 (1995) 131-143
    • (1995) Brain , vol.118 , pp. 131-143
    • Hoogendijk, W.J.1    Pool, C.W.2    Troost, D.3
  • 27
    • 27944431681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing
    • Buhusi C.V., and Meck W.H. What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nat Rev Neurosci 6 (2005) 755-765
    • (2005) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 755-765
    • Buhusi, C.V.1    Meck, W.H.2
  • 28
    • 33748784074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: a functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems
    • Meck W.H. Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: a functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. Brain Res 1109 (2006) 93-107
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1109 , pp. 93-107
    • Meck, W.H.1
  • 29
    • 33751348769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The substantia nigra pars compacta and temporal processing
    • Jahanshahi M., Jones C.R., Dirnberger G., and Frith C.D. The substantia nigra pars compacta and temporal processing. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 12266-12273
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 12266-12273
    • Jahanshahi, M.1    Jones, C.R.2    Dirnberger, G.3    Frith, C.D.4
  • 30
    • 0026546085 scopus 로고
    • Time estimation and reproduction is abnormal in Parkinson's disease
    • Pastor M.A., Artieda J., Jahanshahi M., and Obeso J.A. Time estimation and reproduction is abnormal in Parkinson's disease. Brain 115 (1992) 211-225
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , pp. 211-225
    • Pastor, M.A.1    Artieda, J.2    Jahanshahi, M.3    Obeso, J.A.4
  • 31
    • 34447645118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient overexpression of striatal D2 receptors impairs operant motivation and interval timing
    • Drew M.R., Simpson E.H., Kellendonk C., et al. Transient overexpression of striatal D2 receptors impairs operant motivation and interval timing. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 7731-7739
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 7731-7739
    • Drew, M.R.1    Simpson, E.H.2    Kellendonk, C.3
  • 32
    • 33747614989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might contribute to slow down movement in Parkinsonian monkeys
    • Leblois A., Meissner W., Bezard E., et al. Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might contribute to slow down movement in Parkinsonian monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 24 (2006) 1201-1208
    • (2006) Eur J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 1201-1208
    • Leblois, A.1    Meissner, W.2    Bezard, E.3
  • 33
    • 0029850519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An explanation for reflex blink hyperexcitability in Parkinson's disease. I. Superior colliculus
    • Basso M.A., Powers A.S., and Evinger C. An explanation for reflex blink hyperexcitability in Parkinson's disease. I. Superior colliculus. J Neurosci 16 (1996) 7308-7317
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 7308-7317
    • Basso, M.A.1    Powers, A.S.2    Evinger, C.3
  • 34
    • 0018958935 scopus 로고
    • A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia
    • Hallett M., and Khoshbin S. A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. Brain 103 (1980) 301-314
    • (1980) Brain , vol.103 , pp. 301-314
    • Hallett, M.1    Khoshbin, S.2
  • 35
    • 34447136107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why don't we move faster? Parkinson's disease, movement vigor, and implicit motivation
    • Mazzoni P., Hristova A., and Krakauer J.W. Why don't we move faster? Parkinson's disease, movement vigor, and implicit motivation. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 7105-7116
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 7105-7116
    • Mazzoni, P.1    Hristova, A.2    Krakauer, J.W.3
  • 36
    • 0022967012 scopus 로고
    • Scaling of the size of the first agonist EMG burst during rapid wrist movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Berardelli A., Dick J.P., Rothwell J.C., et al. Scaling of the size of the first agonist EMG burst during rapid wrist movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49 (1986) 1273-1279
    • (1986) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 1273-1279
    • Berardelli, A.1    Dick, J.P.2    Rothwell, J.C.3
  • 37
    • 67651162185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impairments of speed and amplitude of movement in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study
    • Espay A.J., Beaton D.E., Morgante F., et al. Impairments of speed and amplitude of movement in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Mov Disord 24 (2009) 1001-1008
    • (2009) Mov Disord , vol.24 , pp. 1001-1008
    • Espay, A.J.1    Beaton, D.E.2    Morgante, F.3
  • 38
    • 0030627709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial relationships between striatal axonal endings and pallidal neurons in macaque monkeys
    • Yelnik J., Francois C., and Percheron G. Spatial relationships between striatal axonal endings and pallidal neurons in macaque monkeys. Adv Neurol 74 (1997) 45-56
    • (1997) Adv Neurol , vol.74 , pp. 45-56
    • Yelnik, J.1    Francois, C.2    Percheron, G.3
  • 39
    • 62949083956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neurocomputational model of tonic and phasic dopamine in action selection: a comparison with cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease
    • Guthrie M., Myers C.E., and Gluck M.A. A neurocomputational model of tonic and phasic dopamine in action selection: a comparison with cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 200 (2009) 48-59
    • (2009) Behav Brain Res , vol.200 , pp. 48-59
    • Guthrie, M.1    Myers, C.E.2    Gluck, M.A.3
  • 40
    • 0032973437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?
    • Redgrave P., Prescott T.J., and Gurney K. The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?. Neuroscience 89 (1999) 1009-1023
    • (1999) Neuroscience , vol.89 , pp. 1009-1023
    • Redgrave, P.1    Prescott, T.J.2    Gurney, K.3
  • 41
    • 0034101465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ratio of inhibited-to-activated pallidal neurons decreases dramatically during passive limb movement in the MPTP-treated monkey
    • Boraud T., Bezard E., Bioulac B., and Gross C.E. Ratio of inhibited-to-activated pallidal neurons decreases dramatically during passive limb movement in the MPTP-treated monkey. J Neurophysiol 83 (2000) 1760-1763
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 1760-1763
    • Boraud, T.1    Bezard, E.2    Bioulac, B.3    Gross, C.E.4
  • 42
    • 0036830566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the proprioceptive mapping in the medial wall of parkinsonian monkeys
    • Escola L., Michelet T., Douillard G., et al. Disruption of the proprioceptive mapping in the medial wall of parkinsonian monkeys. Ann Neurol 52 (2002) 581-587
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 581-587
    • Escola, L.1    Michelet, T.2    Douillard, G.3
  • 43
    • 0036615887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced synchrony among primary motor cortex neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine primate model of Parkinson's disease
    • Goldberg J.A., Boraud T., Maraton S., et al. Enhanced synchrony among primary motor cortex neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine primate model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 4639-4653
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 4639-4653
    • Goldberg, J.A.1    Boraud, T.2    Maraton, S.3
  • 44
    • 0023874623 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal influences of passive limb movement on the activity of globus pallidus neurons in parkinsonian monkeys
    • Filion M., Tremblay L., and Bedard P.J. Abnormal influences of passive limb movement on the activity of globus pallidus neurons in parkinsonian monkeys. Brain Res 444 (1988) 165-176
    • (1988) Brain Res , vol.444 , pp. 165-176
    • Filion, M.1    Tremblay, L.2    Bedard, P.J.3
  • 45
    • 33645565916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical inputs and GABA interneurons imbalance projection neurons in the striatum of parkinsonian rats
    • Mallet N., Ballion B., Le Moine C., and Gonon F. Cortical inputs and GABA interneurons imbalance projection neurons in the striatum of parkinsonian rats. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 3875-3884
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 3875-3884
    • Mallet, N.1    Ballion, B.2    Le Moine, C.3    Gonon, F.4
  • 46
    • 45849139704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent collateral connections of striatal medium spiny neurons are disrupted in models of Parkinson's disease
    • Taverna S., Ilijic E., and Surmeier D.J. Recurrent collateral connections of striatal medium spiny neurons are disrupted in models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 5504-5512
    • (2008) J Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 5504-5512
    • Taverna, S.1    Ilijic, E.2    Surmeier, D.J.3
  • 47
    • 0034668949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa controls both striatal long-term depression and long-term potentiation, opposing forms of synaptic plasticity
    • Calabresi P., Gubellini P., Centonze D., et al. Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa controls both striatal long-term depression and long-term potentiation, opposing forms of synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 20 (2000) 8443-8451
    • (2000) J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 8443-8451
    • Calabresi, P.1    Gubellini, P.2    Centonze, D.3
  • 48
    • 55249121356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic changes in the cortex-basal ganglia network after dopamine depletion in the rat
    • Dejean C., Gross C.E., Bioulac B., and Boraud T. Dynamic changes in the cortex-basal ganglia network after dopamine depletion in the rat. J Neurophysiol 100 (2008) 385-396
    • (2008) J Neurophysiol , vol.100 , pp. 385-396
    • Dejean, C.1    Gross, C.E.2    Bioulac, B.3    Boraud, T.4
  • 49
    • 34250833203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease: networks, models and treatments
    • Hammond C., Bergman H., and Brown P. Pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease: networks, models and treatments. Trends Neurosci 30 (2007) 357-364
    • (2007) Trends Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 357-364
    • Hammond, C.1    Bergman, H.2    Brown, P.3
  • 50
    • 67749084372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resonance in subthalamo-cortical circuits in Parkinson's disease
    • Eusebio A., Pogosyan A., Wang S., et al. Resonance in subthalamo-cortical circuits in Parkinson's disease. Brain 132 (2009) 2139-2150
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 2139-2150
    • Eusebio, A.1    Pogosyan, A.2    Wang, S.3
  • 51
    • 0037733007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Brown P. Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 18 (2003) 357-363
    • (2003) Mov Disord , vol.18 , pp. 357-363
    • Brown, P.1
  • 52
    • 33745685518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow oscillatory activity and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease
    • Alonso-Frech F., Zamarbide I., Alegre M., et al. Slow oscillatory activity and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Brain 129 (2006) 1748-1757
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 1748-1757
    • Alonso-Frech, F.1    Zamarbide, I.2    Alegre, M.3
  • 53
    • 0020510414 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal activity in area 4 and movement parameters recorded in trained monkeys after unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra
    • Gross C., Feger J., Seal J., Haramburu P., and Bioulac B. Neuronal activity in area 4 and movement parameters recorded in trained monkeys after unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra. Exp Brain Res 7 (1983) 181-193
    • (1983) Exp Brain Res , vol.7 , pp. 181-193
    • Gross, C.1    Feger, J.2    Seal, J.3    Haramburu, P.4    Bioulac, B.5
  • 54
    • 0025975472 scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia motor control. II. Late pallidal timing relative to movement onset and inconsistent pallidal coding of movement parameters
    • Mink J.W., and Thach W.T. Basal ganglia motor control. II. Late pallidal timing relative to movement onset and inconsistent pallidal coding of movement parameters. J Neurophysiol 65 (1991) 301-329
    • (1991) J Neurophysiol , vol.65 , pp. 301-329
    • Mink, J.W.1    Thach, W.T.2
  • 55
    • 0037228872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of information processing in the supplementary motor area of the MPTP-treated monkey: a clue to the pathophysiology of akinesia?
    • Escola L., Michelet T., Macia F., et al. Disruption of information processing in the supplementary motor area of the MPTP-treated monkey: a clue to the pathophysiology of akinesia?. Brain 126 (2003) 95-114
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , pp. 95-114
    • Escola, L.1    Michelet, T.2    Macia, F.3
  • 56
    • 25444482613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balance of monosynaptic excitatory and disynaptic inhibitory responses of the globus pallidus induced after stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey
    • Kita H., Tachibana Y., Nambu A., and Chiken S. Balance of monosynaptic excitatory and disynaptic inhibitory responses of the globus pallidus induced after stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. J Neurosci 25 (2005) 8611-8619
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 8611-8619
    • Kita, H.1    Tachibana, Y.2    Nambu, A.3    Chiken, S.4
  • 57
    • 0033623794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitatory cortical inputs to pallidal neurons via the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey
    • Nambu A., Tokuno H., Hamada I., et al. Excitatory cortical inputs to pallidal neurons via the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 84 (2000) 289-300
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.84 , pp. 289-300
    • Nambu, A.1    Tokuno, H.2    Hamada, I.3
  • 58
    • 0018407520 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a quantitative association between EMG stretch responses and Parkinsonian rigidity
    • Mortimer J.A., and Webster D.D. Evidence for a quantitative association between EMG stretch responses and Parkinsonian rigidity. Brain Res 162 (1979) 169-173
    • (1979) Brain Res , vol.162 , pp. 169-173
    • Mortimer, J.A.1    Webster, D.D.2
  • 59
    • 0025809096 scopus 로고
    • Short-latency autogenic inhibition in patients with Parkinsonian rigidity
    • Delwaide P.J., Pepin J.L., and de Noordhout A.M. Short-latency autogenic inhibition in patients with Parkinsonian rigidity. Ann Neurol 30 (1991) 83-89
    • (1991) Ann Neurol , vol.30 , pp. 83-89
    • Delwaide, P.J.1    Pepin, J.L.2    de Noordhout, A.M.3
  • 60
    • 0020676408 scopus 로고
    • The behaviour of the long-latency stretch reflex in patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Rothwell J.C., Obeso J.A., Traub M.M., and Marsden C.D. The behaviour of the long-latency stretch reflex in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46 (1983) 35-44
    • (1983) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 35-44
    • Rothwell, J.C.1    Obeso, J.A.2    Traub, M.M.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 61
    • 12344272689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortex dysfunction revealed by cortical excitability studies in Parkinson's disease: influence of antiparkinsonian treatment and cortical stimulation
    • Lefaucheur J.P. Motor cortex dysfunction revealed by cortical excitability studies in Parkinson's disease: influence of antiparkinsonian treatment and cortical stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 116 (2005) 244-253
    • (2005) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.116 , pp. 244-253
    • Lefaucheur, J.P.1
  • 62
    • 0029688040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease rigidity. Role of corticospinal motor projections
    • Cantello R., Gianelli M., Civardi C., and Mutani R. Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease rigidity. Role of corticospinal motor projections. Adv Neurol 69 (1996) 129-133
    • (1996) Adv Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 129-133
    • Cantello, R.1    Gianelli, M.2    Civardi, C.3    Mutani, R.4
  • 63
    • 20444422135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic drugs restore facilitatory premotor-motor interactions in Parkinson disease
    • Mir P., Matsunaga K., Gilio F., et al. Dopaminergic drugs restore facilitatory premotor-motor interactions in Parkinson disease. Neurology 64 (2005) 1906-1912
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.64 , pp. 1906-1912
    • Mir, P.1    Matsunaga, K.2    Gilio, F.3
  • 64
    • 0027459039 scopus 로고
    • The audiospinal reaction in parkinsonian patients reflects functional changes in reticular nuclei
    • Delwaide P.J., Pepin J.L., and de Noordhout A.M. The audiospinal reaction in parkinsonian patients reflects functional changes in reticular nuclei. Ann Neurol 33 (1993) 63-69
    • (1993) Ann Neurol , vol.33 , pp. 63-69
    • Delwaide, P.J.1    Pepin, J.L.2    de Noordhout, A.M.3
  • 65
    • 0031771179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The subthalamic nucleus and tremor in Parkinson's disease
    • Rodriguez M.C., Guridi O.J., Alvarez L., et al. The subthalamic nucleus and tremor in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 13 suppl 3 (1998) 111-118
    • (1998) Mov Disord , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 111-118
    • Rodriguez, M.C.1    Guridi, O.J.2    Alvarez, L.3
  • 66
    • 0021092031 scopus 로고
    • The correlation between tremor characteristics and the predicted volume of effective lesions in stereotaxic nucleus ventralis intermedius thalamotomy
    • Hirai T., Miyazaki M., Nakajima H., et al. The correlation between tremor characteristics and the predicted volume of effective lesions in stereotaxic nucleus ventralis intermedius thalamotomy. Brain 106 (1983) 1001-1018
    • (1983) Brain , vol.106 , pp. 1001-1018
    • Hirai, T.1    Miyazaki, M.2    Nakajima, H.3
  • 67
    • 38549167034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-pass filter properties of basal ganglia cortical muscle loops in the normal and MPTP primate model of parkinsonism
    • Rivlin-Etzion M., Marmor O., Saban G., et al. Low-pass filter properties of basal ganglia cortical muscle loops in the normal and MPTP primate model of parkinsonism. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 633-649
    • (2008) J Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 633-649
    • Rivlin-Etzion, M.1    Marmor, O.2    Saban, G.3
  • 68
    • 0036774049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus-external globus pallidus network
    • Bevan M.D., Magill P.J., Terman D., et al. Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus-external globus pallidus network. Trends Neurosci 25 (2002) 525-531
    • (2002) Trends Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 525-531
    • Bevan, M.D.1    Magill, P.J.2    Terman, D.3
  • 70
    • 1642317777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thalamic innervation of striatal and subthalamic neurons projecting to the rat entopeduncular nucleus
    • Lanciego J.L., Gonzalo N., Castle M., et al. Thalamic innervation of striatal and subthalamic neurons projecting to the rat entopeduncular nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 19 (2004) 1267-1277
    • (2004) Eur J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 1267-1277
    • Lanciego, J.L.1    Gonzalo, N.2    Castle, M.3
  • 71
    • 0029670370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the reduced 18F-Dopa uptakes of the caudate and the putamen in Parkinson's disease: correlations with the three main symptoms
    • Otsuka M., Ichiya Y., Kuwabara Y., et al. Differences in the reduced 18F-Dopa uptakes of the caudate and the putamen in Parkinson's disease: correlations with the three main symptoms. J Neurol Sci 136 (1996) 169-173
    • (1996) J Neurol Sci , vol.136 , pp. 169-173
    • Otsuka, M.1    Ichiya, Y.2    Kuwabara, Y.3
  • 73
    • 1542375990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson's patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study
    • Foltynie T., Brayne C.E., Robbins T.W., and Barker R.A. The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson's patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study. Brain 127 (2004) 550-560
    • (2004) Brain , vol.127 , pp. 550-560
    • Foltynie, T.1    Brayne, C.E.2    Robbins, T.W.3    Barker, R.A.4
  • 74
    • 27144549543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease
    • Muslimovic D., Post B., Speelman J.D., and Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease. Neurology 65 (2005) 1239-1245
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , pp. 1239-1245
    • Muslimovic, D.1    Post, B.2    Speelman, J.D.3    Schmand, B.4
  • 75
    • 70450162694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive function in early Parkinson's disease: a population-based study
    • 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02707.x published online June 15.
    • Elgh E., Domellof M., Linder J., Edstrom M., Stenlund H., and Forsgren L. Cognitive function in early Parkinson's disease: a population-based study. Eur J Neurol (2009) 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02707.x published online June 15.
    • (2009) Eur J Neurol
    • Elgh, E.1    Domellof, M.2    Linder, J.3    Edstrom, M.4    Stenlund, H.5    Forsgren, L.6
  • 76
    • 0023025132 scopus 로고
    • Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow
    • Taylor A.E., Saint-Cyr J.A., and Lang A.E. Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain 109 (1986) 845-883
    • (1986) Brain , vol.109 , pp. 845-883
    • Taylor, A.E.1    Saint-Cyr, J.A.2    Lang, A.E.3
  • 77
    • 0027089916 scopus 로고
    • Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease
    • Owen A.M., James M., Leigh P.N., et al. Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 115 (1992) 1727-1751
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , pp. 1727-1751
    • Owen, A.M.1    James, M.2    Leigh, P.N.3
  • 78
    • 0035211233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson's disease
    • Cools R., Barker R.A., Sahakian B.J., and Robbins T.W. Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson's disease. Brain 124 (2001) 2503-2512
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 2503-2512
    • Cools, R.1    Barker, R.A.2    Sahakian, B.J.3    Robbins, T.W.4
  • 79
    • 15244338737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is associated with altered pallidal-frontal processing
    • Dirnberger G., Frith C.D., and Jahanshahi M. Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is associated with altered pallidal-frontal processing. Neuroimage 25 (2005) 588-599
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.25 , pp. 588-599
    • Dirnberger, G.1    Frith, C.D.2    Jahanshahi, M.3
  • 80
    • 0025971367 scopus 로고
    • Dual task performance and processing resources in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Brown R.G., and Marsden C.D. Dual task performance and processing resources in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 114 (1991) 215-231
    • (1991) Brain , vol.114 , pp. 215-231
    • Brown, R.G.1    Marsden, C.D.2
  • 81
    • 0032440657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive processes in Parkinson's disease-random number generation and response suppression
    • Brown R.G., Soliveri P., and Jahanshahi M. Executive processes in Parkinson's disease-random number generation and response suppression. Neuropsychologia 36 (1998) 1355-1362
    • (1998) Neuropsychologia , vol.36 , pp. 1355-1362
    • Brown, R.G.1    Soliveri, P.2    Jahanshahi, M.3
  • 82
    • 0024222531 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the phenomenon of "set" in Parkinson's disease
    • Brown R.G., and Marsden C.D. An investigation of the phenomenon of "set" in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 3 (1988) 152-161
    • (1988) Mov Disord , vol.3 , pp. 152-161
    • Brown, R.G.1    Marsden, C.D.2
  • 83
    • 0025809182 scopus 로고
    • Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease
    • Levin B.E., Llabre M.M., Reisman S., et al. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 41 (1991) 365-369
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 365-369
    • Levin, B.E.1    Llabre, M.M.2    Reisman, S.3
  • 84
    • 0020636876 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease
    • Lees A.J., and Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 106 (1983) 257-270
    • (1983) Brain , vol.106 , pp. 257-270
    • Lees, A.J.1    Smith, E.2
  • 85
    • 0033823004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition memory impairment in Parkinson's disease: power and meta-analyses
    • Whittington C.J., Podd J., and Kan M.M. Recognition memory impairment in Parkinson's disease: power and meta-analyses. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 233-246
    • (2000) Neuropsychology , vol.14 , pp. 233-246
    • Whittington, C.J.1    Podd, J.2    Kan, M.M.3
  • 86
    • 47549083457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of feedback on non-motor probabilistic classification learning in Parkinson's disease
    • Wilkinson L., Lagnado D.A., Quallo M., and Jahanshahi M. The effect of feedback on non-motor probabilistic classification learning in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 46 (2008) 2683-2695
    • (2008) Neuropsychologia , vol.46 , pp. 2683-2695
    • Wilkinson, L.1    Lagnado, D.A.2    Quallo, M.3    Jahanshahi, M.4
  • 87
    • 33846924103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The striatum and probabilistic implicit sequence learning
    • Wilkinson L., and Jahanshahi M. The striatum and probabilistic implicit sequence learning. Brain Res 1137 (2007) 117-130
    • (2007) Brain Res , vol.1137 , pp. 117-130
    • Wilkinson, L.1    Jahanshahi, M.2
  • 88
    • 0027102421 scopus 로고
    • Different effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic therapies on cognitive and motor function in Parkinson's disease. A follow-up study of untreated patients
    • Cooper J.A., Sagar H.J., Doherty S.M., et al. Different effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic therapies on cognitive and motor function in Parkinson's disease. A follow-up study of untreated patients. Brain 115 (1992) 1701-1725
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , pp. 1701-1725
    • Cooper, J.A.1    Sagar, H.J.2    Doherty, S.M.3
  • 89
    • 0023877536 scopus 로고
    • 'Frontal' cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease 'on' and 'off' levodopa
    • Gotham A.M., Brown R.G., and Marsden C.D. 'Frontal' cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease 'on' and 'off' levodopa. Brain 111 (1988) 299-321
    • (1988) Brain , vol.111 , pp. 299-321
    • Gotham, A.M.1    Brown, R.G.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 90
    • 33745285708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal learning in Parkinson's disease depends on medication status and outcome valence
    • Cools R., Altamirano L., and D'Esposito M. Reversal learning in Parkinson's disease depends on medication status and outcome valence. Neuropsychologia 44 (2006) 1663-1673
    • (2006) Neuropsychologia , vol.44 , pp. 1663-1673
    • Cools, R.1    Altamirano, L.2    D'Esposito, M.3
  • 91
    • 0033951302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: possible adverse effects of dopaminergic medication
    • Swainson R., Rogers R.D., Sahakian B.J., et al. Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: possible adverse effects of dopaminergic medication. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000) 596-612
    • (2000) Neuropsychologia , vol.38 , pp. 596-612
    • Swainson, R.1    Rogers, R.D.2    Sahakian, B.J.3
  • 92
    • 0035964894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positron emission tomography shows that impaired frontal lobe functioning in Parkinson's disease is related to dopaminergic hypofunction in the caudate nucleus
    • Bruck A., Portin R., Lindell A., et al. Positron emission tomography shows that impaired frontal lobe functioning in Parkinson's disease is related to dopaminergic hypofunction in the caudate nucleus. Neurosci Lett 311 (2001) 81-84
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.311 , pp. 81-84
    • Bruck, A.1    Portin, R.2    Lindell, A.3
  • 93
    • 0033613715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between striatal dopamine denervation and frontal executive tests in Parkinson's disease
    • Marie R.M., Barre L., Dupuy B., et al. Relationships between striatal dopamine denervation and frontal executive tests in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 260 (1999) 77-80
    • (1999) Neurosci Lett , vol.260 , pp. 77-80
    • Marie, R.M.1    Barre, L.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 94
    • 0032776109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation of putamen and caudate nucleus 18F-Dopa uptake to motor and cognitive performances in Parkinson's disease
    • Broussolle E., Dentresangle C., Landais P., et al. The relation of putamen and caudate nucleus 18F-Dopa uptake to motor and cognitive performances in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 166 (1999) 141-151
    • (1999) J Neurol Sci , vol.166 , pp. 141-151
    • Broussolle, E.1    Dentresangle, C.2    Landais, P.3
  • 95
    • 0020578137 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease
    • Scatton B., Javoy-Agid F., Rouquier L., et al. Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 275 (1983) 321-328
    • (1983) Brain Res , vol.275 , pp. 321-328
    • Scatton, B.1    Javoy-Agid, F.2    Rouquier, L.3
  • 96
    • 0032870202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal, midbrain and striatal dopaminergic function in early and advanced Parkinson's disease: a 3D [(18)F]dopa-PET study
    • Rakshi J.S., Uema T., Ito K., et al. Frontal, midbrain and striatal dopaminergic function in early and advanced Parkinson's disease: a 3D [(18)F]dopa-PET study. Brain 122 (1999) 1637-1650
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , pp. 1637-1650
    • Rakshi, J.S.1    Uema, T.2    Ito, K.3
  • 97
    • 0031896785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal basal ganglia outflow in Parkinson's disease identified with PET. Implications for higher cortical functions
    • Owen A.M., Doyon J., Dagher A., et al. Abnormal basal ganglia outflow in Parkinson's disease identified with PET. Implications for higher cortical functions. Brain 121 (1998) 949-965
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , pp. 949-965
    • Owen, A.M.1    Doyon, J.2    Dagher, A.3
  • 98
    • 0035010233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the striatum and hippocampus in planning: a PET activation study in Parkinson's disease
    • Dagher A., Owen A.M., Boecker H., and Brooks D.J. The role of the striatum and hippocampus in planning: a PET activation study in Parkinson's disease. Brain 124 (2001) 1020-1032
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 1020-1032
    • Dagher, A.1    Owen, A.M.2    Boecker, H.3    Brooks, D.J.4
  • 99
    • 0036191967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic modulation of high-level cognition in Parkinson's disease: the role of the prefrontal cortex revealed by PET
    • Cools R., Stefanova E., Barker R.A., et al. Dopaminergic modulation of high-level cognition in Parkinson's disease: the role of the prefrontal cortex revealed by PET. Brain 125 (2002) 584-594
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 584-594
    • Cools, R.1    Stefanova, E.2    Barker, R.A.3
  • 100
    • 33845874647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical activity in Parkinson's disease during executive processing depends on striatal involvement
    • Monchi O., Petrides M., Mejia-Constain B., and Strafella A.P. Cortical activity in Parkinson's disease during executive processing depends on striatal involvement. Brain 130 (2007) 233-244
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 233-244
    • Monchi, O.1    Petrides, M.2    Mejia-Constain, B.3    Strafella, A.P.4
  • 101
    • 4544368233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention and executive function deficits in chronic low-dose MPTP-treated non-human primates
    • Decamp E., and Schneider J.S. Attention and executive function deficits in chronic low-dose MPTP-treated non-human primates. Eur J Neurosci 20 (2004) 1371-1378
    • (2004) Eur J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 1371-1378
    • Decamp, E.1    Schneider, J.S.2
  • 102
    • 0025241218 scopus 로고
    • Chronic exposure to low doses of MPTP. II. Neurochemical and pathological consequences in cognitively-impaired, motor asymptomatic monkeys
    • Schneider J.S. Chronic exposure to low doses of MPTP. II. Neurochemical and pathological consequences in cognitively-impaired, motor asymptomatic monkeys. Brain Res 534 (1990) 25-36
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.534 , pp. 25-36
    • Schneider, J.S.1
  • 104
    • 0025110852 scopus 로고
    • Cholingergic deficiency and frontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
    • Dubois B., Pillon B., Lhermite F., and Agid Y. Cholingergic deficiency and frontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 28 (1990) 117-121
    • (1990) Ann Neurol , vol.28 , pp. 117-121
    • Dubois, B.1    Pillon, B.2    Lhermite, F.3    Agid, Y.4
  • 105
    • 33749672231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A convergent model of cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease: the critical dopamine-acetylcholine synaptic balance
    • Calabresi P., Picconi B., Parnetti L., and Di Filippo M. A convergent model of cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease: the critical dopamine-acetylcholine synaptic balance. Lancet Neurol 5 (2006) 974-983
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol , vol.5 , pp. 974-983
    • Calabresi, P.1    Picconi, B.2    Parnetti, L.3    Di Filippo, M.4
  • 106
    • 0027528969 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-related personality traits in Parkinson's disease
    • Menza M.A., Golbe L.I., Cody R.A., and Forman N.E. Dopamine-related personality traits in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 43 (1993) 505-508
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 505-508
    • Menza, M.A.1    Golbe, L.I.2    Cody, R.A.3    Forman, N.E.4
  • 107
    • 0028930851 scopus 로고
    • A controlled investigation of current and premorbid personality: characteristics of Parkinson's disease patients
    • Glosser G., Clark C., Freundlich B., et al. A controlled investigation of current and premorbid personality: characteristics of Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord 10 (1995) 201-206
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 201-206
    • Glosser, G.1    Clark, C.2    Freundlich, B.3
  • 108
    • 57049121696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease without dementia
    • Kulisevsky J., Pagonabarraga J., Pascual-Sedano B., et al. Prevalence and correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease without dementia. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 1889-1896
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 1889-1896
    • Kulisevsky, J.1    Pagonabarraga, J.2    Pascual-Sedano, B.3
  • 109
    • 72149094883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: from dyskinesias to impulse control disorders
    • Voon V., Fernagut P.-O., Wickens J., et al. Chronic dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: from dyskinesias to impulse control disorders. Lancet Neurol 8 (2009) 1140-1149
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 1140-1149
    • Voon, V.1    Fernagut, P.-O.2    Wickens, J.3
  • 110
    • 67849094320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early untreated Parkinson's disease
    • Aarsland D., Bronnick K., Alves G., et al. The spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early untreated Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80 (2009) 928-930
    • (2009) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 928-930
    • Aarsland, D.1    Bronnick, K.2    Alves, G.3
  • 111
    • 70349922298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward-learning and the novelty-seeking personality: a between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson's patients
    • Bodi N., Keri S., Nagy H., et al. Reward-learning and the novelty-seeking personality: a between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson's patients. Brain 132 (2009) 2385-2395
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 2385-2395
    • Bodi, N.1    Keri, S.2    Nagy, H.3
  • 112
    • 53149124800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal psychometric attributes, responsiveness, and importance of change: an approach using the SCOPA-psychosocial questionnaire
    • Martinez-Martin P., Carod-Artal F.J., da Silveira Ribeiro L., et al. Longitudinal psychometric attributes, responsiveness, and importance of change: an approach using the SCOPA-psychosocial questionnaire. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 1516-1523
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 1516-1523
    • Martinez-Martin, P.1    Carod-Artal, F.J.2    da Silveira Ribeiro, L.3
  • 113
    • 39749146383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease
    • Reijnders J.S., Ehrt U., Weber W.E., et al. A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 183-189
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 183-189
    • Reijnders, J.S.1    Ehrt, U.2    Weber, W.E.3
  • 114
    • 0033875826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease?
    • Schrag A., Jahanshahi M., and Quinn N. What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69 (2000) 308-312
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 308-312
    • Schrag, A.1    Jahanshahi, M.2    Quinn, N.3
  • 115
    • 57049117070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations
    • Leentjens A.F., Dujardin K., Marsh L., et al. Apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 2004-2014
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 2004-2014
    • Leentjens, A.F.1    Dujardin, K.2    Marsh, L.3
  • 116
    • 64249116690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease: a community-based study
    • Pedersen K.F., Larsen J.P., Alves G., and Aarsland D. Prevalence and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease: a community-based study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15 (2009) 295-299
    • (2009) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.15 , pp. 295-299
    • Pedersen, K.F.1    Larsen, J.P.2    Alves, G.3    Aarsland, D.4
  • 117
    • 36649027664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between self-reported apathy and executive dysfunction in nondemented patients with Parkinson disease
    • Zgaljardic D.J., Borod J.C., Foldi N.S., et al. Relationship between self-reported apathy and executive dysfunction in nondemented patients with Parkinson disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 20 (2007) 184-192
    • (2007) Cogn Behav Neurol , vol.20 , pp. 184-192
    • Zgaljardic, D.J.1    Borod, J.C.2    Foldi, N.S.3
  • 118
    • 27844543695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease
    • Lauterbach E.C. The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease. Minerva Med 96 (2005) 155-173
    • (2005) Minerva Med , vol.96 , pp. 155-173
    • Lauterbach, E.C.1
  • 119
    • 57049168125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations
    • Leentjens A.F., Dujardin K., Marsh L., et al. Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 2015-2025
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 2015-2025
    • Leentjens, A.F.1    Dujardin, K.2    Marsh, L.3
  • 120
    • 0000052620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatric syndromes in neurodegenerative disease: frequency and signficance
    • Cummings J.L., Diaz C., Levy M., et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in neurodegenerative disease: frequency and signficance. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1 (1996) 241-247
    • (1996) Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry , vol.1 , pp. 241-247
    • Cummings, J.L.1    Diaz, C.2    Levy, M.3
  • 121
    • 53049092942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging of nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease
    • Deblieck C., and Wu A.D. Neuroimaging of nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol Dis 5 (2008) 125-133
    • (2008) Rev Neurol Dis , vol.5 , pp. 125-133
    • Deblieck, C.1    Wu, A.D.2
  • 122
    • 20444477480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system
    • Remy P., Doder M., Lees A., et al. Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain 128 (2005) 1314-1322
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 1314-1322
    • Remy, P.1    Doder, M.2    Lees, A.3
  • 123
    • 0022505607 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson's disease
    • Mayeux R., Stern Y., Williams J.B., et al. Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson's disease. Am J Psychiatry 143 (1986) 756-759
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 756-759
    • Mayeux, R.1    Stern, Y.2    Williams, J.B.3
  • 124
    • 0033925871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety disorders and depressive disorders preceding Parkinson's disease: a case-control study
    • Shiba M., Bower J.H., Maraganore D.M., et al. Anxiety disorders and depressive disorders preceding Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Mov Disord 15 (2000) 669-677
    • (2000) Mov Disord , vol.15 , pp. 669-677
    • Shiba, M.1    Bower, J.H.2    Maraganore, D.M.3
  • 125
    • 0029005238 scopus 로고
    • Mood and anxiety fluctuation in Parkinson's disease associated with levodopa infusion: preliminary findings
    • Maricle R.A., Nutt J.G., and Carter J.H. Mood and anxiety fluctuation in Parkinson's disease associated with levodopa infusion: preliminary findings. Mov Disord 10 (1995) 329-332
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 329-332
    • Maricle, R.A.1    Nutt, J.G.2    Carter, J.H.3
  • 126
    • 11244349103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ups and downs of Parkinson disease: a prospective study of mood and anxiety fluctuations
    • Richard I.H., Frank S., McDermott M.P., et al. The ups and downs of Parkinson disease: a prospective study of mood and anxiety fluctuations. Cogn Behav Neurol 17 (2004) 201-207
    • (2004) Cogn Behav Neurol , vol.17 , pp. 201-207
    • Richard, I.H.1    Frank, S.2    McDermott, M.P.3
  • 127
    • 49249084391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apathy following subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a dopamine responsive symptom
    • Czernecki V., Schupbach M., Yaici S., et al. Apathy following subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a dopamine responsive symptom. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 964-969
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 964-969
    • Czernecki, V.1    Schupbach, M.2    Yaici, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.