Ultradeep continental roots and their oceanic remnants: A solution to the geochemical "mantle reservoir" problem?

Lithos

Volumn 112, Issue , 2009, Pages 1043-1054

  O'Reilly, Suzanne Y ^a   Zhang, Ming ^a   Griffin, William L ^a   Begg, Graham ^a,b   Hronsky, Jon ^a,c  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Minerals Targeting International   (Australia)

^c BHP BILLITON   (Australia)

Author keywords

Archean lithospheric mantle; Deep continental roots; Mantle convection constraints; Mantle geochemical sources; Ocean island basalt geochemistry; Oceanic lithosphere

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CRATON; GEODYNAMICS; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MAGMA CHAMBER; MANTLE CHEMISTRY; MANTLE CONVECTION; MID-OCEAN RIDGE; OCEAN ISLAND BASALT; OCEANIC CRUST; RIFTING; UPPER MANTLE;

AFRICA; ATLANTIC OCEAN; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 71749121393     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.04.028     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Afonso J.C., Fernandez M., Ranalli G., Griffin W.L., and Connolly J.A.D. Integrated geophysical-petrological modelling of the lithospheric-sublithospheric upper mantle: methodology and applications. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystem 9 (2008) Q05008 10.1029/2007GC001834
2. Alard O., Luguet A., Pearson N.J., Griffin W.L., Lorand J.-P., Gannoun A., Burton K.W., and O'Reilly S.Y. In-situ Os isotopes in abyssal peridotites; bridging the "isotopic gap" between MORB and their source mantle. Nature 436 (2005) 1005-1008
3. Albarede F., and van der Hilst R.D. New mantle convection model may reconcile conflicting evidence. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 80 (1999) 537-539
4. Anderson D.L. Theory of the Earth (1989), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, MA. USA 366pp.
5. Aulbach S., et al. Sulphide survival and diamond genesis during formation and evolution of Archaean subcontinental lithosphere: A comparison between the Slave and Kaapvaal cratons. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite. Lithos 112S (2009) 747-757
6. Barruol G., Deschamps A., and Coutant O. Mapping upper mantle anisotropy beneath SE France by SKS splitting indicates Neogene asthenospheric flow induced by Apenninic slab roll-back and deflected by the deep Alpine roots. Tectonophysics 394 (2004) 125-138
7. Beccaluva L., Azzouni-Sekkal A., Benhallou A., Bianchin G., Ellam R.M., Marzola M., Siena F., and Stuart F.M. Intracratonic asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere rejuvenation beneath the Hoggar swell (Algeria): evidence from HIMU metasomatised lherzolite mantle xenoliths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 260 (2007) 482-494
8. Becker M., and le Roex A.P. Geochemistry of South African on- and off-craton, group I and group II kimberlites: petrogenesis and source region evolution. Journal of Petrology 47 (2006) 673-703
9. Begg G., Griffin W.L., Natapov L.M., O'Reilly S.Y., Grand S., O'Neill C.J., Poudjom Djomani Y., Deen T., Hronsky J., and Bowden P. The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology and tectonic evolution. Geosphere 5 (2009) 23-50 10.1130/GES00179.1
10. Bell D.R., Gregoire M., Grove T.L., Chatterjee N., Carlson R.W., and Buseck P.R. Silica and volatile-element metasomatism of Archaean mantle: a xenolith-scale example from the Kaapvaal Craton. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150 (2005) 251-267
11. Bernstein S., Hanghoi K., Kelemen P.B., and Brooks C.K. Ultra-depleted shallow cratonic mantle beneath West Greenland: dunitic xenoliths from Ubekendt Ejland. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 152 (2006) 335-347
12. Beyer E.E., Griffin W.L., and O'Reilly S.Y. Transformation of Archean lithospheric mantle by refertilisation: evidence from exposed peridotites in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Journal of Petrology 47 8 (2006) 1611-1636
13. Bleeker W. The late Archean record: a puzzle in ca. 35 pieces. Lithos 71 (2003) 99-134
14. 187Os systematics of abyssal peridotites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 177 (2000) 319-335
15. Brueckner H.K., and Medaris L.G. A tale of two orogens: the contrasting T-P-t history and geochemical evolution of mantle in high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes of the Norwegian Caledonides and the Czech Variscides. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 78 (1998) 293-307
16. Burke K., and Torsvik T.H. Derivation of Large Igneous Provinces of the past 200 million years from long-term heterogeneities in the deep mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227 (2004) 531-538
17. Burton K.W., Campas F., Birck J.-L., Allègre C.J., and Cohen A.S. Resolving crystallisation ages of Archean mafic-ultramafic rocks using the Re-Os isotope system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 179 (2000) 453-467
18. Carlson R.W. Application of the Pt-Re-Os isotopic systems to mantle geochemistry and geochronology. Lithos 82 (2005) 249-272
19. Choukroun M., O'Reilly S.Y., Pearson N.J., Griffin W.L., and Dawson B.J. In situ Hf-isotopes of MARID rutile trace metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle. Geology 33 (2005) 45-48
20. Coltice N., and Schmalzl J. Mixing times in the mantle of the early Earth derived from 2-D and 3-D numerical simulations of convection. Geophysical Research Letters 33 (2006) L23304 10.1029/2006GL027707
21. Coltorti, M., Bonadiman, C., O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., Disrupted subcontinental mantle in an ocean basin: Cape Verde Islands. Lithos submitted for publicattion March, 2009.
22. Davies R., et al. Diamonds from the deep: pipe DO-27, Slave Craton, Canada. In: Gurney J.J., Gurney J.L., Pascoe M.D., and Richardson S.H. (Eds). 7th International Kimberlite Conference. The J. B. Dawson Volume. Red Roof Design, Cape Town (1999) 148-155
23. Deen T., Griffin W.L., Begg G., O'Reilly S.Y., Natapov L.M., and Hronsky J. Thermal and compositional structure of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle: derivation from shear-wave seismic tomography. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 7 (2006) 10.1029/2005GC001120 20 pages, Q07003
24. Drury M.R., van Roermund H.L.M., Carswell D.A., de Smet J.H., van den Berg A.P., and Vlaar N.J. Emplacement of deep upper-mantle rocks into cratonic lithosphere by convection and diapiric upwelling. Journal of Petrology 42 (2001) 131-140
25. Eaton, D.W., Darbyshire, F., Evans, R.L., Grutter, H., Jones, A.G., Yuan, X., 2008. The elusive lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons. Lithos, published online
26. Finnerty A.A., and Boyd F.R. Thermobarometry for garnet peridotite xenoliths: a basis for mantle stratigraphy. In: Nixon P.H. (Ed). Mantle Xenoliths (1987), John Wiley and Sons, New York 381-402
27. Foley S.F. Petrological characterization of the source components of potassic magmas: geochemical and experimental constraints. Lithos 28 (1992) 187-204
28. Fouch M.J., James D.E., VanDecar J.C., van der Lee S., and The Kaapvaal Seismic Group. Mantle seismic structure beneath the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons. South African Journal of Geology 107 (2004) 33-44
29. Fountain D.M., and Salisbury M.H. Exposed cross-sections through the continental crust: implications for crustal structure, petrology, and evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 56 (1981) 263-277
30. Gaul O., O'Reilly S.Y., and Griffin W.L. Lithosphere structure and evolution in southeastern Australia. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 22 (2003) 179-196
31. GEOROC Database, 2008. Geochemistry of Rocks of the Oceans and Continents, at website: http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc/.
32. Gerlach D.C., Stormer J.C., and Mueller P.A. Isotopic geochemistry of Fernando de Noronha. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 85 (1987) 129-144
33. Gibson S.A., Thompson R.N., Day J.A., Humphris S.E., and Dickin A.P. Melt-generation processes associated with the Tristan mantle plume: constraints on the origin of EM-1. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 237 (2005) 744-767
34. Goldstein S.L., Soffer G., Langmuir C.H., Lehnert K.A., Graham D.W., and Michael P.J. Origin of a 'Southern Hemisphere' geochemical signature in the Arctic upper mantle. Nature 453 (2008) 89-93
35. Grand S. Mantle shear-wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs. Philisophical Transactions Royal Society of London A360 (2002) 2475-2491
36. Griffin W.L., and O'Reilly S.Y. The earliest subcontinental mantle. In: Van Kranendonk M.J., Smithies R.H., and Bennett V.C. (Eds). The Earth's Oldest Rocks (2007), Elsevier, Amsterdam 1013-1035
37. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and Stabel A. Mantle metasomatism beneath western Victoria, Australia II: isotopic geochemistry of Cr-diopside lherzolites and Al-augite pyroxenites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 (1988) 449-459
38. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and Ryan C.G. The composition and origin of sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In: Fei Y., Bertka C.M., and Mysen B.O. (Eds). Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High-pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd, The Geochemical Society. Special Publication No. 6 (1999) 13-43
39. Griffin W.L., Pearson N.J., Belousova E., Jackson S.E., O'Reilly S.Y., van Achterberg E., and Shee S.R. The Hf isotope composition of cratonic mantle: LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of zircon megacrysts in kimberlites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 (2000) 133-147
40. Griffin W.L., Graham S., O'Reilly S.Y., and Pearson N.J. Lithosphere evolution beneath the Kaapvaal Craton Re-Os systematics of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites. Chemical Geology 208 (2004) 89-118
41. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Afonso J.C., and Begg G.C. The composition and evolution of lithospheric mantle: a re-evaluation and its tectonic implications. Journal of Petrology (2008) 10.1093/petrology/egn033
42. 2 at 2.4-3.4 GPa and the generation of komatiites. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 B12 (1996) 27701-27709
43. Gung Y., Panning M., and Romanowicz B. Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents. Nature 422 (2003) 707-711
44. Haggerty S.E., and Sautter V. Ultradeep (greater than 300 kilometers), ultramafic upper mantle xenoliths. Science 248 (1990) 993-996
45. Handler M.R., Bennett V.C., and Esat T.M. The persistence of off-cratonic lithospheric mantle: Os isotopic systematics of variably metasomatised southeast Australian xenoliths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 151 (1997) 61-75
46. Hart S.R., Hauri E.H., Oschmann L.A., and Whitehead J.A. Mantle plumes and entrainment: isotopic evidence. Science 256 (1992) 517-520
47. Harte B., Harris J.W., Hutchison M.T., Watt G.R., and Wilding M.C. Lower mantle mineral associations in diamonds from Saõ Luiz, Brazil. In: Fei Y., Bertka C.M., and Mysen B.O. (Eds). Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High-Pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd vol. 6 (1999), Geochemical Society, USA 125-153
48. Harvey J., Gannoun A., Burton K.W., Rogers N.W., Alard O., and Parkinson I.J. Ancient melt extraction from the oceanic upper mantle revealed by Re-Os isotopes in abyssal peridotites from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 244 (2006) 606-621
49. Hofmann A.W. Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 385 (1997) 219-229
50. Holm P.M., Wilson J.R., Christensen B.P., Hansen L., Hansen S.L., Hein K.M., Mortensen A.K., Pedersen R., Plesner S., and Runge M.K. Sampling the Cape Verde mantle plume: evolution of melt compositions on Santo Antao, Cape Verde islands. Journal of Petrology 47 (2006) 145-189
51. James D.E., Fouch M.J., VanDecar J.C., van der Lee S., and Kaapvaal Seismic Group. Tectospheric structure beneath southern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 28 (2001) 2485-2488
52. Jones A.G., Lezeata P., Ferguson I.A., Chave A.D., Evans R.L., Garcia X., and Spratt J. The electrical structure of the Slave craton. Lithos 71 (2003) 505-527
53. Jordan T.H. Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere. Journal of Petrology (1988) 11-38 Special Volume
54. Kavanagh, J.L. and Sparks, R.S.J., 2009. Dynamical constraints on kimberlite eruptions. 9IKC extended abstract.
55. Kokfelt T.F., Holm P.M., Hawkesworth C.J., and Peate D.W. A lithosphere mantle source for the Cape Verde Island magmatism: trace element and isotopic evidence from the island of Fogo. Mineralogical Magazine 62A (1998) 801-802
56. Korhonen J.V., Fairhead J.D., Hamoudi M., Hemant K., Lesur V., Mandea M., Maus S., Purucker M., Ravat D., Sazonova T., and Thébault E. Magnetic Anomaly Map of the World (2007), Commission for the Geological Map of the World
57. Kustowski B., Ekström G., and Dziewonski A.M. Anisotropic shear-wave velocity structure of the Earth's mantle: a global model. Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008) B06306 10.1029/2007JB005169
58. Larson A.M., Snoke J.A., and James D.E. S-wave velocity structure, mantle xenoliths and the upper mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton. Geophysical Journal International 167 (2006) 171-186
59. Le Roux V., Bodinier J.-L., Tommasi A., Alard O., Dautria J.-M., Vauchez A., and Riches A.J.V. The Lherz spinel lherzolite: refertilized rather than pristine mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259 (2007) 599-612
60. Leeman W.P. Tectonic and magmatic significance of strontium isotopic variations in Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the western United States. Geological Society of America Bulletin 93 (1982) 487-503
61. Li C., van der Hilst R.D., Engdahl E.R., and Burdick S. A new global model for P wave speed variations in Earth's mantle. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (2008) Q05018 10.1029/2007GC001806
62. Liu C.-Zh., Snow J.E., Hellebrand E., Brugmann G., Anette von der Handt A., Buchl A., and Hofmann A.W. Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature 452 (2008) 311-316
63. Mahoney J.J., White W.M., Upton B.G.L., Neal C.R., and Scrutton R.A. Beyond EM-1: lavas from Afanasy-Nikitin Rise and the Crozet Archipelago, Indian Ocean. Geology 24 (1996) 615-618
64. Mainprice D., Tommassi A., Couvy H., Cordier P., and Frost D.J. Pressure sensitivity of olivine slip systems and seismic anisotropy of Earth's upper mantle. Nature 433 (2005) 731-733
65. Malkovets V.G., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and Wood B.J. Diamond, subcalcic garnet and mantle metasomatism: kimberlite sampling patterns define the link. Geology 35 (2007) 339-342
66. Masters G., Johnson S., Laske G., and Bolton B.A. Shear-velocity model of the mantle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 354 (1996) 1385-1411
67. McKenzie D., and Bickle M.J. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology 29 (1988) 625-679
68. Mégnin C., and Romanowicz B. The 3D shear velocity structure of the mantle from the inversion of body, surface and higher mode waveforms. Geophysical Journal International 143 (2000) 709-728
69. 2-rich mantle below eastern Australia: rare earth element, Sr and Nd isotopic study of Cenozoic alkaline magmas and apatite-rich xenoliths, Southern Highlands Province, New South Wales, Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 65 (1983) 287-302
70. Menzies M.A., Leeman W.P., and Hawkesworth C.J. Isotope geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks reveals mantle heterogeneity below western USA. Nature 303 (1983) 205-209
71. Mooney W.D., Laske G., and Masters T.G. Crust 5.1: a global crustal model at 5° × 5°. Journal Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 727-748
72. Nielsen S.G., Rehkamper M., Brandon A.D., Norman M.D., Turner S., and O'Reilly S.Y. Thallium isotopes in Iceland and Azores lavas - implications for the role of altered crust and mantle geochemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 264 (2007) 332-345
73. O'Reilly S.Y. Australian xenolith types, distribution and transport. In: Johnson R.W. (Ed). Intraplate Volcanism in Eastern Australia and New Zealand (1989), Cambridge University Press 249-253
74. O'Reilly S.Y., and Griffin W.L. 4-D lithospheric mapping: a review of the methodology with examples. Tectonophysics 262 (1996) 3-18
75. O'Reilly S.Y., and Griffin W.L. Imaging chemical and thermal heterogeneity in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle: geophysical implications. Tectonophysics 416 (2006) 289-309 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.014
76. O'Reilly S.Y., Griffin W.L., and Stabel A. Evolution of Phanerozoic eastern Australian lithosphere: isotope evidence for magmatic and tectonic underplating. Journal of Petrology (1988) 89-108 Special Volume
77. O'Reilly S.Y., Griffin W.L., Poudjom Djomani Y.H., and Morgan P. Are lithospheres forever? Tracking changes in subcontinental lithospheric mantle through time. GSA Today 11 (2001) 4-10
78. O'Reilly S.Y., Griffin W.L., Pearson N.J., Jackson S.E., Belousova E.A., Alard O., and Saeed A. Taking the pulse of the Earth: linking crustal and mantle events. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55 (2008) 983-995 10.1080/08120090802097450
79. Pavlenkova N.I. General features of the upper mantle structure from seismic data. In: Fuchs K. (Ed). Upper Mantle Heterogeneities from Active and Passive Seismology (1997), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands 225-236
80. Pearson N.J., Alard O., Griffin W.L., Jackson S.E., and O'Reilly S.Y. In situ measurement of Re-Os isotopes in mantle sulfides by laser ablation multi-collector inductively-coupled mass spectrometry: analytical methods and preliminary results. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 (2002) 1037-1050
81. Peltonen P., Manttari I., Huhma H., and Kontinen A. Archean zircons from the mantle: the Joruma ophiolite revisited. Geology 31 (2003) 645-648
82. Poudjom Djomani Y.H., O'Reilly S.Y., Griffin W.L., and Morgan P. The density structure of subcontinental lithosphere through time. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 184 (2001) 605-621
83. Poudjom Djomani Y., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Natapov L., Erinchek Y., and Hronsky J. Upper mantle structure beneath Eastern Siberia? Evidence from gravity modelling and mantle petrology. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4 (2003) 1066 10.1029/2002GC000420 21pp.
84. Poudjom Djomani Y., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and Doyle B.J. Lithospheric domains and controls on kimberlite emplacement, Slave Province, Canada: evidence from elastic thickness and upper mantle composition. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (2005) Q10006 1029/2005GC000978, 16
85. Powell W., and O'Reilly S.Y. Sulfide mobility in mantle fluids beneath eastern Australia: implications for metasomatic processes and mantle Re-Os chronology. Lithos 94 (2007) 132-147
86. Purucker M.E. Magnetic anomaly map of the world. Eos Transactions, AGU 88 25 (2007) 263
87. Rampone E., Romairone A., Abouchami W., Piccardo G.B., and Hofmann A.W. Chronology, petrology and isotope geochemistry of the Erro-Tobbio peridotites (Ligurian Alps, Italy): records of late Paleozoic lithospheric extension. Journal of Petrology 46 (2005) 799-827
88. Renka R.J. Multivariate interpolation of large sets of scattered data. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 14 (1988) 139-150
89. Replumaz A., Kárason H., van der Hilst R.D., Besse J., and Tapponnier P. 4-D evolution of SE Asia's mantle from geological reconstructions and seismic tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 221 (2004) 103-115 10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00070-6
90. Richardson S.H., Erlank A.J., Reid D.L., and Duncan R.A. Major and trace element and Nd and Sr isotope geochemistry of basalts from the Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 74 Walvis Ridge Transect. Initial Report Deep Sea Drilling Project 74 (1984) 739-754
91. Ritsema J., van Heijst H., and Woodhouse J.H. Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland. Science 286 (1999) 1925-1928
92. Ritsema J., McNamara A.K., and Bull A.L. Tomographic filtering of geodynamic models: Implications for model interpretation and large-scale mantle structure. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2007) 10.1029/2006JB004566
93. Sandiford M., and McLaren S. Tectonic feedback and the ordering of heat producing elements within the continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204 (2002) 133-150
94. Scambelluri M., Pettke T., and van Roermund H.L.M. Majoritic garnets monitor deep subduction fluid flow and mantle dynamics. Geology 36 (2007) 59-62
95. Schaefer B.F., Turner S., Parkinson I., Rogers N., and Hawkesworth C. Evidence for recycled Archaean mantle lithosphere in the Azores plume. Nature 420 (2002) 304-307
96. Shillington D.J., Holbrook W.S., Tucholke B.E., Hopper J.R., Louden K.E., Larsen H.C., Van Avendonk H.J.A., Deemer S., and Hall J. Data report: marine geophysical data on the Newfoundland nonvolcanic rifted margin around SCREECH transect 2. In: Tucholke B.E., Sibuet J.C., and Klaus A. (Eds). Proceedings of the ODP, Initial Reports vol. 210 (2004) 1-36
97. Shirey S.B., and Walker R.J. The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high-temperature geochemistry. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998) 423-500
98. Siebel W., Becchio R., Volker F., Hansen M.A.F., Viramonte J., Trumbull R.B., Haase G., and Zimmer M. Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands, South Atlantic: isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb) and trace element constraints on plume related magmatism. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 13 (2000) 79-103
99. Simon N.S.C., Neumann E.-R., Bonadiman C., Coltorti M., Delpech G., Michel GréGoire M., and Widom E. Ultra-refractory domains in the oceanic mantle lithosphere sampled as mantle xenoliths at ocean islands. Journal of Petrology 49 (2008) 1223-1251
100. Simons F.J., and van der Hilst R.D. Seismic and mechanical anisotropy and the past and present deformation of the Australian lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 211 (2003) 271-286
101. Simons F.J., Zielhuis A., and van der Hilst R. The deep structure of the Australian continent from surface wave tomography. Lithos 48 (1999) 17-43
102. Spengler D., Van Roermund H.L.M., Drury M.R., Ottoline L., Mason P.R.D., and Davies G.R. Deep origin and hot melting of an Archaean orogenic peridotite massif in Norway. Nature 440 (2006) 913-917
103. Thompson R.N., Leat P.T., Dickin A.P., Morrison M.A., Hendry G.L., and Gibson S.A. Strongly potassic mafic magmas from lithospheric mantle sources during continental extension and heating: evidence from Miocene minettes of northwest Colorado. U.S.A. Earth Planetary Science Letters 98 (1990) 139-153
104. Thompson R.N., Ottley C.J., Smith P.M., Pearson D.G., Dickin A.P., Morrison M.A., Leat P.T., and Gibson S.A. Source of the Quaternary alkalic basalts, picrites and basanites of the Potrillo Volcanic Field, New Mexico, USA lithosphere or convecting mantle?. Journal of Petrology 46 (2005) 1603-1643
105. Tomascak P.B., Ryan J.G., and Defant M.J. Lithium isotope evidence for light element decoupling in the Panama subarc mantle. Geology 28 (2000) 507-510
106. Van Avendonk H.J., Holbrook W.S., Nunes G.T., Shillington D.J., Tucholke B.E., Louden K.E., Larsen H.C., and Hopper J.R. Seismic velocity structure of the Newfoundland rifted margin: evidence for thinned continental crust, unroofed mantle and slow-spreading oceanic crust. Eos Transactions AGU 86 52 (2005) Fall Meet. Supplement, Abstract T43B-1389
107. Van Roermund H.L.M., and Drury M.R. Ultra-high pressure (P > 6 GPa) garnet peridotites in Western Norway: exhumation of mantle rocks from > 185 km depth. Terra Nova 10 (1998) 295-301
108. Wang, Q., 2008 Lattice-preferred orientation, water content and seismic anisotropy of olivine: implications for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary of continents. Abstract, 33IGC Oslo.
109. Wang K.-L., O'Reilly S.Y., Griffin W.L., Chung S.-L., and Pearson N.J. Proterozoic mantle lithosphere beneath the extended margin of the South China Block: in situ Re-Os evidence. Geology 31 (2003) 709-712
110. Wilson T.J. Hypothesis of Earth's behaviour. Nature 198 (1963) 925-929
111. Wilson M., and Downes H. Tertiary-Quaternary extension-related alkaline magmatism in Western and Central Europe. Journal of Petrology 32 (1991) 811-849
112. Woodland A.B., Kornprobst J., McPherson E., Bodinier J.-L., and Menzies M.A. Metasomatic interaction in the lithospheric mantle: petrologic evidence from the Lherz massif, French Pyrenees. Chemical Geology 134 (1996) 83-112
113. Wyllie P.J. The origin of kimberlite. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (1980) 6902-6910
114. Xu X., O'Reilly S.Y., Griffin W.L., and Zhou X.M. Genesis of young lithospheric mantle in southeastern China: a LAM-ICPMS trace element study. Journal of Petrology 41 (2000) 111-148
115. Yuan X. Velocity structure of the Qinling lithosphere and mushroom cloud model. Science in China (Series D) 39 3 (1996) 235-244
116. Yuan X. The global geoscience transect from Altay, China to the Philippine Sea and Taiwan. International Geology Review 11 (1999) 275-286
117. Zindler A., and Hart S.R. Chemical geodynamics. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 14 (1986) 493-571
118. Zhang M., Stephenson P.J., O'Reilly S.Y., McCulloch M.T., and Norman M. Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of late Cenozoic basalts in North Queensland, Australia: trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope evidence. Journal of Petrology 42 (2001) 685-719
119. Zhang M., O'Reilly S.Y., Wang K.-L., Hronsky J., and Griffin W.L. Flood basalts and metallogeny: the lithospheric mantle connection. Earth-Science Reviews 86 (2008) 145-174