Silica and volatile-element metasomatism of Archean mantle: A xenolith-scale example from the Kaapvaal Craton

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Volumn 150, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 251-267

  Bell, David R ^a,b   Gregoire M ^c   Grove, T L ^b   Chatterjee, N ^b   Carlson, R W ^d   Buseck, P R ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c IRAP   (France)

^d GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; GARNET; HARZBURGITE; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; METASOMATISM; XENOLITH;

AFRICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; KIMBERLEY; NORTHERN CAPE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WORLD;

EID: 27744515131     PISSN: 00107999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00410-005-0673-8     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Anders E, Grevesse N (1989) Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53: 197-214 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X
2. Audetat D, Keppler H (2004) Viscosity of fluids in subduction zones. Science 303: 513-516
3. Aulbach S, Stachel T, Viljoen KS, Brey GP, Harris JW (2002) Eclogitic and websteritic diamond sources beneath the Limpopo belt - is slab melting the link. Contrib Mineral Petrol 143: 56-70
4. Bell DR, Grégoire M, Grove TL, Chatterjee N, Bowring, SA (2003) Silica and carbon deposition in the Kimberley peridotites. Extd Abstr 8th International Kimberlite Conf Victoria Canada, 4 pp (unpaginated CD)
5. Berg GW (1986) Evidence for carbonate in the mantle. Nature 324: 50-51 10.1038/324050a0
6. Bodinier J-L, Menzies MA, Shimizu N, Frey FA, McPherson E (2004) Silicate, hydrous and carbonate metasomatism at Lherz, France: contemporaneous derivatives of silicate melt - harzburgite reaction. J Petrol 45: 299-320 10.1093/petrology/egg107
7. Boyd FR (1989) Compositional distinction between oceanic and cratonic lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 96: 15-26 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90120-9
8. Boyd FR, McCallister RH (1976) Densities of fertile and sterile garnet lherzolites. Geophys Res Lett 3: 509-512
9. Boyd FR, Mertzman SA (1987) Composition and structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere. In: Mysen BO (ed) Magmatic processes: Physicochemical principles. Geochemical Society Spec Publ 1: 13-24
10. Boyd FR, Pokhilenko NP, Pearson DG, Mertzman SA, Sobolev NV, Finger LW (1997) Composition of the Siberian cratonic mantle: Evidence from Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths. Contrib Mineral Petrol 128: 228-246 10.1007/s004100050305
11. Brenan JM, Shaw HF, Ryerson FJ, Phinney DL (1995) Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900°C and 20 GPa: Constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59: 3331-3350 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00215-L
12. Brey GP, Köhler T (1990) Geothermobarometry in four phase lherzolites II. New thermobarometers and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers. J Petrol 31: 1353-1378
13. Bureau H, Keppler H (1999) Complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids in the upper mantle: Experimental geochemical evidence and geochemical implications. Earth Planet Sci Lett 165: 187-196 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00266-0
14. SR Burgess B Harte 1999 Tracing lithosphere evolution through the analysis of heterogeneous G9/G10 garnets in peridotite xenoliths, I: major element chemistry In: JJ Gurney JL Gurney MD Pascoe SH Richardson (eds.) The J.B. Dawson Volume. Proc 7thInternat Kimberlite Conf Red Roof Design Cape Town 66-80
15. Canil D (1991) Experimental evidence for the exsolution of cratonic peridotite from high-temperature harzburgite. Earth Planet Sci Lett 106: 64-72 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90063-N
16. Carlson RW, Moore RO (2004) Age of the eastern Kaapvaal mantle: Re-Os isotope data for peridotite xenoliths from the Monastery kimberlite. S Afr J Geol 107: 81-90 10.2113/107.1-2.81
17. RW Carlson DG Pearson FR Boyd SB Shirey G Irvine AH Menzies JJ Gurney 1999 Re-Os systematics of lithospheric peridotites: Implications for lithosphere formation and preservation JJ Gurney JL Gurney MD Pascoe SH Richardson The J. B. Dawson Volume Proc 7th Internat Kimberlite Conf. Red Roof Design Cape Town 99-108
18. 2O at 15 kbar; implications for assimilation and differentiation processes near the crust mantle boundary. J Petrol 30: 1351-1382
19. KG Cox MR Smith S Beswetherick 1987 Textural studies of garnet lherzolites: Evidence of exsolution origin from high-temperature harzburgites In: PH Nixon (ed.) Mantle Xenoliths. John Wiley and Sons Chichester 537-550
20. Dawson JB (2004) A fertile harzburgite to garnet lherzolite transition: possible inferences for the roles of strain and metasomatism in upper mantle peridotites. Lithos 77: 553-570 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.016
21. Dawson JB, Stephens WE (1975) Statistical classification of garnets from kimberlite and associated xenoliths. J Geol 83: 589-607
22. Domanik KJ, Holloway JR (1986) The stability and composition of phengitic muscovite and associated phases from 5.5 to 11 GPa: implications for deeply subducted sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 4133-4150 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00241-4
23. AJ Erlank FG Waters CJ Hawkesworth SE Haggerty HL Allsopp RS Rickard M Menzies 1987 Evidence for mantle metasomatism in peridotite nodules from the Kimberley pipes, South Africa In: M Menzies CJ Hawkesworth (eds) Mantle metasomatism. Academic Press London 221-309
24. Gaul O, Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Pearson NJ (2000) Mapping olivine composition in the lithospheric mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 182: 223-235 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00243-0
25. Grégoire M, Bell DR, le Roex AP (2002) Trace element geochemistry of phlogopite-rich mafic xenoliths: Their classification and their relationship to phlogopite-bearing peridotites and kimberlites revisited. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142: 603-625
26. Grégoire M, Bell DR, le Roex AP (2003) Garnet lherzolites from the Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa): Trace element evidence for a metasomatic history. J Petrol 44: 629-657 10.1093/petrology/44.4.629
27. Griffin WL, Smith D, Boyd FR, Cousens DR, Ryan CG, Sie SH, Suter GF (1989) Trace element zoning in garnets from sheared mantle xenoliths. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53: 561-567 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90407-9
28. Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Ryan CG (1999) The composition and origin of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In: Fei Y, Bertka CM, Mysen BO (eds) Mantle petrology: Field observations and high pressure experimentation: A tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd. Geochemical Soc Spec Publ 6: 13-45
29. Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Abe N, Aulbach S, Davies RM, Pearson NJ, Doyle BJ, Kivi K (2003) The origin and evolution of Archean lithospheric mantle. Precambrian Res 127: 19-41 10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00180-3
30. Griffin WL, Graham S, O'Reilly SY, Pearson NJ (2004) Lithosphere evolution beneath the Kaapvaal Craton: Re-Os systematics of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites. Chem Geol 208: 89-118 10.1016/ j.chemgeo.2004.04.007
31. Gurney JJ (1984) A correlation between garnets and diamonds. In: Glover JE, Harris PG (eds) Kimberlite occurrence and origin: A basis for conceptual models in exploration. Geology Dept and University Extension, University of Western Australia Publ 8: 143-166
32. Gurney JJ, Harte B (1980) Chemical variations in upper mantle nodules from southern African kimberlites. Phil Trans Royal Soc London A297: 273-293
33. Harte B, Hunter RH, Kinny PD (1993) Melt geometry, movement and crystallization, in relation to mantle dykes, veins, and metasomatism. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A342: 1-21
34. Herzberg C (1993) Lithosphere peridotites of the Kaapvaal craton. Earth Planet Sci Lett 120: 13-29 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90020-A
35. Hoal KEO, Hoal BG, Erlank AJ, Shimizu N (1994) Metasomatism of the mantle lithosphere recorded by rare-earth elements in garnet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 126: 303-313 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90114-7
36. Hops JJ, Gurney JJ, Harte B, Winterburn P (1989) Megacrysts and high temperature nodules from the Jagersfontein kimberlite pipe. In : Ross J et al (eds) Kimberlites and Related rocks. Volume 2. Their mantle/crust setting, diamonds and diamond exploration. Geol Soc Australia Spec Publ 14: 759-770
37. 2O at 30 kbar, with applications to hybridization in subduction zone magmatism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 102: 257-264 10.1007/BF00373719
38. Jones AP, Smith JV, Dawson, JB (1982) Mantle metasomatism in 14 veined peridotites from Bultfontein mine, South Africa. J Geol 90: 435-453
39. Jordan TH (1988) Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere. Journal of Petrology Special Lithosphere Issue: 11-37
40. Kelemen PB (1990) Reaction between ultramafic wallrock and fractionating basaltic magma Part I Phase relations, the origin of calc-alkaline magma series and the formation of discordant dunite. J Petrol 31: 51-98
41. Kelemen PB (1995) Generation of high-Mg andesites and the continental crust. Contrib Mineral Petrol 120: 1-19
42. Kelemen PB, Shimizu N, Dunn JT (1993) Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust: Partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 120: 111-133 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90234-Z
43. Kelemen PB, Hart SR, Bernstein S (1998) Silica enrichment in the continental upper mantle via melt/rock reaction. Earth Planet Sci Lett 164: 387-406 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00233-7
44. Kepezhinskas PK, Defant MJ, Drummond MS (1995) Na metasomatism in the island-arc mantle by slab melt - Peridotite interaction: Evidence from mantle xenoliths in the North Kamchatka arc. J Petrol 36: 1505-1527
45. Kepezhinskas PK, Defant MJ, Drummond MS (1996) Progressive enrichment of island arc mantle by melt-peridotite interaction inferred from Kamchatka xenoliths. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 1217-1229 10.1016/ 0016-7037(96)00001-4
46. Kesson SE, Ringwood AE (1989) Slab - mantle interactions. 2. The formation of diamonds. Chem Geol 78: 97-118 10.1016/0009-2541(89)90110-1
47. RJ Kinzler TL Grove (1999) Origin of depleted cratonic harzburgite by deep fractional melt extraction and shallow olivine cumulate infusion In: JJ Gurney JL Gurney MD Pascoe SH Richardson (eds.) The J.B. Dawson Volume. Proc 7thInternat Kimberlite Conf Red Roof Design Cape Town pp. 437-443
48. Kopylova MG, Russell JK (2000) Chemical stratification of cratonic lithosphere: Constraints from the Northern Slave Craton, Canada. Earth Planet Sci Lett 181: 71-87 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00187-4
49. Kramers JD Roddick JCM, Dawson JB (1983) Trace element and isotopic studies on veined, metasomatic and "MARID" xenoliths from Bultfontein. South Africa Earth Planet Sci Lett 65: 90-106
50. Lahaye Y, Brey GP (2003) Scale and timing constraints on chemical redistribution between minerals of a composite garnet peridotite/ orthopyroxenite. Abstr 8th Internat Kimberlite Conf Victoria, Canada, CD unpaginated
51. Laurora A, Mazzucchelli M, Rivalenti G, Vannucci R, Zanetti A, Barbier MA, Cingolani C (2001) Metasomatism and melting in carbonated peridotite xenoliths for the mantle wedge: The Gobernador Gregores case (southern Patagonia). J Petrol 42: 69-87 10.1093/petrology/42.1.69
52. 2 at 1 GPa, metasomatic wehrlites, and primary carbonatite magmas. Contrib Mineral Petrol 138: 214-228 10.1007/s004100050558
53. Lorand JP (1993) Comment on 'Content and isotopic composition of sulphur in ultramafic xenoliths from central Asia' by D.A. Ionov, J. Hoefs, K. H. Wedepohl and U. Wiechert. Earth Planet Sci Lett 119: 627-634 10.1016/ 0012-821X(93)90067-J
54. McDonough WF, Sun S (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120: 223-253 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
55. McInnes BIA, Cameron EM (1994) Carbonated, alkaline hybridizing melts from a sub-arc environment: Mantle wedge samples from the Tabar-Lihir-Feni arc, Papua New Guinea. Earth Planet Sci Lett 122: 125-141 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90055-8
56. McInnes BIA, Grégoire M, Binns RA, Herzig PM, Hannington MD (2001) Hydrous metasomatism of oceanic sub-arc mantle, Lihir, Papua New Guinea: Petrology and geochemistry of fluid-metasomatised mantle wedge xenoliths. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188: 169-183 10.1016/ S0012-821X(01)00306-5
57. Mibe K, Fujii T, Yasuda A (1998) Connectivity of aqueous fluid in the Earth's upper mantle. Geophys Res Lett 25: 1233-1236 10.1029/98GL00872
58. Mibe K, Fujii T, Yasuda A (2002) Composition of aqueous fluid coexisting with mantle minerals at high pressure and its bearing on the differentiation of the Earth's mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66: 2273-2285 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00856-6
59. Navon O, Stolper EM (1987) Geochemical consequences of melt percolation: the upper mantle as a chromatographic column. J Geol 95: 285-307
60. Niu Y, Langmuir CH and Kinzler RJ (1997) The origin of abyssal peridotites; a new perspective. Earth Planet Sci Lett 152: 251-265 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00119-2
61. O'Hara MJ, Saunders MJ, Mercy, ELP (1975) Garnet-peridotite primary ultrabasic magma and eclogite; interpretation of the upper mantle process in kimberlite. Phys Chem Earth 9: 571-604 10.1016/ 0079-1946(75)90040-3
62. O'Neill HS (1980) An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and olivine and its calibration as a geothermometer: Corrections. Contrib Mineral Petrol 72: 337 10.1007/BF00376154
63. O'Neill HS, Wood BJ (1979) An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and olivine and its calibration as a geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 70: 59-70 10.1007/BF00371872
64. Parman SW, Grove TL, De Wit MJ, Dann JC (2004) A subduction origin for komatiites and cratonic lithospheric mantle. S Afr J Geol 107: 107-118 10.2113/107.1-2.107
65. Pearson DG, Carlson RW, Shirey SB, Boyd FR, Nixon PH (1995a) Stabilisation of Archaean lithospheric mantle; a Re-Os isotope study of peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal Craton. Earth Planet Sci Lett 134: 341-357 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00125-V
66. Pearson DG, Shirey SB, Carlson RW, Boyd FR, Pokhilenko NP, Shimizu N (1995b) Re-Os, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotope evidence for thick Archaean lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian craton modified by multistage metasomatism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59: 959-977
67. Pokhilenko NP, Sobolev NV, Boyd FR, Pearson DG, Shimizu N (1993) Megacrystalline pyrope peridotites in the lithosphere of the Siberian Platform; mineralogy, geochemical peculiarities and the problem of their origin. Russian Geol Geophys 34: 56-67
68. Poujol M, Robb LJ, Annhaeusser CJ, Gericke B (2003) A review of the geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Precambrian Res 127: 181-213 10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00187-6
69. Prouteau G, Scaillet B, Pichavant M, Maury R (2001) Evidence for mantle metasomatism by hydrous silicic melts derived from subducted crust. Nature 410: 197-200 10.1038/35065583
70. Rapp RP, Shimizu N, Norman MD, Applegate GS (1999) Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: Experimental constraints at 38 GPa. Chem Geol 160: 335-356 10.1016/ S0009-2541(99)00106-0
71. Richardson SH, Gurney JJ, Erlank AJ, Harris JW (1984) Origin of diamonds in old enriched mantle. Nature 310: 198-202 10.1038/310198a0
72. Richardson SH, Erlank AJ, Hart SR (1985) Kimberlite-borne garnet peridotite xenoliths from old enriched subcontinental lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 75: 116-128 10.1016/0012-821X(85)90094-9
73. Richardson SH, Shirey S B, Harris JW, Carlson RW (2001) Archean subduction recorded by Re-Os isotopes in eclogitic sulfide inclusions in Kimberley diamonds. Earth Planet Sci Lett 191: 257-266 10.1016/ S0012-821X(01)00419-8
74. Rudnick RL, McDonough WF, Orpin A (1994) Northern Tanzanian peridotite xenoliths: A comparison with Kaapvaal peridotites and inferences on metasomatic interactions. In: Meyer HOA, Leonardos O (eds) Kimberlites, related rocks and mantle xenoliths, Vol 1 Proc 5th Internat Kimberlite Conf CPRM Brasilia pp 336-353
75. Rudnick RL, McDonough WF, O'Connell RJ (1998) Thermal structure, thickness and composition of continental lithosphere. Chem Geol 145: 395-411 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00151-4
76. Saltzer RL, Chatterjee N, Grove TL (2001) The spatial distribution of garnets and pyroxenes in mantle peridotites; pressure-temperature history of peridotites from the Kaapvaal Craton. J Petrol 42: 2215-2229 10.1093/petrology/42.12.2215
77. Schiano P, Clochiatti R, Shimizu N, Maury RC, Jochum KP, Hoffman AW (1995) Hydrous, silica rich melts in the sub-arc mantle and their relationship with erupted arc lavas. Nature 377: 595-600 10.1038/377595a0
78. Schmidt MW (1996) Experimental constraints on recycling of potassium from subducted oceanic crust. Science 270: 625-627
79. Schmitz MD, Bowring SA, de Wit MJ, Gartz V (2004) Neoarchean continent collision in the western Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa and its implications for the stabilization of continental lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 222: 363-376 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.036
80. Schneider M E, Eggler D H (1986) Fluids in equilibrium with peridotite minerals: Implications for mantle metasomatism. Geochim Cosmoschim Acta 50: 711-724 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90347-9
81. 2O at 30 kbar, with applications to hybridization in subduction zone magmatism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 81: 190-202 10.1007/BF00371296
82. Shapiro SS, Hager BH, Jordan TH (1999) Stability and dynamics of the continental tectosphere. Lithos 48: 115-133 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00025-0
83. 2O system. Nature 385: 710-712 10.1038/385710a0
84. Shimizu N (1975) Rare earth elements in garnets and clinopyroxenes from garnet lherzolite nodules in kimberlites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 25: 26-32 10.1016/0012-821X(75)90206-X
85. Shimizu N, Richardson SH (1987) Trace element abundance patterns of garnet inclusions in peridotite-suite diamonds. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51: 755-758 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90085-8
86. N Shimizu NP Pokhilenko FR Boyd DG Pearson 1999 Trace element characteristics of garnet dunites/harzburgites, host rocks for Siberian peridotitic diamonds. JJ Gurney, JL Gurney, MD Pascoe, SH Richardson (eds) The P.H.Nixon Volume Proc 7th Internat Kimberlite Conf Red Roof Design Cape Town pp 773-782
87. Shirey SB, Harris JW, Richardson SH, Fouch MJ, James DE, Cartigny P, Deines P, Viljoen F (2002) Diamond genesis, seismic structure, and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe Craton. Science 297: 1683-1686 10.1126/science.1072384
88. Simon NSC, Irvine GJ, Davies GR, Pearson DG, Carlson RW (2003a) The origin of garnet and clinopyroxene in "depleted" Kaapvaal peridotites. Lithos 71: 289-322 10.1016/S0024-4937(03)00118-X
89. Simon NSC, Carlson R W, Davies G R, Nowell G M, Pearson D G (2003b) Os-Sr-Nd-Hf isotope evidence for the ancient depletion and subsequent multistage enrichment history of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithosphere Extd Abstrs 8th Internat Kimberlite Conf Victoria Canada, CD unpaginated
90. Smith D (2000) Insights into the evolution of the uppermost continental mantle from xenolith localities on and near the Colorado Plateau and regional comparisons. J Geophys Res 105: 16,769-16,781
91. Smith D, Riter JCA, Mertzman SA (1999) Water-rock interactions, orthopyroxene growth, and Si-enrichment in the mantle: Evidence in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States. Earth Planet Sci Lett 165: 45-54 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00251-9
92. Smith D, Connelly JN, Manser K, Moser D, Housh T, McDowell F, Mack LE (2004) Evolution of Navajo eclogites and hydration of the mantle below the Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States. Geochem Geophys Geosystems 5 (4): Q04005 doi:10.1029/2003GC000675
93. Stachel T, Viljoen KS, Brey GP, Harris JW (1998) Metasomatic processes in lherzolitic and harzburgitic domains of diamondiferous lithospheric mantle: REE in garnets from xenoliths and inclusions in diamonds. Earth Planet Sci Lett 159: 1-12 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00064-8
94. T Stachel JW Harris GP Brey 1999 REE patterns of peridotitic and eclogitic inclusions in diamonds from Mwadui (Tanzania). In. JJ Gurney, JL Gurney, MD Pascoe, SH Richardson (eds) The NixonVolume Proc 7th Internat Kimberlite Conf. Red Roof Design Cape Town pp 829-835
95. Stachel T, Aulbach S, Brey GP, Harris JW, Leost I, Tappert R, Viljoen KS (2004) The trace element composition of silicate inclusions in diamonds: a review. Lithos 77:1-21 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.027
96. Stalder R, Foley SF, Brey GP, Horn I (1998) Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900-1200°C and 30-57 GPa: New experimental data for garnet, clinopyroxene, and rutile, and implications for mantle metasomatism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62: 1781-1801 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00101-X
97. 2O under upper mantle conditions. Contrib Mineral Petrol 140: 607-618
98. Tomoaki M, Arai S, Green DH (2003) Evolution of low-Al orthopyroxene in the Horoman Peridotite Japan; an unusual indicator of metasomatizing fluids. J Petrol 44: 1237-1246 10.1093/petrology/44.7.1237
99. Wagner TP, Grove TL (1998) Melt/harzburgite reaction in the petrogenesis of tholeiitic magma from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Contrib Mineral Petrol 131: 1-12 10.1007/s004100050374
100. Walker RJ, Carlson RW, Shirey SB, Boyd FR (1989) Os, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematics of southern African peridotite xenoliths: implications for the chemical evolution of subcontinental mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53: 1583-1595 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90240-8
101. Walter MJ (1998) Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere. J Petrol 39: 29-60 10.1093/petrology/ 39.1.29
102. Walter MJ (1999) Melting residues of fertile peridotite and the origin of cratonic lithosphere. In Fei Y, Bertka CM, Mysen BO (eds) Mantle petrology: Field observations and high pressure Axperimentation: a tribute to Francis R (Joe) Boyd Geochemical Soc Spec Publ 6: 225-239
103. MJ Walter 2004 Melt extraction and compositional variability in mantle lithosphere. In: RW Carlson (ed) The Mantle and Core, Vol 2 Treatise on Geochemistry (eds HD Holland and KK Turekian). Elsevier-Pergamon Oxford pp 363-394
104. Wunder B, Melzer S (2003) Experimental evidence on phlogopite mantle metasomatism induced by phengite dehydration. Eur J Mineral 15: 641-647 10.1127/0935-1221/2003/0015-0641
105. Wyllie PJ, Carroll MR, Johnston AD, Rutter MJ, Sekine T, Van der Laan SR (1989) Interactions among magmas and rocks in subduction zone regions: experimental studies from slab to mantle to crust. Eur J Mineral 1: 165-179
106. Wyllie PJ, Ryabchikov ID (2000) Volatile components, magmas, and critical fluids in upwelling mantle. J Petrol 41: 1195-1206 10.1093/ petrology/41.7.1195
107. Zanetti A, Mazzucchelli M, Rivalenti G, Vannucci R (1999) The Finero phlogopite-peridotite massif: An example of subduction-related metasomatism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 134: 107-122 10.1007/s004100050472