Fundamental and gradient differences in language development

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 259-289

  Herschensohn, Julia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 71749095349     PISSN: 02722631     EISSN: 14701545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0272263109090305     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Archibald, J. (1993). Language learnability and L2 phonology: The acquisition of metrical parameters. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
2. Asher, J., & Garcia, R. (1982). The optimal age to learn a foreign language. In S. Krashen, R. Scarcella, & M. H. Long (Eds.), Child-adult differences in second language acquisition (pp. 3-12). Rowley, MA: Newbury House
3. Baker, C. L., & McCarthy, J. J. (Eds). (1981). The logical problem of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4. Banich, M., & Mack, M. (Eds.). (2003). Mind, brain and language: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Belletti, A., & Hamann, C. (2004). On the L2/bilingual acquisition of French by two young children with different source languages. In P. Prévost & J. Paradis (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 147-174). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
6. Bialystok, E. (1997). The structure of age: In search of barriers to second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 13, 116-137.
7. Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Birdsong, D. (Ed.). (1999). Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Birdsong, D. (2006). Age and second language acquisition and processing: A selective overview. Language Learning, 56, 9-49.
10. Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 235-249.
11. Bley-Vroman, R. (1990). The logical problem of foreign language learning. Linguistic Analysis, 20, 3-49.
12. Bloom, P. (2002). How children learn the meanings of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13. Boysson-Bardies, B. de. (1999). How language comes to children. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
14. Carreiras, M., & Clifton, C., Jr. (Eds.). (2004). The online study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP and beyond. London: Psychology Press.
15. Carroll, S. E. (2001). Input and evidence: The raw material of second language acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
16. Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
17. Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
18. Chomsky, N. (2001). Derivation by phase. In M. Kenstowicz (Ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language (pp. 1-52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
19. Chomsky, N. (2004). Beyond explanatory adequacy. In A. Belletti (Ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures (Vol. 3, pp. 104-131). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20. Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006 a). Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycho linguistics, 27, 3-42.
21. Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006 b). How native-like is non-native language processing? Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, 564-570.
22. Conradie, S. (2005). Verb movement parameters in Afrikaans: Investigating the full transfer full access hypothesis. Montreal: McGill Working Papers in Linguistics.
23. Conradie, S. (2006). Investigating the acquisition of the split-IP parameter and the V2 parameter in second language Afrikaans. Second Language Research, 22, 64-94.
24. Cutler, A. (1994). Segmentation problems, rhythmic solutions. In L. R. Gleitman & B. Landau (Eds.), The acquisition of the lexicon (pp. 81-104). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
25. Cutler, A., Mehler, J., Norris, D., & Segui, J. (1992). The monolingual nature of speech segmentation of bilinguals. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 381-410.
26. DeKeyser, R. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, 499-533.
27. Dekydtspotter, L., Sprouse, R. A., & Anderson, B. (1997). The interpretive interface in L2 acquisition: The process-result distinction in English-French interlanguage grammars. Language Acquisition, 6, 297-332.
28. Doughty, C. J., & Long, M. H. (Eds.). (2003). The handbook of second language acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Dussias, P. E. (2003). Syntactic ambiguity resolution in L2 learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 529-557.
30. Dussias, P. E. (2004). Parsing a first language like a second: The erosion of L1 parsing strategies in Spanish-English bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8, 355-371.
31. Eimas, P. D., Siqueland, E. R., Jusczyk, P., & Vigorito, J. (2004). Speech perception in infants. In B. Lust & C. Foley (Eds.), First language acquisition: The essential readings (pp. 279-284). Oxford: Blackwell
32. Fernández, E. M. (1999). Processing strategies in second language acquisition: Some preliminary results. In E. C. Klein & G. Martohardjono (Eds.), The development of second language grammars: A generative approach (pp. 217-240). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
33. Fernández, E. M. (2002). Relative clause attachment in bilinguals and monolinguals. In R. R. Heredia & J. Altarriba (Eds.), Bilingual sentence processing (pp. 187-216). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
34. Flege, J. E. (1987 a). A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign languages? Applied Linguistics, 8, 162-177.
35. Flege, J. E. (1987 b). The production of 'new' and 'similar' phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classifi cation. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47-65.
36. Flege, J. E., & Liu, S. (2001). The effect of experience on adults' acquisition of a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 527-552.
37. Flege, J. E., & MacKay, I. (2004). Perceiving vowels in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 1-34.
38. Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. (1995). Factors affecting degree of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3125-3134.
39. Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 78-104.
40. Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41. Fodor, J. (2001). The mind doesn't work that way. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
42. Foucart, A. (2007). Grammatical gender processing in French as a first and as a second language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Aix-Marseille I, France, and University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
43. Foucart, A., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2005). ERP study of grammatical gender in second language. Unpublished manuscript, Centre National de Recherche Scientifi que, Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France.
44. Friederici, A. D. (2002). Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 78-84.
45. Friederici, A. D. (2004). The neural basis of syntactic processes. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed., pp. 789-801). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
46. Galaburda, A., Kosslyn, S. M., & Christen, Y. (Eds.). (2002). The languages of the brain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
47. Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.). ( 2000). The cognitive neurosciences (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48. Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.). (2004). The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Genesee, F., Paradis, J., & Crago, M. B. (2006). Dual language development and disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning. Baltimore: Paul Brookes.
50. Guasti, M. T. (1993 /1994). Verb syntax in Italian child grammar: Finite and non-finite verbs. Language Acquisition, 3, 1-40.
51. Guasti, M. T. (2002). Language acquisition: The growth of grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
52. Guillelmon, D., & Grosjean, F. (2001). The gender marking effect in spoken word recognition: The case of bilinguals. Memory and Cognition, 29, 503-511.
53. Hahne, A. (2001). What's different in second language processing? Evidence from event related brain potentials. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 251-266.
54. Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in syntactic analysis: Early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 193-204.
55. Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (2001). Processing a second language: Late learners' comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event related brain potentials. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 123-142.
56. Hasegawa, M., Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (2002). An fMRI study of bilingual sentence comprehension and workload. Neuroimage, 15, 647-660.
57. Hawkins, R. (2001). Second language syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
58. Hawkins, R., & Franceschina, F. (2004). Explaining the acquisition and non-acquisition of determiner-noun gender concord in French and Spanish. In P. Prévost & J. Paradis (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 175-206). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
59. Haznedar, B. (2001). The acquisition of the IP system in child L2 English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 1-39.
60. Haznedar, B. (2003). The status of functional categories in child second language acquisition: Evidence from the acquisition of CP. Second Language Research, 19, 1-41.
61. Herschensohn, J. (2000). The second time around: Minimalism and L2 acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
62. Herschensohn, J. (2001). Missing infl ection in L2 French: Accidental infi nitives and other verbal defi cits. Second Language Research, 17, 273-305.
63. Herschensohn, J. (2007). Language development and age. New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Herschensohn, J., Stevenson, J., & Waltmunson, J. (2005). Children's acquisition of L2 Spanish morphosyntax in an immersion setting. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 43, 193-217.
65. Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (1996). The origins of grammar: Evidence from early language comprehension. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Hopp, H. (2007). Ultimate attainment at the interfaces in second language acquisition: Grammar and processing. Groningen, The Netherlands: Grodil Press.
67. Hulk, A. (2004). The acquisition of French DP in a bilingual context. In P. Prévost & J. Paradis (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 243-274). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
68. Hulk, A., & Cornips, L. (2006). Neuter gender and interface vulnerability in child L2/2L1 Dutch. In S. Unsworth, T. Parodi, A. Sorace, & M. Young-Scholten (Eds.), Paths of development in L1 and L2 acquisition: In honor of Bonnie D. Schwartz (pp. 107-134). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
69. Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some or none? On the maturational constraints controversy in SLA. Studia Linguistica, 54, 150-166.
70. Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N. (2003). Maturational constraints in SLA. In C. J. Doughty & M. H. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 539-588). Oxford: Blackwell.
71. Ioup, G., & Weinberger, S. (Eds.). (1987). Interlanguage phonology: The acquisition of a second language sound system. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
72. Jia, G., Aaronson, D., & Wu, Y. (2002). Long-term attainment of bilingual immigrants: Predictive variables and language group differences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23, 599-621. (Pubitemid 36399869)
73. Johnson, J., & Newport, E. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The infl uence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 60-99.
74. Klein, W., & Perdue, C. (1997). The basic variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?). Second Language Research, 13, 301-347.
75. Köpke, B., Schmid, M. S., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.). (2007). Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
76. Kuhl, P. (2000). Language, mind, brain: Experience alters perception. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (2nd ed., pp. 99-115). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
77. Kuhl, P. (2004). Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 831-843.
78. Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
79. Lleó, C. (2001). Determining the acquisition of determiners: On the innateness of functional categories. In J. Herschensohn, E. Mallén, & K. Zagona (Eds.), Features and interfaces in Romance: Essays in honor of Heles Contreras (pp. 189-202). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
80. Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.
81. Major, R. C. (1987). A model for interlanguage phonology. In G. Ioup & S. Weinberger (Eds.), Interlanguage phonology: The acquisition of a second language sound system (pp. 101-125). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
82. Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J. (2004). Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing. Brain and Language, 86, 70-82.
83. Mayberry, R. I. (1993). First-language acquisition after childhood differs from secondlanguage acquisition: The case of American Sign Language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1258-1270.
84. McDonald, J. L. (2000). Grammaticality judgments in a second language: Infl uences of age of acquisition and native language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21, 395-423.
85. McLaughlin, J., Osterhout, L., & Kim, A. (2004). Neural correlates of second-language word learning: Minimal instruction produces rapid change. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 703-704.
86. Meisel, J. M. (Ed.). (1994). Bilingual first language acquisition: French and German grammatical development. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
87. Meisel, J. M. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and German: Contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 227-264.
88. Meisel, J. M. (2004). The bilingual child. In T. K. Bhatia & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism (pp. 91-113). Oxford: Blackwell.
89. Meisel, J. M. (2008). Child second language acquisition or successive first language acquisition? In B. Haznedar & E. Gavruseva (Eds.), Current trends in child second language acquisition: A generative perspective (pp. 55-80). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
90. Montrul, S. (2008). Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: Re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
91. Newport, E. (1994). Maturational constraints on language learning. In P. Bloom (Ed.), Language acquisition: Core readings (pp. 543-560). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
92. Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., & Bersick, M. (1997). Event-related brain potentials and human language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 203-209.
93. Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Kim, A., Greenwald, R., & Inoue, K. (2004). Sentences in the brain: Event-related potentials as real-time refl ections of sentence comprehension and language learning. In M. Carreiras & C. Clifton Jr. (Eds.), The on-line study of sentence comprehension (pp. 271-308). New York: Psychology Press.
94. Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Pitkänen, I., Frenck-Mestre, C., & Molinaro, N. (2006). Novice learners, longitudinal designs and event-related potentials: A paradigm for exploring the neurocognition of second-language processing. Language Learning, 56, 199-230.
95. Pallier, C. (2007). Critical periods in language acquisition and language attrition. In B. Köpke, M. S. Schmid, M. Keijzer, & S. Dostert (Eds.), Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 155-168). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
96. Pallier, C., Dehaene, S., Poline, J.-B., LeBihan, D., Argenti, A. M., Dupoux, E., et al. (2003). Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: Can a second language replace the first? Cerebral Cortex, 13, 155-161.
97. Papadopoulou, D., & Clahsen, H. (2003). Parsing strategies in L1 and L2 sentence processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 501-528.
98. Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
99. Paradis, M. (2007). L1 attrition features predicted by a neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. In B. Köpke, M. S. Schmid, M. Keijzer, & S. Dostert (Eds.), Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 121-133). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
100. Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2005). The neural basis of first and second language processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 202-206. (Pubitemid 41569269)
101. Pierce, A. (1992). Language acquisition and syntactic theory: A comparative analysis of French and English child grammars. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
102. Piske, T., MacKay, I. R. A., & Flege, J. E. (2001). Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 191-215.
103. Pollock, J.-Y. (1989). Verb movement, Universal Grammar and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 365-424.
104. Prévost, P. (2003). Truncation and missing infl ection in initial child L2 German. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 65-97.
105. Prévost, P., & White, L. (2000). Missing surface infl ection or impairment in second language acquisition? Evidence from tense and agreement. Second Language Research, 16, 103-134.
106. Pullum, G. K., & Scholz, B. C. (2002). Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments. The Linguistic Review, 19, 9-50.
107. Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic theory and the acquisition of English syntax: The nature of early child grammars of English. Oxford: Blackwell.
108. Sagarra, N., & Herschensohn, J. (2008). Processing gender in L2 Spanish. In H. Chan, H. Jacob, & E. Kapia (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 427-437). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
109. Schwartz, B. D. (1992). Testing between UG-based and problem-solving models of L2 acquisition: Developmental sequence data. Language Acquisition, 2, 1-19.
110. Schwartz, B. D. (2003). Child L2 acquisition: Paving the way. In B. Beachley, A. Brown, & F. Conlin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 26-50). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
111. Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research, 12, 40-72.
112. Scovel, T. (1988). A time to speak: A psycholinguistic inquiry into the critical period for human speech. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
113. Shapiro, K., & Caramazza, A. (2004). The organization of lexical knowledge in the brain: The grammatical dimension. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed., pp. 803-814). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
114. Singleton, D. (1989). Language acquisition: The age factor. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
115. Singleton, D., & Ryan, L. (2004). Language acquisition: The age factor (2nd ed.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
116. Sorace, A., & Filiaci, F. (2006). Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian. Second Language Research, 22, 339-368.
117. Stowe, L. A., Haverkort, M., & Zwarts, F. (2005). Rethinking the neurological basis of language. Lingua, 115, 997-1042.
118. Strozer, J. (1994). Language acquisition after puberty. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
119. Tsimpli, M.-I., & Roussou, A. (1991). Parameter resetting in L2? University College London Working Papers in Linguistics, 3, 149-169.
120. Ullman, M. T. (2001 a). The declarative/procedural model of lexicon and grammar. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 37-69.
121. Ullman, M. T. (2001 b). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 105-122.
122. Unsworth, S. (2002). Young (and older) L2 learners and Dutch scrambling. In M. S. Cazzoli- Goeta, S. Pourcel, & L. Van Espen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Durham Postgraduate Conference in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (pp. 205-214). School of Linguistics and Language, University of Durham, UK.
123. Unsworth, S. (2005). Child L2, adult L2, child L1: Differences and similarities-A study on the acquisition of direct object scrambling in Dutch. Utrecht, The Netherlands: LOT.
124. Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (1996). Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research, 12, 7-39.
125. Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (2006). The roots of syntax and how they grow: Organic grammar, the basic variety and processability theory. In S. Unsworth, T. Parodi, A. Sorace, & M. Young-Scholten (Eds.), Paths of development in L1 and L2 acquisition: In honor of Bonnie D. Schwartz (pp. 77-106). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
126. Wartenburger, I., Heekeren, H. R., Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., Villringer, A., & Perani, D. (2003). Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron, 37, 159-170.
127. Weerman, F. (2002). Dynamiek in taal en de explosie van de Neerlandistiek [Dynamics in language and the explosion of Dutch]. Inaugural professorial lecture at the University of Amsterdam.
128. White, L. (2003). Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press.
129. Wong-Fillmore, L. (1991). When learning a second language means losing the first. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 6, 323-346.
130. Zatorre, R. J. (2003). Functional and structural imaging in the study of auditory language processes. In M. Banich & M. Mack (Eds.), Mind, brain and language: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 211-227). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.