Pathophysiological insights into atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: Implications for current pharmaceutical design

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 15, Issue 29, 2009, Pages 3367-3383

  Kaireviciute, D ^a,b   Aidietis, A ^b   Lip, G Y H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b VILNIUS UNIVERSITY   (Lithuania)

Author keywords

Atrial fibrillation; Cardiac surgery; Inflammation; Mechanisms; Remodeling; Thrombogenesis

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CALCIUM CHANNEL T TYPE; CONNEXIN 40; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; FIBRONECTIN; GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN; ION CHANNEL; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART CONDUCTION; HEART DEPOLARIZATION; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE REFRACTORY PERIOD; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATION; MITRAL VALVE DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; SINUS RHYTHM; SODIUM CALCIUM EXCHANGE; TACHYCARDIA; THROMBOGENESIS; TURNOVER TIME;

ANIMALS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; DRUG DESIGN; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEART ATRIA; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MYOCARDIUM; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 70449411030     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161209789105063     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Lauer MS, Eagle KA, Buckley MJ, DeSanctis RW. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1989; 5: 367-368
2. White HD, Antman EM, Glynn MA, Collins JJ, Cohn LH, Shemin RJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of timolol for the prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 1984; 70: 479-484
3. Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, Antman EM. Prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circulation 1991; 84: III236-44.
4. Almassi GH, Schowalter T, Nicolosi AC, Aggarval A, Moritz TE, Henderson Wg, et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. A major morbid event? Ann Surg 1997; 226: 501-513
5. Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer DC, et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA 2004; 291: 1720-1729 (Pubitemid 38489894)
6. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, Vliet MV, et al. Predictors for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Circulation 1996: 94: 390-397
7. Stamou SC, Dangas G, Hill PC, Pfister AJ, Dullum MK, Boyce SW, et al. Atrial fibrillation after beating heart surgery. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 64-67 (Pubitemid 30365145)
8. Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Liu BC, Kar B, Lee V-V, Elayda M, et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 742-748 (Pubitemid 38296469)
9. Ahmadi H, Karimi A, Davoodi S, Marzban M, Movahedi N, Abbasi K, et al. 24-hour in-hospital mortality predictions in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. Arch Med Res 2007; 38: 417-423 (Pubitemid 46528558)
10. Stamou SC, Hill PC, Dangas G, Pfister AJ, Boyce SW, Dullum MKC, et al. Stroke after coronary artery bypass: incidence, predictors, and clinical outcome. Stroke 2001; 32: 1508-1513 (Pubitemid 32631896)
11. Likosky DS, Leavitt BJ, Marrin CAS, Malenka DJ, Reeves AG, Weintraub RM, et al, O'Connor GT, for the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Intra- and postoperative predictors of stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 428-435
12. Auer J, Weber T, Berent R, Ng CK, Lamm G, Eber E. Postoperative atrial fibrillation independently predicts prolongation of hospital stay after cardiac surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2005; 46: 583-588 (Pubitemid 43298640)
13. Tamis JE, Steinberg JS. Atrial fibrillation independently prolongs hospital stay after coronary artery bypass surgery. Clin Cardiol 2000; 23: 155-159 (Pubitemid 30127451)
14. Garrey WE. Auricular fibrillation. Physiolog Rev 1924; 4: 215-250
15. Moe GK, Rheinboldt WC, Abildskov JA. A computer model of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1964; 67: 200-220
16. Allessie MA, Lammers WJEP, Bonke FIM, Hollen J. Experimental evaluation of Moe's multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, Eds. Cardiac arrhythmias. New York: Grune & Stratton 1985: 265-276.
17. Li D, Fareh S, Leung TK, Nattel S. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs. Atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation 1999; 100: 87-95.
18. Liu L, Nattel S. Differingt sympathetic and vagal effects on atrial fibrillation in dogs: role of refractoriness heterogeneity. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: H805-16. (Pubitemid 27392236)
19. Haissaguere M, Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 659-666 (Pubitemid 28402090)
20. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation 1995; 92: 1954-1968
21. Henry WL, Morganroth J, Pearlman AS, Clark CE, Redwood DR, Itscoitz SB, et al. Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1976; 53: 273-279
22. Boyden PA, Tilley LP, Albala A, Liu SK, Fenoglio JJ, Wit AL. Mechanisms for atrial arrhythmias associated with cardiomyopathy: a study of feline hearts with primary myocardial disease. Circulation 1984; 69: 1036-1047 (Pubitemid 14137300)
23. Pham TD, Fenoglio JJ Jr. Right atrial ultrastructure in chronic rheumatic heart disease. Int J Cardiol 1982; I: 289-304.
24. Ohtani K, Yutani C, Nagata S, Koretsune Y, Hori M, Kamada T. High prevalence of atrial fibrosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1162-1169
25. Ausma J, Wijffels M, Thone F, Wouters L, Allessie M, Borgers M. Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 1997; 96: 3157-3163 (Pubitemid 27500121)
26. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Jones DL, Guiraudon CM. Chronic rapid atrial pacing. Structural, functional, and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1995; 91: 1588-1595
27. Yue L, Feng J, Gaspo R, Li GR, Wang Z, Nattel S. Ionic remodeling underlying action potential changes in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1997; 81: 512-525 (Pubitemid 27432738)
28. Li D, Melnyk P, Feng J, Wang Z, Petrecca K, Shrier A, et al. Effects of experimental heart failure on atrial cellular and ionic electrophysiology. Circulation 2000; 101: 2631-2638 (Pubitemid 30350643)
29. Blaustein M, Lederer WJ. Sodium/calcium exchange: its physiological implications. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 763-854. (Pubitemid 29330173)
30. Stambler BS, Fenelon G, Shepard RK, Clemo HF, Guiraudon CM. Characterization of sustained atrial tachycardia in dogs with rapid ventricular pacing induced heart failure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 499-507. (Pubitemid 36583911)
31. Bosh RF, Zeng X, Grammer JB, Popovic K, Mewis C, Kühlkamp V. Ionic mechanism of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 44: 121-131 (Pubitemid 29431690)
32. Dobrev D, Graf E, Wettwer E, Himmel HM, Hála O, Doerfel C, et al. molecular basis of downregulation of G-protein-coupled inward rectifying K+ current (IK,Ach) in chronic human atrial fibrillation: decrease in GIRK4 mRNA correlates with reduced IK,Ach and muscarinic receptor-mediated shortening of action potentials. Circulation 2001; 104: 2551-2557 (Pubitemid 33104792)
33. Everett IV, TH, Li H, Mangrum M, McRury ID, Mitchell MA, Redick JA, Haines DE. Electrical, morphological, and ultra-structural remodeling and reverse remodeling in a canine model of chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000; 102: 1454-1460
34. Gaspo R, Bosh RF, Talajic M, Nattel S. Functional mechanisms underlying tachycardia-induced sustained atrial fibrillation in chronic dog model. Circulation 1997; 96: 4027-4035 (Pubitemid 27506062)
35. Kumagai K, Akimitsu S, Kawahira K, Kawanami F, Yamanouchi Y, Hiroki T, et al. Electrophysiological properties in chronic lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1991; 84: 1662-1668
36. Neuberger HR, Schotten U, Blaauw Y, Vollmann D, Eijsbouts S, van Hunnik A, et al. Chronic atrial dilation, electrical remodeling, and atrial fibrillation in the goat. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 644-653 (Pubitemid 43170858)
37. Gaspo R, Bosh RF, Bou-Abboud E, Nattel S. Tachycardia-induced changes in Na+ current in a chronic dog model of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997; 81: 1045-1052 (Pubitemid 27514955)
38. Hagendorff SA, Schumacher B, Kirchhoff S, Luderitz B, Willecke K. Cunduction disturbances and increased atrial vulnerability in connexin40-defficient mice analyzed by transesophageal stimulation. Circulation 1999; 99: 1508-1515 (Pubitemid 29140919)
39. Bagwe S, Barenfeld O, Vaidya D, Morley GE, Jalife J. Altered right atrial excitation and propagation in connexin40 knockout mice. Circulation 2005; 112: 2245-2253 (Pubitemid 41464566)
40. Ausma J, van der Velden, Lenders MH, van Ankeren EP, Jongsma HJ, Ramaekers FC, et al. Reverse structural and gap-junctional remodeling after prolonged atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 2003; 107: 2051-2058 (Pubitemid 36506082)
41. Kostin S, Klein G, Szalay Z, Hein S, Bauer EP, Schaper J. Structural correlate of atria fibrillation in human patients. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54: 361-379 (Pubitemid 34327915)
42. Nao T, Ohkusa T, Hisamatsu Y, Inoue N, Matsumoto T, Yamada J, et al. Comparison of expression of connexin in right atrial myocardium in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation versus those in sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 914-922
43. Wilhelm M, Kirste W, Kuly S, Amann K, Neuhuber W, Weyand M, et al. Atrial distribution of connexin 40 and 43 in patients with intermittent, persistent, and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Heart Lung Circ 2006; 15: 30-37 (Pubitemid 43355904)
44. Shinagawa K, Shi YF, Tardif JC, Leung TK, Nattel S. Dynamic nature of atrial fibrillation substrate during development and reversal of heart failure in dogs. Circulation 2002; 105: 2672-2678 (Pubitemid 34596046)
45. Burstein B, Qi XY, Yeh YH, Calderone A, Nattel S. Atrial cardiomyocyte tachycardia alters cardiac fibroblast function: A novel consideration in atrial remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 76: 442-452 (Pubitemid 350007456)
46. Goette A, Lendeckel U. Morphological remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Herz 2006; 31: 101-107 (In German).
47. Butt RP, Laurent GJ, Bishop JE. Collagen production and replication by cardiac fibroblasts is enhanced in response to diverse classes of growth factors. Eur J Cell Biol 1995; 68: 330-335
48. Xu J, Cui G, Esmailian F, Plunkett M, Marelli D, Ardehali A, et al. Atrial extracellular matrix remodeling and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004; 109: 363-368 (Pubitemid 38133905)
49. Arndt M, Lendeckel U, Röcken C, Nepple K, Wolke C, Spiess A, et al. Altered expression of ADAMs (a disentegrin and metalloproteinase) in fibrillating human atria. Circulation 2002; 105: 720-725 (Pubitemid 34157376)
50. Goette A, Arndt M, Röcken C, Staack T, Bechtloff R, Reinhold D, et al. Calpains and cytokinesin fibrillating human atria. American Journal of Physiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H264-72. (Pubitemid 34705348)
51. Dimmer C, Tavernier R, Gjorgov N, van Nooten G, Clement DL, Jordaens L. Variations of autonomic tone preceding onset of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 22-25 (Pubitemid 28322029)
52. Bauernschmitt R, Malberg H, Wessel N, Brockmann D, Kopp B, Kurths J, et al. Autonomic control in patients experiencing atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30: 77-84. (Pubitemid 46114932)
53. Alex J, Guvendik L. Evaluation of ventral cardiac denervation as a prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79: 517-520 (Pubitemid 40186549)
54. Swynghedauw B. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 215-268
55. Röcken C, Peters B, Juenemann G, Saeger W, Klein HU, Huth C, et al. Atrial amyloidosis: an arrhythmogenic substrate for persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002; 106: 2091-2097 (Pubitemid 35192815)
56. Aime-Sempe C, Folliguet T, Rucker-Martin C, Krajewska M, Krajwska S, Heimburger M, et al. Myocardial cell death in fibrillating and dilated right atria. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1577-1586 (Pubitemid 29528674)
57. Nakajima H, Nakajima HO, Salcher O, Dittiè AS, Dembowsky K, Jing S, et al. Atrial but not ventricular fibrosis in mice expressing a mutant transforming growth factor-beta(1) transgene in the heart. Circ Res 2000; 86: 571-579
58. Verheule S, Sato T, Everett T, Engle SK, Otten D, Rubart-von der Lohe M, et al. Increased vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in transgenic mice with selective atrial fibrosis caused by overexpression of TGF-beta1. Circ Res 2004; 94: 1458-1465 (Pubitemid 38780318)
59. Xiao HD, Fuchs S, Campbell DJ, Lewis W, Dudley SC Jr, Kasi VS, et al. Mice with cardiac restricted angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) have atrial enlargement, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death. Am J Pathol 2004; 165: 1019-1032 (Pubitemid 39129307)
60. Lin CC, Lin JL, Lin CS, Tsai MC, Su MJ, Lai LP, et al. Activation of the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cell signal transduction pathway in atrial fibrillation. Chest 2004; 126: 1926-1932
61. Bukovska A, Lendeckel U, Hirte D, Wolke C, Striggow F, Röhnert P, et al. Activation of the calcineurin signaling pathway induces atrial hypertrophy during atrial fibrillation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63: 333-342 (Pubitemid 43202314)
62. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997; 96: 1180-1184 (Pubitemid 27344221)
63. Boldt A, Wetzel U, Lauschke J, Weigl J, Gummert J, Hindricks G, et al. Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease. Heart 2004; 90: 400-405 (Pubitemid 38406914)
64. Carwer W, Nagpal LM, Nachtigal M, Borg TK, Terracio L. Collagen expression in mechanically stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 1991; 69: 116-122
65. Tziakas DN, Chalikias GK, Papanas N, Stakos DA, Chatzikyriakou SV, Maltezos E. Circulating levels of collagen type I degradation marker depend on the type of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2007; 9: 589-596 (Pubitemid 47263787)
66. Zrenner B, Ndrepepa G, Karch MR, Schneider MA, Schreieck J, Schocombining double acute accentmig A, et al. Electrophysiologic characteristics of paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation in human right atrium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1143-1149
67. Corradi D, Callegari S, Benussi S, Maestri R, Pastori P, Nascimbene S, et al. Myocyte changes and their left atrial distribution in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation related to mitral valve disease. Hum Pathol 2005; 36: 1080-1089 (Pubitemid 41443259)
68. Saito T, Tamura K, Uchida D, Saito T, Togashi M, Nitta T, et al. Histopathological features of the resected left atrial appendages as predictors of recurrence after surgery for atrial fibrillation in valvular heart disease. Circ J 2007; 71: 70-78 (Pubitemid 46045553)
69. Rocombining double acute accentcken C, Peters B, Juenemann G, Saeger W, Klein HU, Huth C, et al. An arrhythmogenic substrate for persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002; 106: 2091-2097
70. Takahashi M, Hoshii Y, Kawano H, Gondo T, Yokota T, Okabayashi H, et al. Ultrastructural evidence for the formation of amyloid fibrils with cardiomyocytes in isolated atrial amyloid. Amyloid 1998; 5: 35-42. (Pubitemid 128691215)
71. Looi LM. Isolated atrial amyloidosis: A clinicopathologic study indicating increased prevalence in chronic heart disease. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 602-607
72. Jais P, Weerasooriya R, Shah DC, Hocini M, Macle L, Choi KJ, et al. Ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF): past, present and future. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54: 337-347 (Pubitemid 34327913)
73. Leone O, Boriani G, Chiappini B, Pacini D, Cenacchi G, Martin Suarez S, et al. Amyloid deposition as a cause of atrial remodelling in persistent valvular atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1237-1241 (Pubitemid 38891574)
74. Westermark GT, Westermark P. Endocrine amyloid: a subject of increasing interest for the next century. Amyloid 2000; 7: 19-22. (Pubitemid 30317623)
75. Espiner EA. Physiology of natriuretic peptides. J Intern Med 1994; 235: 527-541
76. Steiner I, Hajkova P. Patterns of isolated atrial amyloid: a study of 100 hearts on autopsy. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15: 287-290 (Pubitemid 44345233)
77. Ad N, Snir E, Vidne BA, Golomb E. potential preoperative markers for the risk of developing atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 11: 308-313
78. Ad N, Snir E, Vidne BA, Golomb E. Histologic atrial myolysis is associated with atrial fibrillation after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: 688-693 (Pubitemid 32846209)
79. Ak K, Akgun S, Tecimer T, Isbir CS, Civelek A, Tekeli A, et al. Determination of histopathologic risk factors for postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79: 1970-1975 (Pubitemid 40804172)
80. Steinberg JS, Zelenkofske S, Wong SC, Gelernt M, Sciacca R, Menchavez E. Value of the P-wave signal-averaged ECG for predicting atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1993; 88: 2618-2622 (Pubitemid 23360186)
81. Caravelli P, De Carlo M, Musumeci G, Tartarini G, Gherarducci G, Bortolotti U, et al. P-wave signal-averaged electrocardiogram predicts atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2002; 7: 198-203. (Pubitemid 34907762)
82. Aytemir K, Aksoyek S, Ozer N, Aslamaci S, Oto A. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: P wave signal averaged ECG, clinical and angiographic variables in risk assessment. Int J Cardiol 1999; 69: 49-56. (Pubitemid 29225693)
83. Roshanali F, Mandegar MH, Yousefinia MA, Rayatzadeh H, Alaeddini F, Amouzadeh F. Prediction of atrial fibrillation via atrial electromechanical interval after coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 2007; 116: 2012-2017 (Pubitemid 350023746)
84. Goette A, Juenemann G, Peters B, Klein HU, Roessner A, Huth C, et al. Determinants and consequences of atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54: 390-396 (Pubitemid 34327917)
85. Anversa P, Capasso JM. Cellular basis of aging in the mammalian heart. Scanning Microsc 1991; 5: 1065-1073.
86. Brooks WW, Conrad CH. Myocardial fibrosis in transforming growth factor beta(1) heterozygous mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32: 187-195
87. Grammer JB, Bocombining double acute accenthm J, Dufour A, Benz M, Lange R, Bauernschmitt R. Atrial fibrosis in heart surgery patients. Decreased collagen III/I ratio in postoperative atrial fibrillation. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 100: 288-294
88. Mariscalco G, Engstrom KG, Ferrareze S, cozzi G, Bruno VD, Sessa F, et al. Relationship between atrial histopathology and atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131: 1364-1372
89. Cohn WE, Sirois CA, Johnson RG. Atrial fibrillation after minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting: A retrospective, matched study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117: 298-301. (Pubitemid 29068387)
90. Turk T, Vural H, Eris C, Ata Y, Yavuz S. Atria fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery surgery: a prospective, matched study. J Int Med Res 2007; 35: 134-142 (Pubitemid 46477538)
91. Ascione R, Caputo M, Calori G, Lloyd CT, Underwood MJ, Angelini GD. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after conventional and beating heart coronary surgery. A prospective, randomized study. Circulation 2000; 102: 1530-1535
92. Cosgrave J, Foley JB, Flavin R, O'briain DS, Fitzpatrick E, Bennett K, et al. Preoperative atrial histological changes are not associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15: 213-217 (Pubitemid 44038393)
93. Nakai T, Chandy J, Nakai K, Bellows WH, Flachsbart K, Lee RJ, et al. Histologic assessment of right atrial appendage myocardium in patients with atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cardiology 2007; 108: 90-96 (Pubitemid 47295567)
94. Healey JS, Baranchuk A, Crystal E, Morillo CA, Garfinkle M, Yusuf S, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1832-1839 (Pubitemid 40789940)
95. Coleman CI, Makanji S, Kluger J, White CM. Effect of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers on the frequency of post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41: 433-437 (Pubitemid 46536034)
96. White CM, Kluger J, Lertsburapa K, Faheem O, Coleman CI. Effect of preoperative angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use on the frequency of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a cohort study from the atrial fibrillation suppression trials II and III. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 31: 817-820 (Pubitemid 46541667)
97. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, Gondo N, Ideishi M, Arakawa N. Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000; 101: 2612-2617 (Pubitemid 30350640)
98. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Urata H, Gondo N, Arakawa K, Saku K. Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist on electrical and structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2197-2204 (Pubitemid 36724267)
99. Li Y, Li W, Yang B, Han W, Dong D, Xue J, et al. Effects of Cilazapril on atrial electrical, structural and functional remodeling in atrial fibrillation dogs. J Electrocardiol 2007; 40: 100e1-6 (Pubitemid 44958590)
100. Goette A, Lendeckel U. Electrophysiological effects of angiotensin II. Part I: signal transduction and basic electrophysiological mechanisms. Europace 2008; 10: 238-241
101. Li D, Shinagawa K, Pang L, Leung TK, Cardin S, Wang Z, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001; 104: 2608-2614 (Pubitemid 33104801)
102. Sakabe M, Fujiki A, Nishida K, Sugao M, Nagasawa H, Tsuneda T, et al. Enalapril prevents perpetuation of atrial fibrillation by suppressing atrial fibrosis and over-expression of connexin43 in a canine model of atrial pacing-induced left ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 43: 851-859 (Pubitemid 38679607)
103. Edmunds LH Jr. Inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66: S12-6.
104. Ramlawi B, Out H, Mieno S, Boodhwani M, Sodha NR, Clements RT, et al. Oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a case-control study. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84: 1166-1172 (Pubitemid 47417872)
105. Dudley SC, Hoch NE, Melann LA, Honeycutt C, Diamandopoulos L, Fukai T, et al. Atrial fibrillation increases production of superoxide by the left atrium and left atrial appendage: role of the NADPH and xanthine oxidases. Circulation 2005; 112: 1266-1273 (Pubitemid 41268651)
106. Kim YM, Guzik TJ, Zhang YH, Zhang MH, Kattach H, Ratnatunga Ch, et al. A myocardial Nox2 containing NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to oxidative stress in human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2005; 97: 629-636 (Pubitemid 41416331)
107. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, Reiser PJ, McCarthy PM, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001; 104: 174-180 (Pubitemid 32655834)
108. Cai H, Li Z, Goette A, Mera F, Honeycutt C, Feterik K, et al. Downregulation of endocardial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in atrial fibrillation: potential mechanisms of atrial thrombosis and stroke. Circulation 2002; 106: 2854-2858 (Pubitemid 35396987)
109. Li J-M, Shah AM. Mechanism of endothelial cell NADPH oxidase activation by angiotensin II. Role of the p47phox subunit. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 12094-12100
110. Boos CJ, Anderson RA, Lip GYH. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 136-149
111. Ishii Y, Schuessler BR, Gaynor LS, Yamada K, Fu BA, Boineau PJ, et al. Inflammation of atrium after cardiac surgery is associated with inhomogeneity of atrial conduction and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005; 111: 2881-2888 (Pubitemid 40814180)
112. Corbi P, Rahmati M, Delwai A, Potreau D, Menu P, Wijdenes J, et al. Circulating soluble gp130, soluble IL-6R, and IL-6 in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with or without extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 18: 98-103. (Pubitemid 30408634)
113. Bruins P, Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, Jansen PG, van Hardevelt FW, de Beaumont EM, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997; 96: 3542-3548 (Pubitemid 27513431)
114. Lo B, Fijnheer R, Nierich AP, Bruins P, Kalkman CJ. C-reactive protein is a risk indicator for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79: 1530-1535 (Pubitemid 40614561)
115. Ucar HI, Tok M, Atalar E, Dogan OF, Oc M, Farsak B, et al. Predictive significance of plasma levels of interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Surg Forum 2007; 10: E131-5.
116. Lamm G, Auer J, Weber T, Berent R, Ng C, Eber B. Postoperative white blood cell count predicts atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20: 51-56 (Pubitemid 43182777)
117. Fontes ML, Mathew JP, Rinder HM, Zelterman D, Smith BR, Rinder CS, and the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Reasearch Group. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery/cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with monocyte activation. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 17-23.
118. Hogue CW, Palin CA, Kailasam R, Lawton JS, Nassief A, Dávila- Román VG, et al. C-reactive protein levels and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery in women. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82: 97-102. (Pubitemid 43913632)
119. Ahlsson AJ, Bodin L, Lundblad OH, Englund EG. Postoperative atrial fibrillation is not correlated to C-reactive protein. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83: 1332-1337 (Pubitemid 46440773)
120. Pretorius M, Donahue BS, Yu C, Greelish JP, Roden DM, Brown NJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 2007; 116 (Suppl I): I-1-I-7. (Pubitemid 47480763)
121. Gaudino M, Andreotti F, Zamparelli R, Di Castelnuovo A, Nasso G, Burzotta Francesco, et al. The - 174G/C interleukin-6 polymorphism influences postoperative interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory complication? Circulation 2003; 108(Suppl II): II-195-II-199.
122. Malemud CJ. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in health and disease: an overview. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 1696-1701 (Pubitemid 43253387)
123. Brauer PR. MMPs - role in cardiovascular development and disease. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 447-478 (Pubitemid 43258156)
124. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126
125. Knox JB, Sukhova GK, Whittemore AD, Libby P. Evidence for altered balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human aortic diseases. Circulation 1997; 95: 205-212 (Pubitemid 27029964)
126. Boixel C, Fontaine V, Rücker-Martin C, Milliez P, Louedec L, Michel JB, et al. Fibrosis of the left atria during progression of heart failure is associated with increased matrix metalloproteinases in the rat. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 336-344 (Pubitemid 36851427)
127. Mukherjee R, Herron AR, Lowry AS, Stroud RE, Stroud MR, Wharton JM, et al. Selective induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in atrial and ventricular myocardium in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 532-537 (Pubitemid 43190045)
128. Nakano Y, Niida S, Dote K, Takenaka S, Hirao H, Miura F, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to human atrial remodeling during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 818-825 (Pubitemid 38296482)
129. Anné W, Willems R, Roskams T, Sergeant P, Herijgers P, Holemans P, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and atrial remodeling in patients with mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 67: 655-666 (Pubitemid 41033361)
130. Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mangano CM, Newman m, Nussmeier N, Wolman R, et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1857-1863
131. Wolman RL, Nussmeier NA, Aggarwal A, Kanchuger MS, Roach GW, Newman MF, et al; for the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Fundation (IREF) Investigators. Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery. Identification of a group at extraordinary risk. Stroke 1999; 30: 514-522
132. Daimee MA, Salama AL, Cherian G, Hayat NJ, Sugathan TN. Left atrial appendage function in mitral stenosis: is a group in sinus rhythm at risk of thromboembolism? Int J Cardiol 1998; 66: 45-54.
133. Khan IA. Atrial stunning: determinants and cellular mechanisms. Am Heart J 2003; 145: 787-794
134. Black IW, Chesterman CN, Hopkins AP, Lee LC, Chong BH, Walsh WF. Hematologic correlates of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 451-457 (Pubitemid 23047930)
135. Goldman ME, Pearce LA, Hart RG, Zabalgoitia M, Asinger RW, Safford R, et al. Pathophysiologic correlates of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: I. Reduced flow velocity in the LAA (The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF-III) study). J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12: 1080-1087
136. Lip GY, Lip PL, Zarifis J, Watson RD, Bareford D, Lowe GD, et al. Fibrin D-dimer and beta-thromboglobulin as markers of thrombogenesis and platelet activation in atrial fibrillation. Effects of introducing low-dose warfarin and aspirin. Circulation 1996; 94: 425-431
137. Heppel RM, Berkin KE, McLenachan JM, Davies JA. Haemostatic and haemodynamic abnormalities associated with left atrial thrombosis in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Heart 1997; 77: 407-411
138. Minamino T, Kitakaze M, Sanada S, Asanuama H, Kurotobi T, Koretsune Y, et al. Increased expression of P-selectin on platelets is a risk factor for silent cerebral infarction in patients with atrial fibrillation: role of nitric oxide. Circulation 1998; 98: 1721-1727 (Pubitemid 28492491)
139. Chung NAY, Belgore F, Li-Saw-Hee FL, Conway DSG, Blann AD, Lip GYH. Is the hypercoagulable state in atrial fibrillation mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor? Stroke 2003; 33: 2187-2191
140. Conway DSG, Pearce LA, Chin BSP, Hart RG, Lip GYH. Plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin as indices of endothelial damage and platelet activation in 1321 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: relationship to stroke risk factors. Circulation 2002; 106: 1962-1967
141. Conway DSG, Pearce LA, Chin BSP, Hart RG, Lip GYH. Prognostic value of plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin as indices of endothelial damage and platelet activation in 994 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 107: 3141-3145
142. Chello M, Spadaccio C, Patti G, Lusini M, Barbato R, Goffredo C, et al. Simvastatin reduces platelet-endocardium adhesion in atrial fibrillation. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197: 588-595
143. Choudhury A, Chung I, Blann AD, Lip GYH. Platelet surface CD62P and CD63, mean platelet volume, and soluble/platelet P-selectin as indexes of platelet function in atrial fibrillation: A comparison of "healthy control subjects" and "disease control subjects" in sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1957-1964.
144. Yamamoto K, Ikeda U, Seino Y, Mito H, Fujikawa H, Sekiguchi H, et al. Coagulation activity is increased in the left atrium of patients with mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 107-112
145. Boyaci A, Topaloglu S, Yilmaz S, Yanik O, Ozdemir O, Demir AD, et al. Regional left atrial coagulation and fibrinolytic activities in patients with mitral stenosis. Jpn Heart J 2004; 45: 779-788 (Pubitemid 40528886)
146. Li-Saw-Hee FL, Blann AD, Goldsmith I, Lip GY. Indexes of hypercoagulability measured in peripheral blood reflect levels in intracardiac blood in patients with atrial fibrillation secondary to mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1206-1209 (Pubitemid 29183918)
147. Lip GYH, Lowe GDO, Rumley A, Dunn F. Plasma fibrinogen and fibrin D-dimer levels in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of intermediate levels of intravascular thrombogenesis. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 724-730 (Pubitemid 26119563)
148. Sohara H, Amitani S, Kurose M, Miyahara K. Atrial fibrillation activates platelets and coagulation in a time-dependent manner: a study in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 106-112 (Pubitemid 27028727)
149. Li-Saw-Hee FL, Blann AD, Gurney D, Lip GY. Plasma von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and soluble P-selectin levels in paroxysmal, persistent and permanent atrial fibrillation. Effects of cardioversion and return of left atrial function. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1741-1747
150. Hatzinikolaou-Kotsakou E, Kartasis Z, Tziakas D, Hotidis A, Stakos D, Tsatalas K, et al. Atrial fibrillation and hyperco-agulability: dependent on clinical factors or/and genetic alterations? J Thromb Thrombolysis 2003; 16: 155-161
151. Boisclair MD, Lane DA, Philippou H, Esnouf MP, Sheikh S, Hunt B, et al. Mechanisms of thrombin generation during surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood 1993; 82: 3350-3357 (Pubitemid 23356706)
152. Chung JH, Gikakis N, Rao AK, Drake TA, Colman RW, Edmunds LH Jr. Pericardeal blood activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 1996; 93: 2014-2028 (Pubitemid 26165564)
153. Chandler WL, Fitch JC, Wall MH, Verrier ED, Cochran RP, Soltow LO, et al. Individual variations in the fibrinolytic response during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 1293-1297
154. Butler J, Rocker GM, Westaby S. Inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 552-559
155. Hunt BJ, Parratt RN, Segal HC, Sheikh S, Kallis P, Yacoub M. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during cardiothoracic operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 712-718 (Pubitemid 28162467)
156. Casati V, Gerli C, Franco A, Della Valle P, Benussi S, Alfieri O, et al. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during coronary surgery: on-pump vs off-pump techniques. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 1103-1109 (Pubitemid 33043224)
157. Lo B, Fijnheer R, Castigliego D, Borst C, Kalkman CJ, Nierich AP. Activation of hemostasis after coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 634-640 (Pubitemid 39100345)
158. Goldsmith I, Kumar P, Carter P, Blann AD, Patel RL, Lip GYH. Atrial endocardial changes in mitral valve disease: A scanning electron microscopy study. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 777-784 (Pubitemid 30813086)
159. Masawa N, Yoshida Y, Yamada T, Joshita T, Ooneda G. Diagnosis of cardiac thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation in the absence of macroscopically visible thrombi. Virchows Arch A, Pathol Anat Histopathol 1993; 422: 67-71. (Pubitemid 23073667)
160. Shirani J, Alaeddini J. Structural remodeling of the left atrial appendage in patients with chronic non-valvular atrial fibrillation: implications for thrombus formation, systemic embolism and assessment by transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiovasc Pathol 2000; 9: 95-101. (Pubitemid 30365248)
161. Fukuchi M, Watanabe J, Kumagai K, Katori Y, Baba S, Fukuda K, et al. Increased von Willebrand factor in the endocardium as a local predisposing factor for thrombogenesis in overloaded human atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1436-1442 (Pubitemid 32295609)
162. Kumagai K, Fukuchi M, Ohta J, Baba S, Oda K, Akimoto H, et al. Expression of the von Willebrand factor in atrial endocardium is increased in atrial fibrillation depending on the extent of structural remodeling. Circ J 2004; 68: 321-327 (Pubitemid 38470705)
163. Yang Y, Loscalso J. Regulation of tissue factor expression in human microvascular endothelial cells by nitric oxide. Circulation 2000; 101: 2144-2148 (Pubitemid 30253041)
164. Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, Iwasaki Y, Sagara K, Hatano S, Iinuma H, et al. Thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in endocardium of rapidly paced rat atria. Circulation 2003; 108: 2450-2452 (Pubitemid 37444404)
165. Nakamura Y, Nakamura K, Fukushima-Kusano K, Ohta K, Matsubara H, Hamuro T, et al. Tissue factor expression in atrial endothelia associated with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: possible involvement in intracardiac thrombogenesis. Thromb Res 2003; 111: 137-142 (Pubitemid 37540411)
166. Mondillo S, Sabatini L, Agricola E, Ammaturo T, Guerrini F, Barbati R, et al. Correlation between left atrial size, prothrombotic state and markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with lone chronic nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2000; 75: 227-232 (Pubitemid 30834042)
167. Grocott HP, White WD, Morris RW, Podgoreanu MV, Mathew JP, Nielsen DM, et al; Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study (PEGASUS) Investigative Team. Genetic polymorphism and the risk of stroke after cardiac surgery. Stroke 2005; 36: 1854-1858.
168. Burzotta F, Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, Glieca F, Luciani N, Zamparelli R, et al. Relation of the -174G/C polymorphism of interleukin-6 to interleukin-6 plasma levels and to length of hospitalization after surgical coronary revascularization. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 1125-1128 (Pubitemid 33043843)
169. Brull DJ, Serrano N, Zito F, Jones L, Montgomery HE, Rumley A, et al. Human CRP gene polymorphism influences CRP levels: implications for the prediction and pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 2063-2069 (Pubitemid 37433201)
170. Goette A, Bukowska A, Lendeckel U, Erxleben M, Hammwocombining double acute accenthner M, Strugala D, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces tachycardia-induced atrial adhesion molecule expression. Circulation 2008; 117: 732-742 (Pubitemid 351640674)
171. Kaireviciute D, Aidietis A, Lip GY. Atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: clinical features and preventative strategies. Eur Heart J 2009; 30(4): 410-425
172. Ansquer JC, Foucher C, Aubonnet P, Le Malicot K. Fibrates and microvascular complications in diabetes--insight from the FIELD study. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15(5): 537-552
173. Fazio G, Visconti C, D'Angelo L, Novo G, Barbaro G, Novo S. Pharmacological therapy in children with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(8): 770-775 (Pubitemid 351736433)
174. Origasa H, Goto S, Uchiyama S, Shimada K, Ikeda Y. The Japan Thrombosis Registry for Atrial Fibrillation, Coronary or Cerebrovascular Events (J-TRACE): a nation-wide, prospective large cohort study; the study design. Circ J 2008; 72(6): 991-997 (Pubitemid 351879923)