Pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmias - Basic science for clinicians

PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology

Volumn 32, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 1454-1465

  Shu, Juan ^a   Zhou, Jun ^b   Patel, Chinmay ^c   Yan, Gan Xin ^a,c,d  

^a THE FIRST AFFILIATED HOSPITAL OF XI AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c LANKENAU INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^d THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiarrhythmic drugs; Arrhythmias; Atrial fibrillation; Automaticity; Reentry; Triggered activity

Indexed keywords

2' (4 METHOXYPHENYLACETAMIDOMETHYL) N [2 (3 PYRIDYL)ETHYL] 2 BIPHENYLCARBOXAMIDE; ACEBUTOLOL; ADENOSINE; AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BRETYLIUM; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; DIGITALIS; DILTIAZEM; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; FLECAINIDE; IBUTILIDE; LIDOCAINE; METOPROLOL; NADOLOL; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; PROPRANOLOL; QUINIDINE; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; SOTALOL; TIMOLOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL; WARFARIN;

AGING; ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY; ANTICOAGULATION; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DELAYED AFTERDEPOLARIZATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOSE KIDNEY FUNCTION RELATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; EARLY AFTERDEPOLARIZATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EXERCISE; EYE TOXICITY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART AUTOMATICITY; HEART DEPOLARIZATION; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART RATE; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG QT SYNDROME; LUNG TOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PATIENT MONITORING; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QT PROLONGATION; REENTRY ARRHYTHMIA; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SINUS RHYTHM; SKIN TOXICITY; STROKE; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THYROID DISEASE; TORSADE DES POINTES; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

ANIMALS; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HUMANS;

EID: 70350676978     PISSN: 01478389     EISSN: 15408159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02526.x     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Antzelevitch C. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. In : Fuster V, O'Rourke R, Walsh RA, Poole-Wilson PA (eds. Hurst's - The Heart. 12th Ed. Columbus, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008, pp. 913 945.
2. Carmeliet E. Cardiac ionic currents and acute ischemia: From channels to arrhythmias. Physiol Rev 1999 79 : 917 1017.
3. Clancy CE, Rudy Y. Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia. Nature 1999 400 : 566 569.
4. Guo D, Zhao X, Wu Y, Liu T, Kowey PR, Yan GX. L-type calcium current reactivation contributes to arrhythmogenesis associated with action potential triangulation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007 18 : 196 203.
5. Yan GX, Wu Y, Liu T, Wang J, Marinchak R, Kowey PR. Phase 2 early afterdepolarization as a trigger of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in acquired long QT syndrome: Direct evidence from intracellular recordings in the intact left ventricular wall. Circulation 2001 103 : 2851 2856.
6. Wang D, Patel C, Cui C, Yan GX. Preclinical assessment of drug-induced proarrhythmias: Role of the arterially perfused rabbit left ventricular wedge preparation. Pharmacol Ther 2008 119 : 141 151.
7. Marchi S, Szabo B, Lazzara R. Adrenergic induction of delayed afterdepolarizations in ventricular myocardial cells: B induction and a modulation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1991 2 : 476 491.
8. Rosen MR, Gelband H, Merker C, Hoffman BF. Mechanisms of digitalis toxicity - effects of ouabain on phase four of canine Purkinje fiber transmembrane potentials. Circulation 1973 47 : 681 689.
9. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, Garrigue S, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998 339 : 659 666.
10. CAST Investigators. Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989 321 : 406 412.
11. Greene HL, Roden DM, Katz RJ, Woosley RL, Salerno DM, Henthorn RW. The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial: First CAST... then CAST-II. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992 19 : 894 898.
12. Herre JM, Titus C, Oeff M, Eldar M, Franz MR, Griffin JC, Scheinman MM. Inefficacy and proarrhythmic effects of flecainide and encainide for sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 1990 113 : 671 676.
13. Yan GX, Lankipalli RS, Burke JF, Musco S, Kowey PR. Ventricular repolarization components on the electrocardiogram: Cellular basis and clinical significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 42 : 401 409.
14. Vos MA, van Opstal JM, Leunissen JD, Verduyn SC. Electrophysiologic parameters and predisposing factors in the generation of drug-induced Torsade de Pointes arrhythmias. Pharmacol Ther 2001 92 : 109 122.
15. Kowey PR, Yan GX, Crijns HJ. Antiarrythmic drugs. In : Fuster V, O'Rourke R, Walsh RA, Poole-Wilson PA (eds. Hurst's - The Heart. 12th Ed. Columbus, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008, pp. 1077 1094.
16. Sherrid MV, Barac I, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM, Dickie S, Chojnowska L, Casey S, et al. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of disopyramide in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 45 : 1251 1258.
17. Crijns HJ, den Heijer P, van Wijk LM, Lie KI. Successful use of flecainide in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J 1988 115 : 1317 1321.
18. Naccarelli GV, Dorian P, Hohnloser SH, Coumel P. Prospective comparison of flecainide versus quinidine for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/flutter. The Flecainide Multicenter Atrial Fibrillation Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1996 77 : 53A 59A.
19. Billman GE, Castillo LC, Hensley J, Hohl CM, Altschuld RA. Beta2-adrenergic receptor antagonists protect against ventricular fibrillation: In vivo and in vitro evidence for enhanced sensitivity to beta2-adrenergic stimulation in animals susceptible to sudden death. Circulation 1997 96 : 1914 1922.
20. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, Benhorin J, Vincent GM, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2000 101 : 616 623.
21. Kr. Implications for torsade de pointes and reverse use-dependence. Circulation 1996 93 : 407 411.
22. Nademanee K, Feld G, Hendrickson J, Singh PN, Singh BN. Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of sotalol in patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1985 72 : 555 564.
23. Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, Tang XC, Lopez B, Harris CL, Fletcher RD, et al. Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2005 352 : 1861 1872.
24. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Singh BN. Amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic effects. A review with special reference to torsade de pointes tachycardia. Ann Intern Med 1994 121 : 529 535.
25. Goldschlager N, Epstein AE, Naccarelli G, Olshansky B, Singh B. Practical guidelines for clinicians who treat patients with amiodarone. Practice Guidelines Subcommittee, North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Arch Intern Med 2000 160 : 1741 1748.
26. Vorperian VR, Havighurst TC, Miller S, January CT. Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 30 : 791 798.
27. Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van EM, Gaudin C, Page RL, Torp-Pedersen C, Connolly SJ. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009 360 : 668 678.
28. Hauptman PJ, Kelly RA. Digitalis. Circulation 1999 99 : 1265 1270.
29. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995 155 : 469 473.
30. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation-executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Eur Heart J 2006 27 : 1979 2030. (Pubitemid 44313588)
31. Musco S, Conway EL, Kowey PR. Drug therapy for atrial fibrillation. Med Clin North Am 2008 92 : 121 141, xi.
32. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: Results from the National Registry of atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2001 285 : 2864 2870.
33. van WC, Hart RG, Wells GA, Petersen P, Koudstaal PJ, Gullov AL, Hellemons BS, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk for stroke while taking aspirin. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 : 936 943.
34. Zimetbaum P. Is rate control or rhythm control preferable in patients with atrial fibrillation? An argument for maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005 111 : 3150 3156.
35. Prystowsky EN, Waldo AL. Atrial fibrillation, atrial flugger, and atrial tachycardia. In : Fuster V, O'Rourke R, Walsh RA, Poole-Wilson PA (eds. Hurst's - The Heart. 12th Ed. Columbus, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008. pp. 953 982.
36. Wellens HJ. Contemporary management of atrial flutter. Circulation 2002 106 : 649 652.
37. Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Campbell WB, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias - executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with supraventricular arrhythmias) developed in collaboration with NASPE-Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 42 : 1493 1531. (Pubitemid 37270603)
38. Ferguson JD, DiMarco JP. Contemporary management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2003 107 : 1096 1099.
39. Nakagawa H, Jackman WM. Catheter ablation of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2007 116 : 2465 2478.
40. Centurion OA, Shimizu A, Isomoto S, Konoe A. Mechanisms for the genesis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome: Intrinsic atrial muscle vulnerability versus electrophysiological properties of the accessory pathway. Europace 2008 10 : 294 302.
41. Strasberg B, Sagie A, Rechavia E, Katz A, Ovsyscher IA, Sclarovsky S, Agmon J. Deleterious effects of intravenous verapamil in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1989 2 : 801 806.
42. Manolis AS, Katsaros C, Cokkinos DV. Electrophysiological and electropharmacological studies in pre-excitation syndromes: Results with propafenone therapy and isoproterenol infusion testing. Eur Heart J 1992 13 : 1489 1495.
43. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 48 : e247 e346.
44. Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Bailin S, Fain ES, Thorpe K, et al. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: The OPTIC Study: A randomized trial. JAMA 2006 295 : 165 171.
45. Conway E, Musco S, Kowey PR. New horizons in antiarrhythmic therapy: Will novel agents overcome current deficits? Am J Cardiol 2008 102 : 12H 19H.
46. Nattel S, Carlsson L. Innovative approaches to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006 5 : 1034 1049.