메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 330-339

Proposal for a revised Reference Concentration (RfC) for manganese based on recent epidemiological studies

Author keywords

Developmental toxicity; Health based criteria; Manganese; Neurotoxicity; Reference Concentration

Indexed keywords

MANGANESE;

EID: 70350427866     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.08.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 70350364992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2008. Toxicological Profile for Manganese (Draft). Available from: , September, 539p (accessed on October 23, 2008).
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2008. Toxicological Profile for Manganese (Draft). Available from: , September, 539p (accessed on October 23, 2008).
  • 2
    • 0024202909 scopus 로고
    • Reference dose (RfD): description and use in health risk assessment
    • Barnes D.G., and Dourson M.L. Reference dose (RfD): description and use in health risk assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 8 (1988) 471-486
    • (1988) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.8 , pp. 471-486
    • Barnes, D.G.1    Dourson, M.L.2
  • 5
    • 34249738541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromotor function in a cohort of Danish steel workers
    • Blond M., and Netterstrom B. Neuromotor function in a cohort of Danish steel workers. Neurotoxicology 28 2 (2007) 336-344
    • (2007) Neurotoxicology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 336-344
    • Blond, M.1    Netterstrom, B.2
  • 6
    • 34249655121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive function in a cohort of Danish steel workers
    • Blond M., Netterstrom B., and Laursen P. Cognitive function in a cohort of Danish steel workers. Neurotoxicology 28 2 (2007) 328-335
    • (2007) Neurotoxicology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 328-335
    • Blond, M.1    Netterstrom, B.2    Laursen, P.3
  • 7
    • 34249803566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatric symptoms and past manganese exposure in a ferro-alloy plant
    • Bouchard M., Mergler D., Baldwin M., Panisset M., and Roels H.A. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and past manganese exposure in a ferro-alloy plant. Neurotoxicology 28 2 (2006) 290-297
    • (2006) Neurotoxicology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 290-297
    • Bouchard, M.1    Mergler, D.2    Baldwin, M.3    Panisset, M.4    Roels, H.A.5
  • 8
    • 35648989446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobehavioral functioning after cessation of manganese exposure: a follow-up after 14 years
    • Bouchard M., Mergler D., Baldwin M., Panisset M., Bowler R., and Roels H.A. Neurobehavioral functioning after cessation of manganese exposure: a follow-up after 14 years. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50 11 (2006) 831-840
    • (2006) Am. J. Ind. Med. , vol.50 , Issue.11 , pp. 831-840
    • Bouchard, M.1    Mergler, D.2    Baldwin, M.3    Panisset, M.4    Bowler, R.5    Roels, H.A.6
  • 9
    • 0034671436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct olfactory transport of inhaled manganese ((54)MnCl(2)) to the rat brain: toxicokinetic investigations in a unilateral nasal occlusion model
    • Brenneman K.A., Wong B.A., Buccellato M.A., Costa E.R., Gross E.A., and Dorman D.C. Direct olfactory transport of inhaled manganese ((54)MnCl(2)) to the rat brain: toxicokinetic investigations in a unilateral nasal occlusion model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 169 3 (2000) 238-248
    • (2000) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.169 , Issue.3 , pp. 238-248
    • Brenneman, K.A.1    Wong, B.A.2    Buccellato, M.A.3    Costa, E.R.4    Gross, E.A.5    Dorman, D.C.6
  • 10
    • 70350350795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendix D
    • California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA, California, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment OEHHA, In: Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for the Derivation of Noncancer Reference Exposure Levels, pp
    • California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA), 2008. Appendix D. Individual Acute, 8-h, and Chronic Reference Exposure Level Summaries. California, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). In: Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for the Derivation of Noncancer Reference Exposure Levels, pp. 1-238.
    • (2008) Individual Acute, 8-h, and Chronic Reference Exposure Level Summaries , pp. 1-238
  • 12
    • 0141705346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of an occupational exposure guideline for manganese using the benchmark method
    • Clewell H.J., Lawrence G.A., Calne D.B., and Crump K.S. Determination of an occupational exposure guideline for manganese using the benchmark method. Risk Anal. 23 5 (2003) 1031-1046
    • (2003) Risk Anal. , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 1031-1046
    • Clewell, H.J.1    Lawrence, G.A.2    Calne, D.B.3    Crump, K.S.4
  • 13
    • 62749148250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary on "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment" by Krewski et al
    • Conolly R.B. Commentary on "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment" by Krewski et al. Risk Anal. 29 4 (2009) 480-481
    • (2009) Risk Anal. , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 480-481
    • Conolly, R.B.1
  • 14
    • 0032103114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On summarizing group exposures in risk assessment: is an arithmetic mean or a geometric mean more appropriate?
    • Crump K.S. On summarizing group exposures in risk assessment: is an arithmetic mean or a geometric mean more appropriate?. Risk Anal. 18 3 (1998) 293-297
    • (1998) Risk Anal. , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-297
    • Crump, K.S.1
  • 15
    • 77957180789 scopus 로고
    • A new method for determining allowable daily intakes
    • Crump K.S. A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 4 (1984) 854-871
    • (1984) Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.4 , pp. 854-871
    • Crump, K.S.1
  • 16
    • 0033064282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results from eleven years of neurological health surveillance at a manganese oxide and salt producing plant
    • Crump K.S., and Rousseau P. Results from eleven years of neurological health surveillance at a manganese oxide and salt producing plant. Neurotoxicology 20 2-3 (1999) 273-286
    • (1999) Neurotoxicology , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 273-286
    • Crump, K.S.1    Rousseau, P.2
  • 17
    • 0035114796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological effects in workers exposed to manganese
    • Deschamps F.J., Guillaumot M., and Raux S. Neurological effects in workers exposed to manganese. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 43 2 (2001) 127-132
    • (2001) J. Occup. Environ. Med. , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-132
    • Deschamps, F.J.1    Guillaumot, M.2    Raux, S.3
  • 19
    • 2442447167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old age and gender influence the pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese sulfate and manganese phosphate in rats
    • Dorman D.C., McManus B.E., Marshall M.W., James R.A., and Struve M.F. Old age and gender influence the pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese sulfate and manganese phosphate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 197 2 (2004) 113-124
    • (2004) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.197 , Issue.2 , pp. 113-124
    • Dorman, D.C.1    McManus, B.E.2    Marshall, M.W.3    James, R.A.4    Struve, M.F.5
  • 20
    • 14844333535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue manganese concentrations in lactating rats and their offspring following combined in utero and lactation exposure to inhaled manganese sulfate
    • Dorman D.C., McElveen A.M., Marshall M.W., Parkinson C.U., James R.A., Struve M.F., and Wong B.A. Tissue manganese concentrations in lactating rats and their offspring following combined in utero and lactation exposure to inhaled manganese sulfate. Toxicol. Sci. 84 1 (2005) 12-21
    • (2005) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-21
    • Dorman, D.C.1    McElveen, A.M.2    Marshall, M.W.3    Parkinson, C.U.4    James, R.A.5    Struve, M.F.6    Wong, B.A.7
  • 22
    • 33745590402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue manganese concentrations in young male rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation
    • Dorman D.C., Struve M.F., Marshall M.W., Parkinson C.U., James R.A., and Wong B.A. Tissue manganese concentrations in young male rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation. Toxicol. Sci. 92 1 (2006) 201-210
    • (2006) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.92 , Issue.1 , pp. 201-210
    • Dorman, D.C.1    Struve, M.F.2    Marshall, M.W.3    Parkinson, C.U.4    James, R.A.5    Wong, B.A.6
  • 23
    • 33747253556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of pharmacokinetic data to the risk assessment of inhaled manganese
    • Dorman D.C., Struve M.F., Clewell H.J., and Andersen M.E. Application of pharmacokinetic data to the risk assessment of inhaled manganese. Neurotoxicology 27 5 (2006) 752-764
    • (2006) Neurotoxicology , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 752-764
    • Dorman, D.C.1    Struve, M.F.2    Clewell, H.J.3    Andersen, M.E.4
  • 25
    • 70350366291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENVIRON International Corp., 2008. Comments of the Manganese Interest Group on Health Canada's Proposed Human Health Risk Assessment for Inhaled Manganese Draft. Manganese Interest Group. Submitted to Health Canada, Air Health Effects Division, June 17, 105p.
    • ENVIRON International Corp., 2008. Comments of the Manganese Interest Group on Health Canada's Proposed "Human Health Risk Assessment for Inhaled Manganese Draft." Manganese Interest Group. Submitted to Health Canada, Air Health Effects Division, June 17, 105p.
  • 26
    • 23844485986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress resulting from combined in utero and neonatal manganese inhalation
    • Erikson K.M., Dorman D.C., Lash L.H., and Aschner M. Persistent alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress resulting from combined in utero and neonatal manganese inhalation. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 104 2 (2005) 151-163
    • (2005) Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-163
    • Erikson, K.M.1    Dorman, D.C.2    Lash, L.H.3    Aschner, M.4
  • 27
    • 0032452127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedures for calculating benchmark doses for health risk assessment
    • Gaylor D., Ryan L., Krewski D., and Zhu Y. Procedures for calculating benchmark doses for health risk assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 28 (1998) 150-164
    • (1998) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.28 , pp. 150-164
    • Gaylor, D.1    Ryan, L.2    Krewski, D.3    Zhu, Y.4
  • 28
    • 0033043504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focused medical surveillance: a search for subclinical movement disorders in a cohort of U.S. workers exposed to low levels of manganese dust
    • Gibbs J.P., Crump K.S., Houck D.P., Warren P.A., and Mosley W.S. Focused medical surveillance: a search for subclinical movement disorders in a cohort of U.S. workers exposed to low levels of manganese dust. Neurotoxicology 20 2-3 (1999) 299-313
    • (1999) Neurotoxicology , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 299-313
    • Gibbs, J.P.1    Crump, K.S.2    Houck, D.P.3    Warren, P.A.4    Mosley, W.S.5
  • 29
    • 70350399042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green, J., 2008. Letter Report re: Supplemental Comments of the Manganese Interest Group on the Supporting Document Draft dated June, 2007 to the Human Health Risk Assessment for Inhaled Manganese Draft which appeared in the Canada Gazette, Part I on April 19, 2008. Kelley, Drye & Warren, LLP (Washington, DC). Report to Manganese Interest Group. Submitted to Health Canada, September 3, 7p.
    • Green, J., 2008. Letter Report re: Supplemental Comments of the Manganese Interest Group on the "Supporting Document Draft" dated June, 2007 to the "Human Health Risk Assessment for Inhaled Manganese Draft" which appeared in the Canada Gazette, Part I on April 19, 2008. Kelley, Drye & Warren, LLP (Washington, DC). Report to Manganese Interest Group. Submitted to Health Canada, September 3, 7p.
  • 30
    • 33847038375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological correlates of manganese exposure: a meta-analysis
    • Greiffenstein M.F., and Lees-Haley P.R. Neuropsychological correlates of manganese exposure: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 29 2 (2007) 113-126
    • (2007) J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 113-126
    • Greiffenstein, M.F.1    Lees-Haley, P.R.2
  • 31
    • 33746926390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased expression of inflammation-related genes following inhalation exposure to manganese
    • HaMai D., Rinderknecht A.L., Guo-Sharman K., Kleinman M.T., and Bondy S.C. Decreased expression of inflammation-related genes following inhalation exposure to manganese. Neurotoxicology 27 3 (2006) 395-401
    • (2006) Neurotoxicology , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 395-401
    • HaMai, D.1    Rinderknecht, A.L.2    Guo-Sharman, K.3    Kleinman, M.T.4    Bondy, S.C.5
  • 32
    • 70350383201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Canada, Water, Air & Climate Change Bureau, 2008. Draft Human Health Risk Assessment for Inhaled Manganese, March, 93p.
    • Health Canada, Water, Air & Climate Change Bureau, 2008. Draft Human Health Risk Assessment for Inhaled Manganese, March, 93p.
  • 33
    • 0034041099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manganese taken up into the CNS via the olfactory pathway in rats affects astrocytes
    • Henriksson J., and Tjalve H. Manganese taken up into the CNS via the olfactory pathway in rats affects astrocytes. Toxicol. Sci. 55 2 (2000) 392-398
    • (2000) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 392-398
    • Henriksson, J.1    Tjalve, H.2
  • 35
    • 34447567409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating transport of manganese from olfactory mucosa to striatum by pharmacokinetic modeling
    • Leavens T.L., Rao D., Andersen M.E., and Dorman D.C. Evaluating transport of manganese from olfactory mucosa to striatum by pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol. Sci. 97 2 (2007) 265-278
    • (2007) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.97 , Issue.2 , pp. 265-278
    • Leavens, T.L.1    Rao, D.2    Andersen, M.E.3    Dorman, D.C.4
  • 36
    • 30344468725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to manganese
    • Lees-Haley P.R., Rohling M.L., and Langhinrichsen-Rohling J. A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to manganese. Clin. Neuropsychol. 20 1 (2006) 90-107
    • (2006) Clin. Neuropsychol. , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 90-107
    • Lees-Haley, P.R.1    Rohling, M.L.2    Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J.3
  • 40
    • 67650976363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance alterations associated with occupational exposure to manganese - a meta-analysis
    • Meyer-Baron M., Knapp G., Schaper M., and van Thriel C. Performance alterations associated with occupational exposure to manganese - a meta-analysis. Neurotoxicology 30 4 (2009) 487-496
    • (2009) Neurotoxicology , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 487-496
    • Meyer-Baron, M.1    Knapp, G.2    Schaper, M.3    van Thriel, C.4
  • 42
    • 39849085811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese in the rat IV: assessing factors that contribute to brain accumulation during inhalation exposure
    • Nong A., Teeguarden J.G., Clewell H.J., Dorman D.C., and Andersen M.E. Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese in the rat IV: assessing factors that contribute to brain accumulation during inhalation exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 71 7 (2008) 413-426
    • (2008) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , vol.71 , Issue.7 , pp. 413-426
    • Nong, A.1    Teeguarden, J.G.2    Clewell, H.J.3    Dorman, D.C.4    Andersen, M.E.5
  • 43
    • 61349184596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manganese tissue dosimetry in rats and monkeys: accounting for dietary and inhaled Mn with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
    • Nong A., Taylor M.D., Clewell H.J., Dorman D.C., and Andersen M.E. Manganese tissue dosimetry in rats and monkeys: accounting for dietary and inhaled Mn with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol. Sci. 108 1 (2009) 22-34
    • (2009) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.108 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-34
    • Nong, A.1    Taylor, M.D.2    Clewell, H.J.3    Dorman, D.C.4    Andersen, M.E.5
  • 44
    • 70350380594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rindernecht, A., McGregor, J., Rouse-Ho, A., Kleinman, M., 2005. Environmental air pollution and in utero brain damage: Maternal manganese (Mn) inhalation alters brain development and susceptibility to postnatal brain injury. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193(6 (Suppl.)), S36.
    • Rindernecht, A., McGregor, J., Rouse-Ho, A., Kleinman, M., 2005. Environmental air pollution and in utero brain damage: Maternal manganese (Mn) inhalation alters brain development and susceptibility to postnatal brain injury. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193(6 (Suppl.)), S36.
  • 47
    • 0026592280 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust
    • Roels H.A., Ghyselen P., Buchet J.P., Ceulemans E., and Lauwerys R.R. Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust. Br. J. Ind. Med. 49 (1992) 25-34
    • (1992) Br. J. Ind. Med. , vol.49 , pp. 25-34
    • Roels, H.A.1    Ghyselen, P.2    Buchet, J.P.3    Ceulemans, E.4    Lauwerys, R.R.5
  • 48
    • 61849152864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity
    • Santamaria A.B. Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity. Indian J. Med. Res. 128 4 (2008) 484-500
    • (2008) Indian J. Med. Res. , vol.128 , Issue.4 , pp. 484-500
    • Santamaria, A.B.1
  • 50
    • 65849270077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of chronic low level manganese exposure on postural balance: a pilot study of residents in southern Ohio
    • Standridge J.S., Bhattacharya A., Succop P., Cox C., and Haynes E. Effect of chronic low level manganese exposure on postural balance: a pilot study of residents in southern Ohio. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 50 (2008) 1421-1429
    • (2008) J. Occup. Environ. Med. , vol.50 , pp. 1421-1429
    • Standridge, J.S.1    Bhattacharya, A.2    Succop, P.3    Cox, C.4    Haynes, E.5
  • 51
    • 1642554770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference dose for perchlorate based on thyroid hormone change in pregnant women as the critical effect
    • Strawson J., Zhao Q., and Dourson M. Reference dose for perchlorate based on thyroid hormone change in pregnant women as the critical effect. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 39 1 (2004) 44-65
    • (2004) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-65
    • Strawson, J.1    Zhao, Q.2    Dourson, M.3
  • 54
    • 34548142602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese. III. Physiological approaches accounting for background and tracer kinetics
    • Teeguarden J.G., Gearhart J., Clewell H.J., Covington T.R., Nong A., and Andersen M.E. Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese. III. Physiological approaches accounting for background and tracer kinetics. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 18 (2007) 1515-1526
    • (2007) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , vol.70 , Issue.18 , pp. 1515-1526
    • Teeguarden, J.G.1    Gearhart, J.2    Clewell, H.J.3    Covington, T.R.4    Nong, A.5    Andersen, M.E.6
  • 55
    • 70350364989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, 1990. General Quantitative Risk Assessment Guidelines for Noncancer Health Effects (Draft). Technical Panel for the Development of Risk Assessment Guidelines for Noncancer Health Effects Report to US EPA. Risk Assessment Forum ECAO-CIN-538, November.
    • US EPA, 1990. General Quantitative Risk Assessment Guidelines for Noncancer Health Effects (Draft). Technical Panel for the Development of Risk Assessment Guidelines for Noncancer Health Effects Report to US EPA. Risk Assessment Forum ECAO-CIN-538, November.
  • 56
    • 70350400338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, 1993. IRIS Record for Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5). Available from: , 38p. Page last updated January 10, 2008 (accessed on May 29, 2009).
    • US EPA, 1993. IRIS Record for Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5). Available from: , 38p. Page last updated January 10, 2008 (accessed on May 29, 2009).
  • 57
    • 70350371197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, 1994. Methods for derivation of inhalation reference concentrations and application of inhalation dosimetry. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (Research Triangle Park, NC), October. EPA-600/8-90/066F. Available from: (accessed on September 30, 2008).
    • US EPA, 1994. Methods for derivation of inhalation reference concentrations and application of inhalation dosimetry. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (Research Triangle Park, NC), October. EPA-600/8-90/066F. Available from: (accessed on September 30, 2008).
  • 59
    • 70350373777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, 2000. Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document (External Review Draft). Risk Assessment Forum (Washington, DC), EPA/630/R-00/001, October, 87p.
    • US EPA, 2000. Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document (External Review Draft). Risk Assessment Forum (Washington, DC), EPA/630/R-00/001, October, 87p.
  • 60
    • 70350389280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, December Final Report A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes, EPA/630/P-02/002F
    • US EPA, 2002. December 2002 Final Report A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes, EPA/630/P-02/002F.
    • (2002)
  • 61
    • 70350364987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, 2009. EPA-540-R-070-002 OSWER 9285.7-82 January 2009 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment), Final.
    • US EPA, 2009. EPA-540-R-070-002 OSWER 9285.7-82 January 2009 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment), Final.
  • 62
    • 0034653940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese phosphate in male Sprague-Dawley rats following subacute (14-day) exposure
    • Vitarella D., Wong B.A., Moss O.R., and Dorman D.C. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese phosphate in male Sprague-Dawley rats following subacute (14-day) exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163 3 (2000) 279-285
    • (2000) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.163 , Issue.3 , pp. 279-285
    • Vitarella, D.1    Wong, B.A.2    Moss, O.R.3    Dorman, D.C.4
  • 63
    • 70350349626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization (WHO), 2001. Chapter 6.8: Manganese. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 91. In: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, second ed. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Available from: , 13p (accessed on June 01, 2009)
    • World Health Organization (WHO), 2001. Chapter 6.8: Manganese. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 91. In: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, second ed. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Available from: , 13p (accessed on June 01, 2009)
  • 64
    • 27944490037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nervous system effects of occupational exposure to manganese - measured as respirable dust - in a South African manganese smelter
    • Young T., Myers J.E., and Thompson M.L. The nervous system effects of occupational exposure to manganese - measured as respirable dust - in a South African manganese smelter. Neurotoxicology 26 6 (2005) 993-1000
    • (2005) Neurotoxicology , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 993-1000
    • Young, T.1    Myers, J.E.2    Thompson, M.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.