Joint practice guidelines for radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node localization in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Annals of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 16, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 3190-3210

  Alkureishi, L W T ^a   Burak, Z ^c   Alvarez, J A ^d   Ballinger, J ^e   Bilde, A ^f   Britten, A J ^g   Calabrese, L ^h   Chiesa, C ⁱ   Chiti, A ^j   De Bree, R ^k   Gray, H W ^b   Hunter, K ^l   Kovacs, A F ^m,n   Lassmann, M ^o   Leemans, C R ^k   Mamelle, G ^p   McGurk, M ^q   Mortensen, J ^f   Poli, T ^r   Shoaib, T ^b   Sloan, P ^s   Sorensen, J A ^t   Stoeckli, S J ^u   Thomsen, J B ^t   Trifiro, G ^h   Werner, J ^v   Ross, G L ^w   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b GLASGOW ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c EGE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

^e GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f Mental Health Services CPH   (Denmark)

^g ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

ⁱ NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^j HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^k VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^l UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^m University of Wuerzburg ^*

ⁿ GOETHE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^o UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^p INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY   (France)

^q GUY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^r UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

^s NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^t ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^u CANTONAL HOSPITAL ST GALLEN   (Switzerland)

^v PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^w CHRISTIE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Carcinomas, squamous cell; Head and neck neoplasms; Radionuclide imaging; Sentinel lymph node biopsy; Technetium Tc 99m human serum albumin colloid

Indexed keywords

RADIOISOTOPE;

CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DOSIMETRY; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MORBIDITY; NECK DISSECTION; NEEDLE; OPERATING ROOM; OROPHARYNX CARCINOMA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

EID: 70350427667     PISSN: 10689265     EISSN: 15344681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0726-8     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. DM Parkin F Bray J Ferlay, et al. 2005 Global cancer statistics 2002 CA Cancer J Clin 55 74 108 15761078
2. KT Pitman JT Johnson EN Myers 1997 Effectiveness of selective neck dissection for management of the clinically negative neck Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 123 917 922 9305240
3. JP Shah FC Candela AK Poddar 1990 The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity Cancer. 66 109 113 2354399
4. JD Spiro RH Spiro JP Shah RB Sessions EW Strong 1988 Critical assessment of supraomohyoid dissection Am J Surg. 156 286 289 3177752
5. CG Gourin BT Conger ES Porubsky WC Sheils PA Bilodeau TA Coleman 2008 The effect of occult nodal metastases on survival and regional control in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Laryngoscope. 118 1191 1194 18391764
6. DM Don Y Anzai RB Lufkin YS Fu TC Calcaterra 1995 Evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous carcinoma of the head and neck Laryngoscope. 105 669 674 7603268
7. CR Leemans R Tiwari I Van der Waal ABMF Karim JP Nauta GB Snow 1990 The efficacy of comprehensive neck dissection with or without postoperative radiotherapy in nodal metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts Laryngoscope. 100 1194 1198 2233083
8. P Ambrosch M Kron G Fischer U Brinck 1995 Micrometastases in carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: detection, risk of metastasizing, and prognostic value of depth of invasion Head Neck. 17 473 479 8847205
9. SV Kane M Gupta AC Kakade A D' Cruz 2006 Depth of invasion is the most significant histological predictor of subclinical cervical lymph node metastasis in early squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity Eur J Surg Oncol. 32 795 803 16777368
10. TM Pimenta Amaral AR Da Silva Freire AL Carvalho CA Pinto LP Kowalski 2004 Predictive factors of occult metastasis and prognosis of clinical stages I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth Oral Oncol. 40 780 786 15288831
11. E Yamamoto A Miyakawa G Kohama 1984 Mode of invasion and lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity Head Neck Surg. 6 938 947 6724960
12. LWT Alkureishi GL Ross T Shoaib DS Soutar AG Robertson JA Sorensen, et al. 2008 Does tumor depth affect nodal upstaging in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Laryngoscope. 118 629 634 18094651
13. Goerkem M, Braun J, Stoeckli SJ. Evaluation of clinical and histomorphological parameters as potential predictors of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes of early squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity (in press).
14. RM Byers 1985 Modified neck dissection: a study of 967 cases from 1970 to 1980 Am J Surg 150 414 421 4051103
15. RM Byers PF Wolf AJ Ballantyne 1988 Rationale for elective modified neck dissection Head Neck Surg. 10 160 167 3235344
16. JP Shah 1990 Cervical lymph node metastases-diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications Oncology. 4 61 69 2149826
17. JP Shah PE Andersen 1995 Evolving role of modifications in neck dissection for oral squamous carcinoma Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 33 3 8 7718525
18. Brazilian Head and Neck Cancer Study Group 1998 Results of a prospective trial on elective modified radical classical versus supraomohyoid neck dissection in the management of oral squamous carcinoma Am J Surg. 176 422 426
19. KT Pitman 2000 Rationale for elective neck dissection Am J Otolaryngol. 21 31 37 10668674
20. A Cheng BL Schmidt 2008 Management of the N0 neck in oral squamous cell carcinoma Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 20 477 497 18603204
21. R Lindberg 1972 Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts Cancer. 29 1446 1449 5031238
22. RM Byers GL Clayman D McGill T Andrews RP Kare DB Roberts H Goepfert 1999 Selective neck dissections for squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: patterns of regional failure Head Neck. 21 499 505 10449664
23. DL Morton DR Wen JH Wong JS Economou LA Cagle FK Storm LJ Foshag AJ Cochran 1992 Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma Arch Surg. 127 392 399 1558490
24. RM Cabanas 1977 An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma Cancer. 39 456 466 837331
25. JC Alex DL Weaver JT Fairbank BS Rankin DN Krag 1993 Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma Surg Oncol. 2 303 308 8305972
26. Morton DL, Wen DR, Cochran AJ. Management of early-stage melanoma by intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective lymphadenectomy. Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 1992;1247-9.
27. DN Krag 1993 Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the SLN in breast cancer using a gamma probe Surg Oncol. 2 335 340 8130940
28. GL Ross DS Soutar G MacDonald, et al. 2004 Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multicenter trial Ann Surg Oncol. 11 690 696 15197011
29. SJ Stoeckli H Steinert M Pfaltz S Schmid 2001 Sentinel lymph node evaluation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 125 221 226 11555757
30. AF Kovács N Döbert J Gaa C Menzel K Bitter 2004 Positron emission tomography in combination with sentinel node biopsy reduces the rate of elective neck dissections in the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer J Clin Oncol. 22 3973 3980 15459220
31. Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch (eds) TNM classification of malignant tumours, 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2002.
32. MT Hornstra LWT Alkureishi GL Ross T Shoaib DS Soutar 2008 Predictive factors for failure to identify sentinel nodes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Head Neck. 30 858 862 18302276
33. JC Alex DN Krag 1996 The gamma-probe-guided resection of radio-labeled primary lymph nodes Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 5 33 41
34. T Shoaib DS Soutar JE Prosser, et al. 1999 A suggested method for sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Head Neck. 21 728 733 10562686
35. AF Kovács U Stefenelli O Seitz M Middendorp J Diener R Sader, et al. 2009 Positive sentinel lymph nodes are a negative prognostic factor for survival in T1-2 oral/oropharyngeal cancer-a long-term study on 103 patients Ann Surg Oncol. 16 233 239 18825461
36. JA Werner AA Dünne A Ramaswamy C Dalchow T Behr R Moll, et al. 2004 The sentinel node concept in head and neck cancer: solution for the controversies in the N0 neck? Head Neck. 26 603 611 15229903
37. GL Ross DS Soutar T Shoaib IG Camilleri DG MacDonald AG Robertson, et al. 2002 The ability of lymphoscintigraphy to direct sentinel node biopsy in the clinically N0 neck for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Br J Radiol. 75 950 958 12515703
38. GL Ross T Shoaib DS Soutar DG MacDonald IG Camilleri RG Bessent, et al. 2002 The first international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck cancer and adoption of a multicenter trial protocol Ann Surg Oncol. 9 406 410 11986194
39. SJ Stoeckli M Pfaltz GL Ross HC Steiner DG MacDonald C Wittekind D Soutar 2005 The second international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck cancer Ann Surg Oncol. 12 919 924 16177861
40. AJ Wilhelm GS Mijnhout EJF Franssen 1999 Radiopharmaceuticals in sentinel lymph-node detection-an overview Eur J Nucl Med. 26 S36 S42 10199931
41. IR Jimenez M Roca E Vega ML García A Benitez M Bajén, et al. 2008 Particle sizes of colloids to be used in sentinel lymph node radiolocalization Nucl Med Commun. 29 166 172 18094639
42. AF Kovács N Döbert H Walendzik K Zaplatnikov CA Landes 2006 The diagnostic role of radioactivity in sentinel nodes in oral and oropharyngeal cancer Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 21 535 543 17105426
43. JB Thomsen JA Sørensen P Grupe A Krogdahl 2005 Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer: validation of technique and clinical implications of added oblique planar lymphoscintigraphy and/or tomography Acta Radiol. 46 569 575 16334838
44. ® technical leaflet; 2009.
45. AM Millar LM O'Brien LA Beattie F Craig J McDade 2007 Validation of an extended shelf-life for Tc-99 m albumin nanocolloid injection Nucl Med Commun. 28 A15
46. DA Burton JN Cashman 2002 Allergic reaction to nanocolloid during lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node biopsy Br J Anaesth. 89 105
47. DW Chicken R Mansouri PJ Ell MR Keshtgar 2007 Allergy to technetium-labeled nanocolloidal albumin for sentinel node identification Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 89 W12 W13 17346392
48. B Keller N Yawalkar C Pichler LR Braathen RE Hunger 2007 Hypersensitivity reaction against patent blue during sentinel lymph node removal in three melanoma patients Am J Surg. 193 122 124 17188103
49. M Koizumi E Nomura Y Yamada T Takiguchi K Tanaka M Yoshimoto, et al. 2003 Sentinel node detection using Tc-99 m-rhenium sulphide colloid in breast cancer patients: evaluation of 1 day and 2 day protocols, and a dose-finding study Nucl Med Commun. 24 663 670 12766602
50. Chakera AH, Hesse B, Burak Z, Ballinger JR, Britten A, Caracò C, et al. EANM-EORTC recommendations for sentinel node diagnostics in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. accepted for publication (2009).
51. J Buscombe G Paganelli ZE Burak W Waddington J Maublant E Prats, et al. 2007 Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural guidelines Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 12 2154 2159
52. WA Waddington MRS Keshtgar I Taylor SR Lakhani MD Short PJ Ell 2000 Radiation safety of the sentinel node technique in breast cancer Eur J Nucl Med. 27 377 391 10805110
53. NN Pandit-Tskar LT Dauer L Montgomery J St. Germain PB Zanzonico CR Divgi 2006 Organ and fetal absorbed dose estimates from Tc-99 m- sulfur colloid lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in breast cancer patients J Nucl Med 47 1202 1208
54. International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 54: individual monitoring for intakes of radionuclides by workers: design and interpretation. Annals of the ICRP, Volume 19/1-3, ISBN-13: 9780080356006, ISBN-10: 008035600-1, 1989.
55. T Sera G Mohos M Papos, et al. 2003 Sentinel node detection in malignant melanoma patients: radiation safety considerations Dermatol Surg. 29 141 145 12562342
56. SL Stratmann TM McCarthy JA Kuhn 1999 Radiation safety with breast sentinel node biopsy Am J Surg. 25 196 202
57. TL Klausen AH Chakera E Friis F Rank B Hesse S Holm 2005 Radiation doses to staff involved in sentinel node operations for breast cancer Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 25 196 202 15972020
58. Nejc D, Wrzesien M, Piekarski J, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in skin melanoma patients - measurements of absorbed doses of radiation to the hands of medical staff. J Surg Oncol. 2006;93:355-61.
59. EC Glass JE Basinski DL Krashne AE Guiliano 1996 Radiation safety considerations for sentinel node techniques Ann Surg Oncol. 6 10 11
60. Radiation Safety Practice in Nuclear Medicine. In: Austria editor, IAEA nuclear medicine resources manual; 2006. p. 509-21.
61. N Nugent AD Hill M Casey, et al. 2001 Safety guidelines for radiolocalised sentinel node resection Ir J Med Sci. 170 236 238 11918328
62. F Chiesa S Mauri C Grana N Tradati L Calabrese M Ansarin, et al. 2000 Is there a role for sentinel node biopsy in early N0 tongue tumors? Surgery. 128 16 21 10876180
63. Shoaib T, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, Camilleri IG, Dunaway DJ, Gray HW, et al. The accuracy of head and neck carcinoma sentinel lymph node biopsy in the clinically N0 neck. Cancer. 2001;91:2077-83.
64. SJ Stoeckli 2007 Sentinel node biopsy for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Laryngoscope. 117 1539 1551 17667135
65. C De Cicco G Trifirò L Calabrese R Bruschini ME Ferrari LL Travaini, et al. 2006 Lymphatic mapping to tailor selective lymphadenectomy in cN0 tongue carcinoma: beyond the sentinel node concept Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 33 900 905 16604345
66. S Modi AW Stanton PS Mortimer JR Levick 2007 Clinical assessment of human lymph flow using removal rate constants of interstitial macromolecules: a critical review of lymphoscintigraphy Lymphat Res Biol. 5 183 202 18035937
67. RF Uren RB Howman-Giles D Chung JF Thompson 2005 Role of lymphoscintigraphy for selective sentinel lymphadenectomy Cancer Treat Res. 127 15 38 16209076
68. EC Glass R Essner DL Morton 1998 Kinetics of three lymphoscintigraphic agents in patients with cutaneous melanoma J Nucl Med. 39 1185 1190 9669391
69. A Bilde BC von J Mortensen J Marving J Marving TM Hamilton J Kirkegaard, et al. 2006 The role of SPECT-CT in the lymphoscintigraphic identification of sentinel nodes in patients with oral cancer Acta Otolaryngol. 126 1096 1103 16923717
70. IEC/TR 61948-2 Ed. 1.0 English. Cmedicine instrumentation - Routine tests - Part 2: scintillation cameras and single photon emission computed tomography imaging. 13-2-2001. Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission. Ref Type: Report.
71. G Tartaglione MG Vigili S Rahimi A Celebrini M Pagan L Lauro, et al. 2008 The impact of superficial injections of radiocolloids and dynamic lymphoscintigraphy on sentinel node identification in oral cavity cancer: a same-day protocol Nucl Med Commun. 29 318 322 18317294
72. A Wagner K Schicho C Glaser G Zettinig K Yerit S Lang, et al. 2004 SPECT-CT for topographic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes prior to gamma probe-guided biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 32 343 349 15555515
73. A Khafif S Schneebaum DM Fliss H Lerman U Metser R Ben-Yosef, et al. 2006 Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT system in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma Head Neck. 28 874 879 16933311
74. JB Thomsen JA Sørensen P Grupe A Krogdahl 2005 Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer: validation of technique and clinical implications of added oblique planar lymphoscintigraphy and/or tomography Acta Radiol. 46 569 575 16334838
75. Haerle SK, Hany TF, Strobel K, Sidler D, Stoeckli SJ. Is there an additional value of SPECT/CT over lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma? Ann Surg Oncol. (in press).
76. H Keski-Santti S Matzke T Kauppinen J Tornwall T Atula 2006 Sentinel lymph node mapping using SPECT-CT fusion imaging in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 263 1008 1012 16830118
77. R Lopez P Payoux P Gantet JP Esquerre F Boutault JR Paoli 2004 Multimodal image registration for localization of sentinel nodes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 62 1497 1504 15573349
78. RF Uren RB Howman-Giles HM Shaw JF Thompson WH McCarthy 1993 Lymphoscintigraphy in high-risk melanoma of the trunk: predicting draining node groups, defining lymphatic channels and locating the sentinel node J Nucl Med. 34 1435 1440 8355060
79. RF Uren RB Howman-Giles JF Thompson J Roberts E Bernard 1998 Variability of cutaneous lymphatic flow rates in melanoma patients Melanoma Res. 8 279 282 9664151
80. EJ Nieuwenhuis R Pijpers JA Castelijns GB Snow 2003 Lymphoscintigraphic details of sentinel lymph node detection in 82 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx Nucl Med Commun. 24 651 656 12766600
81. E Even-Sapir H Lerman G Lievshitz A Khafif DM Fliss A Schwartz, et al. 2003 Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid SPECT/CT system J Nucl Med. 44 1413 1420 12960185
82. A Bilde C von Buchwald MH Therkildsen J Mortensen J Kirkegaard B Charabi, et al. 2008 Need for intensive histopathologic analysis to determine lymph node metastases when using sentinel node biopsy in oral cancer Laryngoscope. 118 408 414 18043487
83. JA Werner AA Dunne JN Myers 2003 Functional anatomy of the lymphatic drainage system of the upper aerodigestive tract and its role in metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma Head Neck. 25 322 332 12658737
84. Frerich B, Forster M, Schiefke F, Wittekind C, Hemprich A, Sabri O. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinomas of the lips and the oral cavity-a single center experience. J Surg Oncol. 2007;95:97-105.
85. J Alvarez L Barbier Jl Pijoan Jl JC Martín JC Martín L Romo J Genolla, et al. 2007 Diagnostic efficacy of sentinel node biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cohort study and meta-analysis Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 12 E235 E243
86. T Shoaib DS Soutar DG MacDonald HW Gray GL Ross 2005 The nodal neck level of sentinel lymph nodes in mucosal head and neck cancer Br J Plast Surg. 58 790 794 16040013
87. JF Gallegos-Hernandez DM Hernandez-Hernandez R Flores-Diaz I Sierra-Santiesteban P Pichardo-Romero H Rias-Ceballos, et al. 2005 The number of sentinel nodes identified as prognostic factor in oral epidermoid cancer Oral Oncol. 41 947 952 16051515
88. S Hoft S Maune C Muhle W Brenner N Czech WU Kampen, et al. 2004 Sentinel lymph-node biopsy in head and neck cancer Br J Cancer. 91 124 128 15188012
89. R Kontio I Leivo E Leppanen T Atula 2004 Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma without clinically evident metastasis Head Neck. 26 16 21 14724902
90. N Mozzillo F Chiesa G Botti C Caraco S Lastoria G Giugliano, et al. 2001 Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer Ann Surg Oncol. 8 103S 105S 11599888
91. RF Uren R Howman-Giles JF Thompson WH McCarthy MJ Quinn JM Roberts, et al. 2000 Interval nodes: the forgotten sentinel nodes in patients with melanoma Arch Surg 135 1168 1172 11030873
92. S Klutmann, et al. 1999 Lymphoscintigraphy in tumors of the head and neck using double tracer technique J Nucl Med 40 5 776 782 10319749
93. J Warner, et al. 2002 Contamination problem with sentinel node localization procedure: a case study J Nucl Med Technol. 30 18 20 11948262
94. Laasanen MS, et al. Localization of sentinel nodes in breast cancer: a novel method and device to help pen marking of active nodes during gamma camera imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:N49-54.
95. K Scherer W Studer V Figueiredo AJ Bircher 2006 Anaphylaxis to isosulfan blue and cross-reactivity to patent blue V: case report and review of the nomenclature of vital blue dyes Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 96 497 500 16597088 Review
96. The sentinel node in surgical oncology. Springer; 1999.
97. Lymphatic mapping and probe applications in oncology. Marcel Dekker; 2000.
98. Sentinel lymph node biopsy. Martin Dunitz; 2002.
99. AC Perkins AJ Britten 1999 Specification and performance of intra-operative gamma probes for sentinel node detection Nucl Med Commun. 20 309 315 10319349
100. T Tiourina B Arends D Huysmans H Rutten B Lemaire S Muller 1998 Evaluation of surgical gamma probes for radioguided sentinel node localisation Eur J Nucl Med. 25 1224 1231 9724369
101. AJ Britten 1999 A method to evaluate intra-operative gamma probes for sentinel lymph node localisation Eur J Nucl Med. 26 76 83 9933340
102. JC Alex 2004 The application of sentinel node radiolocalization to solid tumors of the head and neck: a 10-year experience Laryngoscope. 114 2 19 14709988
103. KT Robbins JE Medina GT Wolfe, et al. 1991 Standardizing neck dissection terminology Official Report of the Academy's Committee for Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 117 601 605
104. JB Thomsen JA Sorensen P Grupe, et al. 2005 Staging N0 oral cancer: lymphoscintigraphy and conventional imaging Acta Radiol. 46 492 496 16224924
105. AF Kovacs P Acker U Berner JH Risse 2001 Sentinel lymph node excision. Treatment method of the N0 neck in patients with oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma HNO 49 8 646 653 11544887 (Pubitemid 32750838)
106. LW Alkureishi GL Ross DG MacDonald T Shoaib H Gray G Robertson, et al. 2007 Sentinel node in head and neck cancer: use of size criterion to upstage the no neck in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Head Neck. 29 95 103 17120312
107. OE Nieweg PJ Tanis BB Kroon 2001 The definition of a sentinel node Ann Surg Oncol. 8 538 541 11456054
108. JA Werner AA Dünne A Ramaswamy, et al. 2002 Number and location of radiolabeled, intraoperatively identified sentinel nodes in 48 head and neck cancer patients with clinically staged N0 and N1 neck Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 259 91 96 11954940
109. NC Hyde E Prvulovich L Newman, et al. 2003 A new approach to pretreatment assessment of the N0 neck in oral squamous-cell carcinoma: the role of sentinel node biopsy and positron emission tomography Oral Oncol. 39 350 360 12676254
110. Alkureishi LWT, Ross GL, Shoaib T, Soutar DS, Robertson AG, Sorensen JA, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: five year follow-up. Presented at the American Head and Neck Society annual meeting in San Francisco, California, July 2008.
111. F Civantos R Zitsch A Bared 2007 Sentinel node biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma J Surg Oncol. 96 330 336 17879335
112. FJ Civantos JA Werner A Bared 2005 Sentinel node biopsy in cancer of the oral cavity. Operative technique Otolaryngology 16 275 285
113. K Chikamatsu H Kamada H Ninomiya, et al. 2004 A preliminary study on sentinel lymph node biopsy: feasibility and predictive ability in oral cavity cancer Ann Nucl Med 18 257 262 15233288
114. JA Werner AA Dünne A Ramaswamy, et al. 2002 Sentinel node detection in N0 cancer of the pharynx and larynx Br J Cancer. 87 711 715 12232751
115. JJ Albertini CW Cruse D Rapaport, et al. 1996 Intraoperative radio-lympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma Ann Surg. 223 217 224 8597518 (Pubitemid 26065217)
116. P Bostick R Essner T Sarantou, et al. 1997 Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early-stage melanoma of the head and neck Am J Surg. 174 536 539 9374232
117. A Brobeil D Kamath CW Cruse, et al. 1997 The clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes identified with radiolymphoscintigraphy J Fla Med Assoc. 84 157 160 9143166
118. LF Glass JL Messina W Cruse, et al. 1996 The use of intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with malignant melanoma Dermatol Surg. 22 715 720 8780765
119. KM McMasters RD Noyes DS Reintgen, et al. 2004 Sunbelt Melanoma Trial. Lessons learned from the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial J Surg Oncol. 86 212 223 15221928
120. GW Carlson DR Murray V Thourani, et al. 2002 The definition of the sentinel lymph node in melanoma based on radioactive counts Ann Surg Oncol. 9 929 933 12417518
121. R Essner PJ Bostick EC Glass, et al. 2000 Standardized probe-directed sentinel node dissection in melanoma Surgery. 127 26 31 10660755
122. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 2008 SIGN 50: a guideline developer's handbook Chapter 7 ISBN 19781905813254. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ guidelines/fulltext/50/index.html.
123. Civantos FJ, Werner JA, Bared A. Sentinel node biopsy in cancer of the oral cavity. Oper Tech Otol-Head Neck Surg. 2005;16:275-85. American College of Surgeons Oncology Group trial Z0360.
124. Ross GL, on behalf of the Sentinel European Node Trial (SENT) Organising Committee. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: preliminary results of the SENT trial. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Head and Neck Society (AHNS), San Francisco, July 2008.
125. A Bilde C von Buchwald MH Therkildsen J Mortensen J Kirkegaard B Charabi, et al. 2008 Need for intensive histopathologic analysis to determine lymph node metastases when using sentinel node biopsy in oral cancer Laryngoscope. 118 408 414 18043487
126. CT Chone RS Magalhes E Etchehebere E Camargo A Altemani AN Crespo 2008 Predictive value of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer Acta Otolaryngol. 128 920 924 18607941
127. JC Papadimitriou CB Drachenberg DS Brenner C Newkirk BF Trump SG Silverberg 2000 "Thanatosomes": a unifying morphogenetic concept for tumor hyaline globules related to apoptosis Hum Pathol. 31 1455 1465 11150370
128. A Terada Y Hasegawa Y Yatabe I Hyodo T Ogawa N Hanai, et al. 2008 Intraoperative diagnosis of cancer metastasis in sentinel lymph node of oral cancer patients Oral Oncol. 44 838 843 18234545
129. L Tschopp M Nuyens E Stauffer T Krause P Zbären 2005 The value of frozen section analysis of the sentinel lymph node in clinically N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 132 99 102 15632917
130. FJ Civantos FI Moffat WJ Goodwin 2006 Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for 106 head and neck lesions: contrasts between oral cavity and cutaneous malignancy Laryngoscope. 16 1 15
131. S Asthana SV Deo NK Shukla P Jain M Anand R Kumar 2003 Intraoperative neck staging using sentinel node biopsy and imprint cytology in oral cancer Head Neck. 25 368 372 12692873
132. R Garrel M Dromard V Costes, et al. 2006 The diagnostic accuracy of reverse transcription-PCR quantification of cytokeratin mRNA in the detection of sentinel lymph node invasion in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a comparison with immunohistochemistry Clin Cancer Res. 12 2498 2505 16638858
133. CG Shores X Yin W Funkhouser W Yarbrough 2004 Clinical evaluation of a new molecular method for detection of micrometastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 130 937 942 15313863
134. AJ Cochran SJ Ohsie SW Binder 2008 Pathobiology of the sentinel node Curr Opin Oncol. 20 190 195 18300769
135. JB Thomsen RK Christensen JA Sorensen A Krogdahl 2007 Sentinel lymph nodes in cancer of the oral cavity: is central step-sectioning enough? J Oral Pathol Med. 36 425 429 17617836
136. JA Woolgar 1999 Micrometastasis in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Incidence, histopathological features and clinical implications Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 37 181 186 10454024
137. C von Buchwald A Bilde T Shoaib G Ross 2002 Sentinel node biopsy: the technique and the feasibility in head and neck cancer ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 64 268 274
138. EJ Rutgers 2008 Sentinel node biopsy: interpretation and management of patients with immunohistochemistry-positive sentinel nodes and those with micrometastases J Clin Oncol. 26 698 702 18258976
139. JA Woolgar JC Beirne ED Vaughan HG Lewis-Jones J Scott JS Brown 1995 Correlation of histopathologic findings with clinical and radiologic assessments of cervical lymph-node metastases in oral cancer Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 24 30 37 7782638