Management of the N0 Neck in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 477-497

  Cheng, Allen ^a   Schmidt, Brian L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER STAGING; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DECISION TREE; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; METASTASIS; METHODOLOGY; MOUTH TUMOR; NECK; NECK DISSECTION; PATHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DECISION TREES; HUMANS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; NECK; NECK DISSECTION; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY;

EID: 46149090853     PISSN: 10423699     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2008.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Sutton D.N., Brown J.S., Rogers S.N., et al. The prognostic implications of the surgical margin in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32 1 (2003) 30-34
2. Shah J.P., Johnson N.W., and Batsakis J.G. Oral cancer (2003), Martin Dunitz; Distributed in the United States by Thieme New York, London New York
3. Parkin D.M., Pisani P., and Ferlay J. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 49 1 (1999) 33-64 31
4. Fielding L.P., Fenoglio-Preiser C.M., and Freedman L.S. The future of prognostic factors in outcome prediction for patients with cancer. Cancer 70 9 (1992) 2367-2377
5. Kowalski L.P., Magrin J., Waksman G., et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of head and neck tumors. Survival results in 212 cases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119 9 (1993) 958-963
6. Leemans C.R., Tiwari R., Nauta J.J., et al. Regional lymph node involvement and its significance in the development of distant metastases in head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 71 2 (1993) 452-456
7. Shah J.P., and Andersen P.E. Evolving role of modifications in neck dissection for oral squamous carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 33 1 (1995) 3-8
8. Clark J.R., Naranjo N., Franklin J.H., et al. Established prognostic variables in N0 oral carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135 5 (2006) 748-753
9. Lavertu P., Adelstein D.J., Saxton J.P., et al. Management of the neck in a randomized trial comparing concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in resectable stage III and IV squamous cell head and neck cancer. Head Neck 19 7 (1997) 559-566
10. Looser K.G., Shah J.P., and Strong E.W. The significance of "positive" margins in surgically resected epidermoid carcinomas. Head Neck Surg 1 2 (1978) 107-111
11. Loree T.R., and Strong E.W. Significance of positive margins in oral cavity squamous carcinoma. Am J Surg 160 4 (1990) 410-414
12. Partridge M., Brakenhoff R., Phillips E., et al. Detection of rare disseminated tumor cells identifies head and neck cancer patients at risk of treatment failure. Clin Cancer Res 9 14 (2003) 5287-5294
13. Partridge M., Li S.R., Pateromichelakis S., et al. Detection of minimal residual cancer to investigate why oral tumors recur despite seemingly adequate treatment. Clin Cancer Res 6 7 (2000) 2718-2725
14. Slootweg P.J., Hordijk G.J., Schade Y., et al. Treatment failure and margin status in head and neck cancer. A critical view on the potential value of molecular pathology. Oral Oncol 38 5 (2002) 500-503
15. Vikram B., Strong E.W., Shah J.P., et al. Failure at the primary site following multimodality treatment in advanced head and neck cancer. Head Neck Surg 6 3 (1984) 720-723
16. van Es R.J., van Nieuw Amerongen N., Slootweg P.J., et al. Resection margin as a predictor of recurrence at the primary site for T1 and T2 oral cancers. Evaluation of histopathologic variables. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122 5 (1996) 521-525
17. Byers R.M. Modified neck dissection. A study of 967 cases from 1970 to 1980. Am J Surg 150 4 (1985) 414-421
18. Byers R.M. Neck dissection: concepts, controversies, and technique. Semin Surg Oncol 7 1 (1991) 9-13
19. Shah J.P. Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 160 4 (1990) 405-409
20. Snow G.B., Annyas A.A., van Slooten E.A., et al. Prognostic factors of neck node metastasis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 7 3 (1982) 185-192
21. Vandenbrouck C., Sancho-Garnier H., Chassagne D., et al. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 46 2 (1980) 386-390
22. Byers R.M., El-Naggar A.K., Lee Y.Y., et al. Can we detect or predict the presence of occult nodal metastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue?. Head Neck 20 2 (1998) 138-144
23. Ord R.A., Kolokythas A., and Reynolds M.A. Surgical salvage for local and regional recurrence in oral cancer. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 64 9 (2006) 1409-1414
24. Woolgar J.A., Rogers S.N., Lowe D., et al. Cervical lymph node metastasis in oral cancer: the importance of even microscopic extracapsular spread. Oral Oncol 39 2 (2003) 130-137
25. Zbaren P., Nuyens M., Caversaccio M., et al. Elective neck dissection for carcinomas of the oral cavity: occult metastases, neck recurrences, and adjuvant treatment of pathologically positive necks. Am J Surg 191 6 (2006) 756-760
26. O'Brien C.J., Traynor S.J., McNeil E., et al. The use of clinical criteria alone in the management of the clinically negative neck among patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126 3 (2000) 360-365
27. Okada Y., Mataga I., Katagiri M., et al. An analysis of cervical lymph nodes metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Relationship between grade of histopathological malignancy and lymph nodes metastasis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32 3 (2003) 284-288
28. Spiro J.D., Spiro R.H., Shah J.P., et al. Critical assessment of supraomohyoid neck dissection. Am J Surg 156 4 (1988) 286-289
29. Woolgar J.A. Pathology of the N0 neck. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 3 (1999) 205-209
30. Yu S., Li J., Li Z., et al. Efficacy of supraomohyoid neck dissection in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and negative neck. Am J Surg 191 1 (2006) 94-99
31. Capote A., Escorial V., Munoz-Guerra M.F., et al. Elective neck dissection in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma-does it influence recurrence and survival?. Head Neck 29 1 (2007) 3-11
32. Ferlito A., Rinaldo A., Silver C.E., et al. Elective and therapeutic selective neck dissection. Oral Oncol 42 1 (2006) 14-25
33. Hosal A.S., Carrau R.L., Johnson J.T., et al. Selective neck dissection in the management of the clinically node-negative neck. Laryngoscope 110 12 (2000) 2037-2040
34. Nahum A.M., Mullally W., and Marmor L. A syndrome resulting from radical neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol 74 (1961) 424-428
35. Byers R.M., Wolf P.F., and Ballantyne A.J. Rationale for elective modified neck dissection. Head Neck Surg 10 3 (1988) 160-167
36. Weiss M.H., Harrison L.B., and Isaacs R.S. Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120 7 (1994) 699-702
37. Barkley Jr. H.T., Fletcher G.H., Jesse R.H., et al. Management of cervical lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa, base of tongue, supraglottic larynx, and hypopharynx. Am J Surg 124 4 (1972) 462-467
38. Bocca E., Pignataro O., Oldini C., et al. Functional neck dissection: an evaluation and review of 843 cases. Laryngoscope 94 7 (1984) 942-945
39. Lee D.J., Koch W.M., Yoo G., et al. Impact of chromosome 14q loss on survival in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 3 4 (1997) 501-505
40. Levendag P., and Vikram B. The problem of neck relapse in early stage supraglottic cancer-results of different treatment modalities for the clinically negative neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13 11 (1987) 1621-1624
41. Mendenhall W.M., Million R.R., and Cassisi N.J. Elective neck irradiation in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck Surg 3 1 (1980) 15-20
42. Ogura J.H., Biller H.F., and Wette R. Elective neck dissection for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. An evaluation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 80 5 (1971) 646-650
43. Simes R.J., and Coates A.S. Patient preferences for adjuvant chemotherapy of early breast cancer: how much benefit is needed?. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 30 (2001) 146-152
44. Sweeney K.J., Ryan E., Canney M., et al. Justifying adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: a survey of women and healthcare professionals. Eur J Surg Oncol 33 7 (2007) 838-842
45. Rogers S.N., Scott B., and Lowe D. An evaluation of the shoulder domain of the University of Washington quality of life scale. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45 1 (2007) 5-10
46. Taylor R.J., Chepeha J.C., Teknos T.N., et al. Development and validation of the neck dissection impairment index: a quality of life measure. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 1 (2002) 44-49
47. Terrell J.E., Ronis D.L., Fowler K.E., et al. Clinical predictors of quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130 4 (2004) 401-408
48. Terrell J.E., Welsh D.E., Bradford C.R., et al. Pain, quality of life, and spinal accessory nerve status after neck dissection. Laryngoscope 110 4 (2000) 620-626
49. Laverick S., Lowe D., Brown J.S., et al. The impact of neck dissection on health-related quality of life. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130 2 (2004) 149-154
50. Cheng P.T., Hao S.P., Lin Y.H., et al. Objective comparison of shoulder dysfunction after three neck dissection techniques. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 109 8 Pt 1 (2000) 761-766
51. Bernier J., Domenge C., Ozsahin M., et al. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 350 19 (2004) 1945-1952
52. Cooper J.S., Pajak T.F., Forastiere A.A., et al. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 350 19 (2004) 1937-1944
53. Andersen P.E., Cambronero E., Shaha A.R., et al. The extent of neck disease after regional failure during observation of the N0 neck. Am J Surg 172 6 (1996) 689-691
54. Kligerman J., Lima R.A., Soares J.R., et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 168 5 (1994) 391-394
55. Fakih A.R., Rao R.S., Borges A.M., et al. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in early carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 158 4 (1989) 309-313
56. Woolgar J.A., Rogers S., West C.R., et al. Survival and patterns of recurrence in 200 oral cancer patients treated by radical surgery and neck dissection. Oral Oncol 35 3 (1999) 257-265
57. Greenberg J.S., Fowler R., Gomez J., et al. Extent of extracapsular spread: a critical prognosticator in oral tongue cancer. Cancer 97 6 (2003) 1464-1470
58. Kissun D., Magennis P., Lowe D., et al. Timing and presentation of recurrent oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and awareness in the outpatient clinic. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44 5 (2006) 371-376
59. Duvvuri U., Simental Jr. A.A., D'Angelo G., et al. Elective neck dissection and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Laryngoscope 114 12 (2004) 2228-2234
60. Keski-Santti H., Atula T., Tornwall J., et al. Elective neck treatment versus observation in patients with T1/T2 N0 squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue. Oral Oncol 42 1 (2006) 96-101
61. Lee J.G., and Krause C.J. Radical neck dissection: elective, therapeutic, and secondary. Arch Otolaryngol 101 11 (1975) 656-659
62. Layland M.K., Sessions D.G., and Lenox J. The influence of lymph node metastasis in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx: N0 versus N+. Laryngoscope 115 4 (2005) 629-639
63. Nieuwenhuis E.J., Castelijns J.A., Pijpers R., et al. Wait-and-see policy for the N0 neck in early-stage oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using ultrasonography-guided cytology: is there a role for identification of the sentinel node?. Head Neck 24 3 (2002) 282-289
64. Umeda M., Yokoo S., Take Y., et al. Lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: correlation between histologic features and the prevalence of metastasis. Head Neck 14 4 (1992) 263-272
65. Khafif R.A., Gelbfish G.A., Tepper P., et al. Elective radical neck dissection in epidermoid cancer of the head and neck. A retrospective analysis of 853 cases of mouth, pharynx, and larynx cancer. Cancer 67 1 (1991) 67-71
66. Castelijns J.A., and van den Brekel M.W. Imaging of lymphadenopathy in the neck. Eur Radiol 12 4 (2002) 727-738
67. van den Brekel M.W., and Castelijns J.A. What the clinician wants to know: surgical perspective and ultrasound for lymph node imaging of the neck. Cancer Imaging 5 Spec No A (2005) S41-S49
68. Woolgar J.A., Vaughan E.D., Scott J., et al. Pathological findings in clinically false-negative and false-positive neck dissections for oral carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 76 4 (1994) 237-244
69. Schoder H., Carlson D.L., Kraus D.H., et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting nodal metastases in patients with oral cancer staged N0 by clinical examination and CT/MRI. J Nucl Med 47 5 (2006) 755-762
70. Adams S., Baum R.P., Stuckensen T., et al. Prospective comparison of 18F-FDG PET with conventional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, US) in lymph node staging of head and neck cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 25 9 (1998) 1255-1260
71. Di Martino E., Nowak B., Hassan H.A., et al. Diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer: a comparison of modern imaging modalities (positron emission tomography, computed tomography, color-coded duplex sonography) with panendoscopic and histopathologic findings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126 12 (2000) 1457-1461
72. Hannah A., Scott A.M., Tochon-Danguy H., et al. Evaluation of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography with histopathologic correlation in the initial staging of head and neck cancer. Ann Surg 236 2 (2002) 208-217
73. Ng S.H., Yen T.C., Liao C.T., et al. 18F-FDG PET and CT/MRI in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study of 124 patients with histologic correlation. J Nucl Med 46 7 (2005) 1136-1143
74. van den Brekel M.W., Castelijns J.A., Reitsma L.C., et al. Outcome of observing the N0 neck using ultrasonographic-guided cytology for follow-up. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125 2 (1999) 153-156
75. van den Brekel M.W., Castelijns J.A., Stel H.V., et al. Occult metastatic neck disease: detection with US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Radiology 180 2 (1991) 457-461
76. van den Brekel M.W., Stel H.V., Castelijns J.A., et al. Lymph node staging in patients with clinically negative neck examinations by ultrasound and ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology. Am J Surg 162 4 (1991) 362-366
77. Takes R.P., Knegt P., Manni J.J., et al. Regional metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: revised value of US with US-guided FNAB. Radiology 198 3 (1996) 819-823
78. Nahmias C., Carlson E.R., Duncan L.D., et al. Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) scanning for preoperative staging of patients with oral/head and neck cancer. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 12 (2007) 2524-2535
79. In: Greene F.L., Page D.L., and Fleming I.D. (Eds). AJCC cancer staging manual. 6th edition (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York
80. Po Wing Yuen A., Lam K.Y., Lam L.K., et al. Prognostic factors of clinically stage I and II oral tongue carcinoma-a comparative study of stage, thickness, shape, growth pattern, invasive front malignancy grading, Martinez-Gimeno score, and pathologic features. Head Neck 24 6 (2002) 513-520
81. van den Brekel M.W., van der Waal I., Meijer C.J., et al. The incidence of micrometastases in neck dissection specimens obtained from elective neck dissections. Laryngoscope 106 8 (1996) 987-991
82. Woolgar J.A. Micrometastasis in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: incidence, histopathological features and clinical implications. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 3 (1999) 181-186
83. Shah J.P., Patel S.G., and Shah J.P.H. Chapter 6: Oral and Oropharynx, Chapter 9: Cervical Lymph Nodes. In: Shah J.P., and Patel S.G. (Eds). Head and neck surgery and oncology. 3rd edition (2003), Mosby, Edinburgh (UK) p. 179, 356
84. Diaz Jr. E.M., Holsinger F.C., Zuniga E.R., et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa: one institution's experience with 119 previously untreated patients. Head Neck 25 4 (2003) 267-273
85. Sieczka E., Datta R., Singh A., et al. Cancer of the buccal mucosa: are margins and T-stage accurate predictors of local control?. Am J Otolaryngol 22 6 (2001) 395-399
86. Simental Jr. A.A., Johnson J.T., and Myers E.N. Cervical metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary alveolus and hard palate. Laryngoscope 116 9 (2006) 1682-1684
87. Fernandes R., Lee J., Goldman N., et al. Cervical metastasis from maxillary alveolar squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology Supplement 2 1 (2007) 130
88. Montes D.M., and Schmidt B.L. Oral maxillary squamous carcinoma: management of the clinically negative neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66 4 (2008) 762-766
89. Broders A.C. Carcinoma of the mouth: types and degrees of malignancy. American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy 17 (1927) 90-93
90. Broders A.C. The microscopic grading of cancer. Surg Clin North Am 21 (1941) 947-962
91. Broders A.C. Squamous cell epithelioma of the lip; a study of five hundred and thirty-seven cases. JAMA 74 (1920) 656-664
92. Anneroth G., Batsakis J., and Luna M. Review of the literature and a recommended system of malignancy grading in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Scand J Dent Res 95 3 (1987) 229-249
93. Bryne M., Koppang H.S., Lilleng R., et al. Malignancy grading of the deep invasive margins of oral squamous cell carcinomas has high prognostic value. J Pathol 166 4 (1992) 375-381
94. Bryne M., Koppang H.S., Lilleng R., et al. New malignancy grading is a better prognostic indicator than Broders' grading in oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 18 8 (1989) 432-437
95. Jakobsson P.A., Eneroth C.M., Killander D., et al. Histologic classification and grading of malignancy in carcinoma of the larynx. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 12 1 (1973) 1-8
96. Martinez-Gimeno C., Rodriguez E.M., Vila C.N., et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a clinicopathologic scoring system for evaluating risk of cervical lymph node metastasis. Laryngoscope 105 7 Pt 1 (1995) 728-733
97. Odell E.W., Jani P., Sherriff M., et al. The prognostic value of individual histologic grading parameters in small lingual squamous cell carcinomas. The importance of the pattern of invasion. Cancer 74 3 (1994) 789-794
98. Shintani S., Matsuura H., Hasegawa Y., et al. The relationship of shape of tumor invasion to depth of invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Oncology 54 6 (1997) 463-467
99. Woolgar J.A., and Scott J. Prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue/floor of mouth. Head Neck 17 6 (1995) 463-472
100. Yuen A.P., Lam K.Y., Wei W.I., et al. A comparison of the prognostic significance of tumor diameter, length, width, thickness, area, volume, and clinicopathological features of oral tongue carcinoma. Am J Surg 180 2 (2000) 139-143
101. Woolgar J.A., Beirne J.C., Vaughan E.D., et al. Correlation of histopathologic findings with clinical and radiologic assessments of cervical lymph-node metastases in oral cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24 1 Pt 1 (1995) 30-37
102. Kademani D., Bell R.B., Bagheri S., et al. Prognostic factors in intraoral squamous cell carcinoma: the influence of histologic grade. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63 11 (2005) 1599-1605
103. Warburton G., Nikitakis N.G., Roberson P., et al. Histopathological and lymphangiogenic parameters in relation to lymph node metastasis in early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 3 (2007) 475-484
104. Jones K.R., Lodge-Rigal R.D., Reddick R.L., et al. Prognostic factors in the recurrence of stage I and II squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118 5 (1992) 483-485
105. O'Brien C.J., Lauer C.S., Fredricks S., et al. Tumor thickness influences prognosis of T1 and T2 oral cavity cancer-but what thickness?. Head Neck 25 11 (2003) 937-945
106. Sheahan P., Colreavy M., Toner M., et al. Facial node involvement in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 26 6 (2004) 531-536
107. Spiro R.H., Huvos A.G., Wong G.Y., et al. Predictive value of tumor thickness in squamous carcinoma confined to the tongue and floor of the mouth. Am J Surg 152 4 (1986) 345-350
108. Mohit-Tabatabai M.A., Sobel H.J., Rush B.F., et al. Relation of thickness of floor of mouth stage I and II cancers to regional metastasis. Am J Surg 152 4 (1986) 351-353
109. Califano J., van der Riet P., Westra W., et al. Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization. Cancer Res 56 11 (1996) 2488-2492
110. Bova R.J., Quinn D.I., Nankervis J.S., et al. Cyclin D1 and p16INK4A expression predict reduced survival in carcinoma of the anterior tongue. Clin Cancer Res 5 10 (1999) 2810-2819
111. Kastan M.B., Onyekwere O., Sidransky D., et al. Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer Res 51 23 Pt 1 (1991) 6304-6311
112. Kawano K., and Yanagisawa S. Predictive value of laminin-5 and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase expression for cervical lymph node metastasis in T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Head Neck 28 6 (2006) 525-533
113. Keum K.C., Chung E.J., Koom W.S., et al. Predictive value of p53 and PCNA expression for occult neck metastases in patients with clinically node-negative oral tongue cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135 6 (2006) 858-864
114. Mineta H., Miura K., Takebayashi S., et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 36 2 (2000) 194-198
115. Nakayama S., Sasaki A., Mese H., et al. Establishment of high and low metastasis cell lines derived from a human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Invasion Metastasis 18 5-6 (1998) 219-228
116. Rubin Grandis J., Melhem M.F., Barnes E.L., et al. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 78 6 (1996) 1284-1292
117. Rubin Grandis J., Melhem M.F., Gooding W.E., et al. Levels of TGF-alpha and EGFR protein in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and patient survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 11 (1998) 824-832
118. Schipper J.H., Unger A., and Jahnke K. E-cadherin as a functional marker of the differentiation and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 19 5 (1994) 381-384
119. Tanaka N., Odajima T., Ogi K., et al. Expression of E-cadherin, alpha-catenin, and beta-catenin in the process of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 89 3 (2003) 557-563
120. Yin Y., Tainsky M.A., Bischoff F.Z., et al. Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70 6 (1992) 937-948
121. Chung C.H., Parker J.S., Karaca G., et al. Molecular classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas using patterns of gene expression. Cancer Cell 5 5 (2004) 489-500
122. Pinkel D., and Albertson D.G. Array comparative genomic hybridization and its applications in cancer. Nat Genet 37 Suppl (2005) S11-S17
123. Snijders A.M., Schmidt B.L., Fridlyand J., et al. Rare amplicons implicate frequent deregulation of cell fate specification pathways in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 24 26 (2005) 4232-4242
124. Menzin J., Lines L.M., and Manning L.N. The economics of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 15 2 (2007) 68-73
125. Speight P.M., Palmer S., Moles D.R., et al. The cost-effectiveness of screening for oral cancer in primary care. Health Technol Assess 10 14 (2006) 1-144 iii-iv
126. Lang K., Menzin J., Earle C.C., et al. The economic cost of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck: findings from linked SEER-Medicare data. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130 11 (2004) 1269-1275
127. Braaksma M., van Agthoven M., Nijdam W., et al. Costs of treatment intensification for head and neck cancer: concomitant chemoradiation randomised for radioprotection with amifostine. Eur J Cancer 41 14 (2005) 2102-2111
128. Wolfensberger M., Zbaeren P., Dulguerov P., et al. Surgical treatment of early oral carcinoma-results of a prospective controlled multicenter study. Head Neck 23 7 (2001) 525-530
129. Robertson A.G., Soutar D.S., Paul J., et al. Early closure of a randomized trial: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus radiotherapy in the management of intra-oral tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 10 3 (1998) 155-160
130. Rowell N.P. Radiotherapy in the management of orofacial cancer. In: Ward Booth P., Schendel S.A., and Hausamen J.-E. (Eds). Maxillofacial surgery. 2nd edition. vol 1 (2007), Churchill Livingstone, St. Louis (MO) p. 331-51
131. Denham J.W., Peters L.J., Johansen J., et al. Do acute mucosal reactions lead to consequential late reactions in patients with head and neck cancer?. Radiother Oncol 52 2 (1999) 157-164
132. Pauloski B.R., Rademaker A.W., Logemann J.A., et al. Speech and swallowing in irradiated and nonirradiated postsurgical oral cancer patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118 5 (1998) 616-624
133. Leon X., Quer M., Diez S., et al. Second neoplasm in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 21 3 (1999) 204-210
134. Greenberg J.S., El Naggar A.K., Mo V., et al. Disparity in pathologic and clinical lymph node staging in oral tongue carcinoma. Implication for therapeutic decision making. Cancer 98 3 (2003) 508-515
135. Henick D.H., Silver C.E., Heller K.S., et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection as a staging procedure for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Head Neck 17 2 (1995) 119-123
136. Crile III G. On the technique of operations upon the head and neck. Ann Surg 44 6 (1906) 842-850
137. Robbins K.T., Clayman G., Levine P.A., et al. Neck dissection classification update: revisions proposed by the American Head and Neck Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128 7 (2002) 751-758
138. Davidson B.J., Kulkarny V., Delacure M.D., et al. Posterior triangle metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 166 4 (1993) 395-398
139. Dias F.L., Lima R.A., Kligerman J., et al. Relevance of skip metastases for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and the floor of the mouth. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134 3 (2006) 460-465
140. Lindberg R. Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29 6 (1972) 1446-1449
141. Skolnik E.M., Yee K.F., Friedman M., et al. The posterior triangle in radical neck surgery. Arch Otolaryngol 102 1 (1976) 1-4
142. Mira E., Benazzo M., Rossi V., et al. Efficacy of selective lymph node dissection in clinically negative neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127 4 (2002) 279-283
143. Results of a prospective trial on elective modified radical classical versus supraomohyoid neck dissection in the management of oral squamous carcinoma. Brazilian Head and Neck Cancer Study Group. Am J Surg 176 5 (1998) 422-427
144. Silverman D.A., El-Hajj M., Strome S., et al. Prevalence of nodal metastases in the submuscular recess (level IIb) during selective neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129 7 (2003) 724-728
145. Elsheikh M.N., Mahfouz M.E., and Elsheikh E. Level IIb lymph nodes metastasis in elective supraomohyoid neck dissection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a molecular-based study. Laryngoscope 115 9 (2005) 1636-1640
146. Lim Y.C., Song M.H., Kim S.C., et al. Preserving level IIb lymph nodes in elective supraomohyoid neck dissection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130 9 (2004) 1088-1091
147. Byers R.M., Weber R.S., Andrews T., et al. Frequency and therapeutic implications of "skip metastases" in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck 19 1 (1997) 14-19
148. Mizen K.D., and Mitchell D.A. Anatomical variability of omohyoid and its relevance in oropharyngeal cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43 4 (2005) 285-288
149. Stoeckli S.J. Sentinel node biopsy for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope (2007) Publish Ahead of Print
150. Krag D.N., Weaver D.L., Alex J.C., et al. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 2 6 (1993) 335-339 [discussion: 340]
151. Morton D.L., Wen D.R., Wong J.H., et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127 4 (1992) 392-399
152. Ross G.L., Soutar D.S., Gordon MacDonald D., et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multicenter trial. Ann Surg Oncol 11 7 (2004) 690-696
153. Shahnavaz S.A., Regezi J.A., Bradley G., et al. p53 gene mutations in sequential oral epithelial dysplasias and squamous cell carcinomas. J Pathol 190 4 (2000) 417-422
154. Saunders M.E., MacKenzie R., Shipman R., et al. Patterns of p53 gene mutations in head and neck cancer: full-length gene sequencing and results of primary radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 5 9 (1999) 2455-2463
155. Juarez J., Clayman G., Nakajima M., et al. Role and regulation of expression of 92-kDa type-IV collagenase (MMP-9) in 2 invasive squamous-cell-carcinoma cell lines of the oral cavity. Int J Cancer 55 1 (1993) 10-18
156. Riedel F., Gotte K., Schwalb J., et al. Expression of 92-kDa type IV collagenase correlates with angiogenic markers and poor survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 17 6 (2000) 1099-1105
157. Impola U., Uitto V.J., Hietanen J., et al. Differential expression of matrilysin-1 (MMP-7), 92 kD gelatinase (MMP-9), and metalloelastase (MMP-12) in oral verrucous and squamous cell cancer. J Pathol 202 1 (2004) 14-22
158. Nozaki S., Endo Y., Kawashiri S., et al. Immunohistochemical localization of a urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: association with mode of invasion and lymph node metastasis. Oral Oncol 34 1 (1998) 58-62
159. Clayman G., Wang S.W., Nicolson G.L., et al. Regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression in squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Int J Cancer 54 1 (1993) 73-80