Cardiovascular aspects in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome - Molecular issues, hypoxia and cytokine profiles

Respiration

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 361-370

  Lavie, Lena ^a   Polotsky, Vsevolod ^b  

^a TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS ASTHMA AND ALLERGY CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular morbidity; Cytokines; Inflammation; Obstructive sleep apnea; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYTOKINES; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 70350336578     PISSN: 00257931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000243552     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230-1235.
2. Malhotra A, White DP: Obstructive sleep apnoea. Lancet 2002; 360: 237-245.
3. Lavie L, Lavie P: Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: The oxidative stress link. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1467-1484.
4. Lavie P, Herer P, Hoffstein V: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: Population study. BMJ 2000; 320: 479-482.
5. Peker Y, Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Loth S, Johansson A, Bende M: An independent association between obstructive sleep apnoea and coronary artery disease. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 179-184.
6. Mooe T, Franklin KA, Holmström K, Rabben T, Wiklund U: Sleep-disordered breathing and coronary artery disease: Long-term prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1910-1913.
7. Lavie P, Lavie L, Herer P: All-cause mortality in males with sleep apnoea syndrome: Declining mortality rates with age. Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 514-520.
8. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG: Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: An observational study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1046-1053.
9. Narkiewicz K, Somers VK: Sympathetic nerve activity in obstructive sleep apnoea. Acta Physiol Scand 2003; 177: 385-390.
10. Marrone O, Bonsignore MR: Pulmonary haemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev 2002; 6: 175-193.
11. Lavie L: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome - an oxidative stress disorder. Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7: 35-51.
12. Deegan PC, McNicholas WT: P athophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1161-1178.
13. Shamsuzzaman AS, Gersh BJ, Somers VK: Obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA 2003; 290: 1906-1914.
14. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J: P rospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1378-1384. (Pubitemid 30262394)
15. Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, Shahar E, Samet JM, Redline S, D'Agostino RB, Newman AB, Lebowitz MD, Pickering TG: Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 2000; 283: 1829-1836.
16. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Ten Have T, Leiby BE, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A: Association of hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2289-2295.
17. Young T, Peppard P, Palta M, Hla KM, Finn L, Morgan B, Skatrud J: P opulation-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1746-1752. (Pubitemid 27327411)
18. Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T, Minoguchi H, Tanaka A, Oda N, Okada S, Ohta S, Naito H, Adachi M: Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 625-630.
19. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G: Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 613-618.
20. Friedlander AH, Yueh R, Littner MR: The prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 56: 950-954.
21. Jelic S, Bartels MN, Mateika JH, Ngai P, De- Meersman RE, Basner RC: Arterial stiffness increases during obstructive sleep apneas. Sleep 2002; 25: 850-855.
22. Carlson JT, Rangemark C, Hedner JA: Attenuated endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with sleep apnoea. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 577-584.
23. Kato M, Roberts-Thomson P, Phillips BG, Haynes WG, Winnicki M, Accurso V, Somers VK: Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 2000; 102: 2607-2610.
24. Itzhaki S, Lavie L, Pillar G, Tal G, Lavie P: Endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea measured by peripheral arterial tone response in the finger to reactive hyperemia. Sleep 2005; 28: 594-600.
25. Nagahama H, Soejima M, Uenomachi H, Higashi Y, Yotsumoto K, Samukawa T, Arima T: P ulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Intern Med 2004; 43: 184-188.
26. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi GF: Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 706-712.
27. Ip MS, Tse HF, Lam B, Tsang KW, Lam WK: Endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea and response to treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 348-353.
28. Itzhaki S, Dorchin H, Clark G, Lavie L, Lavie P, Pillar G: The effects of 1-year treatment with a Herbst mandibular advancement splint on obstructive sleep apnea, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. Chest 2007; 131: 740-749.
29. Davignon J, Ganz P: Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004; 109:III27-III32.
30. Libby P: Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420: 868-874.
31. Lefer DJ, Granger DN: Oxidative stress and cardiac disease. Am J Med 2000; 109: 315-323.
32. Babior BM: P hagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 2000; 109: 33-44.
33. Droge W: Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002; 82: 47-95.
34. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J: Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39: 44-84.
35. Lavie L: Intermittent hypoxia: The culprit of oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and dyslipidemia in obstructive sleep apnea. Expert Rev Resp Med 2008; 2: 75-84.
36. Lavie L: Sleep-disordered breathing and cerebrovascular disease: A mechanistic approach. Neurol Clin 2005; 23: 1059-1075.
37. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L: Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 934-939.
38. Schulz R, Mahmoudi S, Hattar K, Sibelius U, Olschewski H, Mayer K, Seeger W, Grimminger F: Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 566-570.
39. Lavie L, Vishnevsky A, Lavie P: Evidence for lipid peroxidation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2004; 27: 123-128.
40. Barcelo A, Miralles C, Barbe F, Vila M, Pons S, Agusti AG: Abnormal lipid peroxidation in patients with sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 644-647.
41. Christou K, Moulas AN, Pastaka C, Gourgoulianis KI: Antioxidant capacity in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 225-228.
42. Yamauchi M, Nakano H, Maekawa J, Okamoto Y, Ohnishi Y, Suzuki T, Kimura H: Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2005; 127: 1674-1679.
43. Carpagnano GE, Kharitonov SA, Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Gramiccioni E, Barnes PJ: 8-Isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in exhaled breath condensate of patients with obstructive sleep apnea after night and is reduced by continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest 2003; 124: 1386-1392.
44. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L: P henotypic and functional characterization of blood- T cells in sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 242-249.
45. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Hirsh M, Lavie L: Activated CD8+ T-lymphocytes in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 820-828. (Pubitemid 40667679)
46. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L: Lymphocyte activation as a possible measure of atherosclerotic risk in patients with sleep apnea. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1051: 340-350.
47. Dyugovskaya L, Polyakov A, Lavie P, Lavie L: Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 544-554.
48. Peng YJ, Nanduri J, Yuan G, Wang N, Deneris E, Pendyala S, Natarajan V, Kumar GK, Prabhakar NR: NADPH oxidase is required for the sensory plasticity of the carotid body by chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 4903-4910.
49. Zhan G, Serrano F, Fenik P, Hsu R, Kong L, Pratico D, Klann E, Veasey SC: NADPH oxidase mediates hypersomnolence and brain oxidative injury in a murine model of sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 921-929.
50. Jun J, Polotsky VY: Metabolic consequences of sleep-disordered breathing. ILAR J 2009; 50: 289-306.
51. Jun J, Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Bevans S, Li J, Smith PL, Polotsky VY: Intermittent hypoxia has organ-specific effects on oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1274-R1281.
52. Dematteis M, Julien C, Guillermet C, Sturm N, Lantuejoul S, Mallaret M, Levy P, Gozal E: Intermittent hypoxia induces early functional cardiovascular remodeling in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 227-235.
53. Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Li J, Bevans S, Smith PL, Rodriguez A, Polotsky VY: Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 1290-1297. (Pubitemid 46905755)
54. Savransky V, Jun J, Li J, Nanayakkara A, Fonti S, Moser AB, Steele KE, Schweitzer MA, Patil SP, Bhanot S, Schwartz AR, Polotsky VY: Dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia are attenuated by deficiency of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase. Circ Res 2008; 103: 1173-1180.
55. Htoo AK, Greenberg H, Tongia S, Chen G, Henderson T, Wilson D, Liu SF: Activation of nuclear factor- B in obstructive sleep apnea: A pathway leading to systemic inflammation. Sleep Breath 2006; 10: 43-50.
56. Greenberg H, Ye X, Wilson D, Htoo AK, Hendersen T, Liu SF: Chronic intermittent hypoxia activates nuclear factor- B in cardiovascular tissues in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343: 591-596.
57. Yamauchi M, Tamaki S, Tomoda K, Yoshikawa M, Fukuoka A, Makinodan K, Koyama N, Suzuki T, Kimura H: Evidence for activation of nuclear factor- B in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2006; 10: 189-193.
58. Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Vivero A, Li J, Bevans S, Smith PL, Torbenson MS, Polotsky VY: Chronic intermittent hypoxia predisposes to liver injury. Hepatology 2007; 45: 1007-1013. (Pubitemid 46631569)
59. Lavie L, Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P: Sleep- apnea-related intermittent hypoxia and atherogenesis: Adhesion molecules and monocytes/endothelial cells interactions. Atherosclerosis 2005; 183: 183-184.
60. Singer G, Granger DN: Inflammatory responses underlying the microvascular dysfunction associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Microcirculation 2007; 14: 375-387.
61. Panes J, Granger DN: Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions: Molecular mechanisms and implications in gastrointestinal disease. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 1066-1090.
62. Lavie L, Dyugovskaya L, Polyakov A: Biology of peripheral blood cells in obstructive sleep apnea - the tip of the iceberg. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114: 244-254.
63. Semenza GL, Prabhakar NR: HIF-1-dependent respiratory, cardiovascular, and redox responses to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9: 1391-1396.
64. Yuan G, Nanduri J, Bhasker CR, Semenza GL, Prabhakar NR: Ca 2+ /calmodulin kinase- dependent activation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 transcriptional activity in cells subjected to intermittent hypoxia. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 4321-4328.
65. Toffoli S, Feron O, Raes M, Michiels C: Intermittent hypoxia changes HIF-1- phosphorylation pattern in endothelial cells: unravelling of a new PKA-dependent regulation of HIF-1- . Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1773: 1558-1571.
66. Winnicki M, Shamsuzzaman A, Lanfranchi P, Accurso V, Olson E, Davison D, Somers VK: Erythropoietin and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 783-786.
67. Lavie L, Kraiczi H, Hefetz A, Ghandour H, Perelman A, Hedner J, Lavie P: P lasma vascular endothelial growth factor in sleep apnea syndrome: Effects of nasal continuous positive air pressure treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1624-1628.
68. Lavie L, Lavie P: Ischemic preconditioning as a possible explanation for the age decline relative mortality in sleep apnea. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66: 1069-1073.
69. Cramer T, Yamanishi Y, Clausen BE, Forster I, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Haase VH, Jaenisch R, Corr M, Nizet V, Firestein GS, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Johnson RS: HIF-1- is essential for myeloid cell-mediated inflammation. Cell 2003; 112: 645-657.
70. Haddad JJ, Harb HL: Cytokines and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)- 1- . Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5: 461-483.
71. Garvey JF, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT: Cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: The role of intermittent hypoxia and inflammation. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1195-1205.
72. von der Thusen JH, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA: Interleukins in atherosclerosis: Molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55: 133-166.
73. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, Sacks F, Lepage S, Braunwald E: Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000; 101: 2149-2153.
74. McKellar GE, McCarey DW, Sattar N, Mc- Innes IB: Role for TNF in atherosclerosis? Lessons from autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009; 6: 410-417.
75. Zhang H, Park Y, Wu J, Chen X, Lee S, Yang J, Dellsperger KC, Zhang C: Role of TNF-- in vascular dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116: 219-230.
76. Marketou ME, Zacharis EA, Nikitovic D, Ganotakis ES, Parthenakis FI, Maliaraki N, Vardas PE: Early effects of simvastatin versus atorvastatin on oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines in hyperlipidemic subjects. Angiology 2006; 57: 211-218.
77. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Hopper K, Lotsikas A, Lin HM, Kales A, Chrousos GP: Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: Relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1151-1158.
78. Ciftci TU, Kokturk O, Bukan N, Bilgihan A: The relationship between serum cytokine levels with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Cytokine 2004; 28: 87-91.
79. Minoguchi K, Tazaki T, Yokoe T, Minoguchi H, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto M, Adachi M: Elevated production of tumor necrosis factoralpha by monocytes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 2004; 126: 1473-1479. (Pubitemid 39525019)
80. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT: P redictors of elevated nuclear factor-- B-dependent genes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 824-830.
81. Kanbay A, Kokturk O, Ciftci TU, Tavil Y, Bukan N: Comparison of serum adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels between patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration 2008; 76: 324-330.
82. Constantinidis J, Ereliadis S, Angouridakis N, Konstantinidis I, Vital V, Angouridaki C: Cytokine changes after surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265:1275-1279.
83. Alberti A, Sarchielli P, Gallinella E, Floridi A, Floridi A, Mazzotta G, Gallai V: P lasma cytokine levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A preliminary study. J Sleep Res 2003; 12: 305-311.
84. Li Y, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater A, Liu A: Are biomarker levels a good follow-up tool for evaluating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome treatments? Respiration 2008; 76: 317-323.
85. Carneiro G, Togeiro SM, Ribeiro-Filho FF, Truksinas E, Ribeiro AB, Zanella MT, Tufik S: Continuous positive airway pressure therapy improves hypoadiponectinemia in severe obese men with obstructive sleep apnea without changes in insulin resistance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009, E-pub ahead of print.
86. Kohler M, Ayers L, Pepperell JC, Packwood KL, Ferry B, Crosthwaite N, Craig S, Siccoli MM, Davies RJ, Stradling JR: Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on systemic inflammation in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea: A randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2009; 64: 67-73.
87. Gerszten RE, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Lim YC, Yoshida M, Ding HA, Gimbrone MA Jr, Luster AD, Luscinskas FW, Rosenzweig A: MCP- 1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions. Nature 1999; 398: 718-723.
88. Aukrust P, Yndestad A, Smith C, Ueland T, Gullestad L, Damas JK: Chemokines in cardiovascular risk prediction. Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 748-754.
89. Frangogiannis NG, Entman ML: Chemokines in myocardial ischemia. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 15: 163-169.
90. Boekholdt SM, Peters RJ, Hack CE, Day NE, Luben R, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Reitsma PH, Khaw KT: IL-8 plasma concentrations and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: The EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1503-1508.
91. Ohga E, Tomita T, Wada H, Yamamoto H, Nagase T, Ouchi Y: Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 179-184.
92. Alzoghaibi MA, Bahammam AS: Lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase and circulating IL-8 and GCP-2 in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea: A pilot study. Sleep Breath 2005; 9: 119-126.
93. Luc G, Bard JM, Juhan-Vague I, Ferrieres J, Evans A, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Fruchart JC, Ducimetiere P: C-reactive protein, interleukin- 6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease: The PRIME study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 1255-1261.
94. Yokoe T, Minoguchi K, Matsuo H, Oda N, Minoguchi H, Yoshino G, Hirano T, Adachi M: Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Circulation 2003; 107: 1129-1134.
95. Yamamoto Y, Fujiuchi S, Hiramatsu M, Nishigaki Y, Takeda A, Fujita Y, Yamazaki Y: Resistin is closely related to systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea. Respiration 2008; 76: 377-385.
96. Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Lanfranchi P, Wolk R, Kara T, Accurso V, Somers VK: Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 2002; 105: 2462-2464.
97. Polotsky VY, Patil SP, Savransky V, Laffan A, Fonti S, Frame LA, Steele KE, Schweizter MA, Clark JM, Torbenson MS, Schwartz AR: Obstructive sleep apnea, insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis in severe obesity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 228 234.
98. Lavie L, Vishnevsky A, Lavie P: Oxidative stress and systemic inflammation in patients with sleep apnea: Role of obesity. Sleep Biol Rhythm 2007; 5: 100-110.
99. Elhage R, Jawien J, Rudling M, Ljunggren HG, Takeda K, Akira S, Bayard F, Hansson GK: Reduced atherosclerosis in interleukin-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 59: 234-240.
100. Li C, Zhang XL, Liu H, Wang ZG, Yin KS: Association among plasma interleukin-18 levels, carotid intima-media thickness and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Chin Med J (Engl) 2009; 122: 24-29.
101. Galkina E, Ley K: Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27: 165-197.
102. Caligiuri G, Rudling M, Ollivier V, Jacob MP, Michel JB, Hansson GK, Nicoletti A: Interleukin-10 deficiency increases atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and low-density lipoproteins in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Mol Med 2003; 9: 10-17.
103. Fantuzzi G: Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 911-919, quiz 920.
104. Chandran M, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR: Adiponectin: More than just another fat cell hormone? Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2442-2450.
105. McArdle N, Hillman D, Beilin L, Watts G: Metabolic risk factors for vascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: A matched controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 190-195.
106. Sharma SK, Kumpawat S, Goel A, Banga A, Ramakrishnan L, Chaturvedi P: Obesity, and not obstructive sleep apnea, is responsible for metabolic abnormalities in a cohort with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med 2007; 8: 12-17.
107. Wolk R, Svatikova A, Nelson CA, Gami AS, Govender K, Winnicki M, Somers VK: P lasma levels of adiponectin, a novel adipocyte- derived hormone, in sleep apnea. Obes Res 2005; 13: 186-190.
108. Nakagawa Y, Kishida K, Kihara S, Sonoda M, Hirata A, Yasui A, Nishizawa H, Nakamura T, Yoshida R, Shimomura I, Funahashi T: Nocturnal reduction in circulating adiponectin concentrations related to hypoxic stress in severe obstructive sleep apnea- hypopnea syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E778-E784.
109. Harsch IA, Wallaschofski H, Koebnick C, Pour Schahin S, Hahn EG, Ficker JH, Lohmann T: Adiponectin in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Course and physiological relevance. Respiration 2004; 71: 580-586.
110. West SD, Nicoll DJ, Wallace TM, Matthews DR, Stradling JR: Effect of CPAP on insulin resistance and HbA1c in men with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes. Thorax 2007; 62: 969-974.
111. Libby P: Inflammatory mechanisms: The molecular basis of inflammation and disease. Nutr Rev 2007; 65:S140-S146.
112. Riha RL: Genetic aspects of the obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome - is there a common link with obesity? Respiration 2009; 78: 5-17.