Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: An update

Veterinary Parasitology

Volumn 165, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 187-199

  Plutzer, Judit ^a   Karanis, Panagiotis ^b,c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (Hungary)

^b OBIHIRO UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Genetic diversity; Species

Indexed keywords

PROTOZOAL RNA; SMALL SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL RNA;

AMPHIBIA; BIRD; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; FISH; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INTESTINE PARASITE; MAMMAL; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PROTOZOAL GENETICS; REPTILE; REVIEW; RNA SEQUENCE; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; UNINDEXED SEQUENCE; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GENES, PROTOZOAN; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOTYPE; PARASITIC DISEASES, ANIMAL; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

AMPHIBIA; AVES; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; MAMMALIA; PROTOZOA; REPTILIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 70349766721     PISSN: 03044017     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Abe N., and Iseki M. Identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from cockatiels by direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Parasitol. Res. 92 (2004) 523-526
2. Abe N., and Iseki M. Identification of genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from ferrets in Japan. Parasitol. Res. 89 (2003) 422-424
3. Abe N., Matsubayashi M., Kimata I., and Iseki M. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from humans and animals in Japan using the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene sequences. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 303-305
4. Abe N., Takami K., Kimata I., and Iseki M. Molecular characterization of a Cryptosporidium isolate from a banded mongoose Mungos mungo. J. Parasitol. 90 (2004) 167-171
5. Ajjampur S.S., Gladstone B.P., Selvapandian D., Muliyil J.P., Ward H., and Kang G. Molecular and spatial epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in children in a semiurban community in South India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45 (2007) 915-920
6. Akiyoshi D.E., Feng X., Buckholt M.A., Widmer G., and Tzipori S. Genetic analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum human genotype 1 isolate passaged through different host species. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 5670-5675
7. Akiyoshi D.E., Tumwine J.K., Bakeera-Kitaka S., and Tzipori S. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from children in Uganda. J. Parasitol. 92 (2006) 1097-1100
8. Alvarez-Pellitero P., Quiroga M.I., Sitjà-Bobadilla A., Redondo M.J., Palenzuela O., Padrós F., Vázquez S., and Nieto J.M. Cryptosporidium scophthalmi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Light- and electron microscope description and histopathological study. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 62 (2004) 133-145
9. Alvarez-Pellitero P., and Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Cryptosporidium molnari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting two marine fish species, Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 1007-1021
10. Alves M., Xiao L., Antunes F., and Matos O. Distribution of Cryptosporidium subtypes in humans, domestic and wild ruminants in Portugal. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 287-292
11. Alves M., Xiao L., Lemos V., Zhou L., Cama V., da Cunha M.B., Matos O., and Antunes F. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in mammals and reptiles at the Lisbon Zoo. Parasitol. Res. 97 (2005) 108-112
12. Alves M., Xiao L., Sulaiman I., Lal A.A., Matos O., and Antunes F. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle and zoo ruminants in Portugal. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 2744-2747
13. Asahi H., Koyama T., Arai H., Funakoshi Y., Yamaura H., Shirasaka R., and Okutomi K. Biological nature of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from a cat. Parasitol. Res. 77 (1991) 237-240
14. Atwill E.R., Phillips R., Pereira M.D., Li X., and McCowan B. Seasonal shedding of multiple Cryptosporidium genotypes in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 6748-6752
15. Baishanbo A., Gargala G., Delaunay A., François A., Ballet J.J., and Favennec L. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 isolates in immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbils. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 5252-5255
16. Bajer A., Caccio S., Bednarska M., Behnke J.M., Pieniazek N.J., and Sinski E. Preliminary molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates of wildlife rodents from Poland. J. Parasitol. 89 (2003) 1053-1055
17. Blackburn B.G., Mazurek J.M., Hlavsa M., Park J., Tillapaw M., Parrish M., Salehi E., Franks W., Koch E., Smith F., Xiao L., Arrowood M., Hill V., da Silva A., Johnston S., and Jones J.L. Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 684-686
18. Bornay-Llinares F.J., da Silva A.J., Moura I.N., Myjak P., Pietkiewicz H., Kruminis-Lozowska W., Graczyk T.K., and Pieniazek N.J. Identification of Cryptosporidium felis in a cow by morphologic and molecular methods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 1455-1458
19. Broglia A., Reckinger S., Cacció S.M., and Nöckler K. Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in calves in Germany. Vet. Parasitol. 154 (2008) 8-13
20. Brook E.J., Anthony Hart C., French N.P., and Christley R.M. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium subtypes in cattle in England. Vet. J. 179 (2009) 378-382
21. Caccio S.M., Thompson A.R.C., McLauchlin J., and Smith H.W. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 431-437
22. Cama V.A., Bern C., Sulaiman I.M., Gilman R.H., Ticona E., Vivar A., Kawai V., Vargas D., Zhou L., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Lima, Peru. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 (2003) 531-533
23. Cama V.A., Ross J.M., Crawford S., Kawai V., Chavez-Valdez R., Vargas D., Vivar A., Ticona E., Navincopa M., Williamson J., Ortega Y., Gilman R.H., Bern C., and Xiao L. Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV-infected persons. J. Infect. Dis. 196 (2007) 684-691
24. Carreno R.A., Martin D.S., and Barta J.R. Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Parasitol. Res. 85 (1999) 899-904
25. Chalmers R., Ferguson C., Caccio S., Gasser R., El-Osta Y.G.A., Heijnen L., Xiao L., Elwin K., Hadfield S., Sinclair M., and Stevens M. Direct comparison of selected methods for genetic categorisation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis species. Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (2005) 397-410
26. Chvala S., Fragner K., Hackl R., Hess M., and Weissenböck H. Cryptosporidium infection in domestic geese (Anser anser f. domestica) detected by in-situ hybridization. J. Comp. Pathol. 134 (2006) 211-218
27. Current W.L., Upton S.J., and Haynes T.B. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J. Protozool. 33 (1986) 289-296
28. da Silva A.J., Cacciò S., Williams C., Won K.Y., Nace E.K., Whittier C., Pieniazek N.J., and Eberhard M.L. Molecular and morphologic characterization of a Cryptosporidium genotype identified in lemurs. Vet. Parasitol. 111 (2003) 297-307
29. Dubey J.P., Markovits J.E., and Killary K.A. Cryptosporidium muris-like infection in stomach of cynomologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Vet. Pathol. 39 (2002) 363-371
30. Duranti A., Cacciò S.M., Pozio E., Di Egidio A., De Curtis M., Battisti A., and Scaramozzino P. Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection in cattle. Zoonoses Public Health 56 (2009) 176-182
31. Ebeid M., Mathis A., Pospischil A., and Deplazes P. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype I in conventionally reared piglets and lambs. Parasitol. Res. 90 (2003) 232-235
32. Egyed Z., Sréter T., Széll Z., Beszteri B., Dobos-Kovács M., Márialigeti K., Cornelissen A.W., and Varga I. Polyphasic typing of Cryptosporidium baileyi: a suggested model for characterization of cryptosporidia. J. Parasitol. 88 (2002) 237-243
33. Egyed Z., Sréter T., Széll Z., and Varga I. Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp.-recent developments and future needs. Vet. Parasitol. 111 (2003) 103-114
34. Fall A., Thompson R.C., Hobbs R.P., and Morgan-Ryan U. Morphology is not a reliable tool for delineating species within Cryptosporidium. J. Parasitol. 89 (2003) 399-402
35. Fayer R., Santín M., and Trout J.M. Cryptosporidium ryanae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). Vet. Parasitol. 156 (2008) 191-198
36. Fayer R., Santín M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 624-629
37. Fayer R., Trout J.M., Xiao L., Morgan U.M., Lai A.A., and Dubey J.P. Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs. J. Parasitol. 87 (2001) 1415-1422
38. Feltus D.C., Giddings C.W., Schneck B.L., Monson T., Warshauer D., and McEvoy J.M. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 4303-4308
39. Feng Y., Alderisio K.A., Yang W., Blancero L.A., Kuhne W.G., Nadareski C.A., Reid M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium genotypes in wildlife from a New York watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (2007) 6475-6483
40. Feng Y., Ortega Y., He G., Das P., Xu M., Zhang X., Fayer R., Gatei W., Cama V., and Xiao L. Wide geographic distribution of Cryptosporidium bovis and the deer-like genotype in bovines. Vet. Parasitol. 144 (2007) 1-9
41. Foo C., Farrell J., Boxell A., Robertson I., and Ryan U.M. Novel Cryptosporidium genotype in wild Australian mice (Mus domesticus). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (2007) 7693-7696
42. Gargala G. Drug treatment and novel drug target against Cryptosporidium. Parasite 15 (2008) 275-281
43. Gaydos J.K., Miller W.A., Gilardi K.V., Melli A., Schwantje H., Engelstoft C., Fritz H., and Conrad P.A.J. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in marine-foraging river otters (Lontra canadensis) from the Puget Sound Georgia Basin ecosystem. J. Parasitol. 93 (2007) 198-202
44. Geurden T., Goma F.Y., Siwila J., Phiri I.G., Mwanza A.M., Gabriel S., Claerebout E., and Vercruysse J. Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium in three cattle husbandry systems in Zambia. Vet. Parasitol. 138 (2006) 217-222
45. Geurden T., Berkvens D., Martens C., Casaert S., Vercruysse J., and Claerebout E. Molecular epidemiology with subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium in calves in Belgium. Parasitology 134 (2007) 1981-1987
46. Gharagozlou M.J., Dezfoulian O., Rahbari S., Bokaie S., Jahanzad I., and Razavi A.N. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in turkeys in Iran. J. Vet. Med. A: Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 53 (2006) 282-285
47. Giles M., Webster K.A., Marshall J.A., Catchpole J., and Goddard T.M. Experimental infection of a lamb with Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1. Vet. Rec. 149 (2001) 523-525
48. Glaberman S., Moore J.E., Lowery C.J., Chalmers R.M., Sulaiman I., Elwin K., Rooney P.J., Millar B.C., Dooley J.S., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Three drinking-water-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, Northern Ireland. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 (2002) 631-633
49. Glaberman S., Sulaiman I.M., Bern C., Limor J., Peng M.M., Morgan U., Gilman R., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. A multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. Suppl. (2001) 19S-22S
50. Graczyk T.K., DaSilva A.J., Cranfield M.R., Nizeyi J.B., Kalema G.R., and Pieniazek N.J. Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 infections in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Parasitol. Res. 87 (2001) 368-370
51. Hajdusek O., Ditrich O., and Slapeta J. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in animal and human hosts from the Czech Republic. Vet. Parasitol. 122 (2004) 183-192
52. Hijjawi N.S., Meloni B.P., Ryan U.M., Olson M.E., and Thompson R.C. Successful in vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium andersoni: evidence for the existence of novel extracellular stages in the life cycle and implications for the classification of Cryptosporidium. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 1719-1726
53. Hikosaka K., and Nakai Y. A novel genotype of Cryptosporidium muris from large Japanese field mice, Apodemus speciosus. Parasitol. Res. 97 (2005) 373-379
54. Hung C.C., Tsaihong J.C., Lee Y.T., Deng H.Y., Hsiao W.H., Chang S.Y., Chang S.C., and Su K.E. Prevalence of intestinal infection due to Cryptosporidium species among Taiwanese patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 106 (2007) 31-35
55. Hurková L., Hajdusek O., and Modry D. Natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Siberian chipmunks. J. Wildl. Dis. 39 (2003) 441-444
56. Iseki M., Maekawa T., Moriya K., Uni S., and Takada S. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium muris (strain RN 66) in various laboratory animals. Parasitol. Res. 75 (1989) 218-222
57. Iseki M. Cryptosporidium felis sp. from the domestic cat. Jpn. J. Parasitol. 28 (1979) 13-35
58. Jellison K.L., Distel D.L., Hemond H.F., and Schauer D.B. Phylogenic analysis of the hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces of Canada geese (Branta canadensis): evidence for five novel genotypes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 452-458
59. Jervis H.R., Merrill T.G., and Sprinz H. Coccidiosis in the guinea pig small intestine due to a Cryptosporidium. Am. J. Vet. Res. 27 (1966) 408-414
60. Jex A.R., and Gasser R.B. Analysis of the genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum from imported and autochthonous cases of human cryptosporidiosis by mutation scanning. Electrophoresis 29 (2008) 4119-4129
61. Jiang J., Alderisio K.A., and Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 4446-4454
62. Jirku M., Valigurová A., Koudela B., Krízek J., Modrý D., and Slapeta J. New species of Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907 (Apicomplexa) from amphibian host: morphology, biology and phylogeny. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 55 (2008) 81-94
63. Karanis P., Plutzer J., Halim N.A., Igori K., Nagasawa H., Ongerth J., and Liqing M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from animal sources in Qinghai province of China. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 1575-1580
64. Kimura A., Suzuki Y., and Matsui T. Identification of the Cryptosporidium isolate from chickens in Japan by sequence analyses. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66 (2004) 879-881
65. Koudela B., and Modry D. New species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) from lizards. Folia Parasitol. 76 (1998) 181-188
66. Kváč M., Ondrácková Z., Kvetonová D., Sak B., and Vítovec J. Infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni to a novel host, southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha). Vet. Parasitol. 143 (2007) 229-233
67. Kváč M., Sak B., Kvetonová D., Ditrich O., Hofmannová L., Modrý D., Vítovec J., and Xiao L. Infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 153 (2008) 363-367
68. Kváč M., Hanzlíková D., Sak B., and Květoňová D. Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic. Vet. Parasitol. (2008) (Epub ahead of print)
69. Kváč M., Hofmannová L., Bertolino S., Wauters L., Tosi G., and Modrý D. Natural infection with two genotypes of Cryptosporidium in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Italy. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 55 (2008) 95-99
70. Kváč M., Sak B., Hanzlíková D., Kotilová J., and Květoňová D. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from pigs at slaughterhouses in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. Parasitol. Res. 104 (2009) 425-428
71. Leoni F., Amar C., Nichols G., Pedraza-Díaz S., and McLauchlin J. Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000. J. Med. Microbiol. 55 (2006) 703-707
72. Levine N.D. Some correlations of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature. J. Parasitol. 66 (1980) 830-834
73. Lindsay D.S., Blagburn B.L., Hoerr F.J., and Giambrone J.J. Experimental Cryptosporidium baileyi infections in chickens and turkeys produced by ocular inoculation of oocysts. Avian Dis. 31 (1987) 355-357
74. Lindsay D.S., Blagburn B.L., Sundermann C.A., and Hoerr F.J. Experimental infections in domestic ducks with Cryptosporidium baileyi isolated from chickens. Avian Dis. 33 (1989) 69-73
75. Lindsay D.S., Upton S.J., Owens D.S., Morgan U.M., Mead J.R., and Blagburn B.L. Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from cattle, Bos taurus. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47 (2000) 91-95
76. Llorente M.T., Clavel A., Goñi M.P., Varea M., Seral C., Becerril R., Suarez L., and Gómez-Lus R. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium species from humans in Spain. Parasitol. Int. 56 (2007) 201-205
77. McLauchlin J., Amar C., Pedraza-Díaz S., and Nichols G.L. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 faecal samples from humans and 105 faecal samples from livestock animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 3984-3990
78. McLauchlin J., Pedraza-Díaz S., Amar-Hoetzeneder C., and Nichols G.L. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium strains from 218 patients with diarrhea diagnosed as having sporadic cryptosporidiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (1999) 3153-3158
79. Meireles M.V., Soares R.M., Bonello F., and Gennari S.M. Natural infection with zoonotic subtype of Cryptosporidium parvum in Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 147 (2007) 166-170
80. Meireles M.V., Soares R.M., dos Santos M.M., and Gennari S.M. Biological studies and molecular characterization of a Cryptosporidium isolate from ostriches (Struthio camelus). J. Parasitol. 92 (2006) 623-626
81. Misic Z., and Abe N. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from calves on farms around Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, using the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene sequences. Parasitology 134 (2007) 351-358
82. Morgan U.M., Sargent K.D., Elliot A., and Thompson R.C. Cryptosporidium in cats-additional evidence for C. felis. Vet. J. 156 (1998) 159-161
83. Morgan U.M., Monis P.T., Fayer R., Deplazes P., and Thompson R.C. Phylogenic relationships among isolates of Cryptosporidium: evidence for several new species. J. Parasitol. 85 (1999) 1126-1133
84. Morgan U.M., Sturdee A.P., Singleton G., Gomez M.S., Gracenea M., Torres J., Hamilton S.G., Woodside D.P., and Thompson R.C. The Cryptosporidium "mouse" genotype is conserved across geographic areas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (1999) 1302-2135
85. Morgan U.M., Xiao L., Monis P., Sulaiman I., Pavlásek I., Blagburn B., Olson M., Upton S.J., Khramtsov N.V., Lal A., Elliot A., and Thompson R.C. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium muris from various hosts. Parasitology 120 (2000) 457-464
86. Morgan U.M., Xiao L., Hill B.D., O'Donoghue P., Limor J., Lal A., and Thompson R.C. Detection of the Cryptosporidium parvum "human" genotype in a dugong (Dugong dugon). J. Parasitol. 86 (2000) 1352-1354
87. Morgan U.M., Xiao L., Fayer R., Lal A.A., and Thompson R.C. Epidemiology and strain variation of Cryptosporidium parvum. Contrib. Microbiol. 6 (2000) 116-139
88. Morgan U.M., Monis P.T., Xiao L., Limor J., Sulaiman I., Raidal S., O'Donoghue P., Gasser R., Murray A., Fayer R., Blagburn B.L., Lal A.A., and Thompson R.C. Molecular and phylogenic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from birds. Int. J. Parasitol. 31 (2001) 289-296
89. Morgan-Ryan U.M., Fall A., Ward L.A., Hijjawi N., Sulaiman I., Fayer R., Thompson R.C., Olson M., Lal A., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 (2002) 433-440
90. Mueller-Doblies D., Giles M., Elwin K., Smith R.P., Clifton-Hadley F.A., and Chalmers R.M. Distribution of Cryptosporidium species in sheep in the UK. Vet. Parasitol. 154 (2008) 214-219
91. Nagano S., Matsubayashi M., Kita T., Narushima T., Kimata I., Iseki M., Hajiri T., Tani H., Sasai K., and Baba E. Detection of a mixed infection of a novel Cryptosporidium andersoni and its subgenotype in Japanese cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 149 (2007) 213-218
92. Ng J., Eastwood K., Durrheim D., Massey P., Walker B., Armson A., and Ryan U. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium in rural New South Wales. Exp. Parasitol. 119 (2008) 192-195
93. Ng J., Pavlásek I., and Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (2006) 7548-7553
94. O'Brien E., McInnes L., and Ryan U. Cryptosporidium GP60 genotypes from humans and domesticated animals in Australia, North America and Europe. Exp. Parasitol. 118 (2008) 118-121
95. Pagès-Manté A., Pagès-Bosch M., Majó-Masferrer N., Gómez-Couso H., and Ares-Mazás E. An outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) game farm. Avian Pathol. 36 (2007) 275-278
96. Palmer C.J., Xiao L., Terashima A., Guerra H., Gotuzzo E., Saldías G., Bonilla J.A., Zhou L., Lindquist A., and Upton S.J. Cryptosporidium muris, a rodent pathogen, recovered from a human in Peru. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 1174-1176
97. Park J.H., Kim H.J., Guk S.M., Shin E.H., Kim J.L., Rim H.J., Lee S.H., and Chai J.Y. A survey of cryptosporidiosis among 2,541 residents of 25 coastal islands in Jeollanam-Do (Province), Republic of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol. 44 (2006) 367-372
98. Pavlásek I., and Ryan U. The first finding of a natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris in a cat. Vet. Parasitol. 144 (2007) 349-352
99. Pavlásek I., and Ryan U. Cryptosporidium varanii takes precedence over C. saurophilum. Exp. Parasitol. 118 (2008) 434-437
100. Pavlásek I. The black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus L.), a new host for Cryptosporidium baileyi (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae). Vet. Med. (Praha) 38 (1993) 629-638
101. Pavlásek I. Cryptosporidia: biology, diagnostics, host spectrum, specificity and relation to the environment. Remedia-Klin. Mikrobiol. 3 (1999) 290-301
102. Paziewska A., Bednarska M., Niewegłowski H., Karbowiak G., and Bajer A. Distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in selected species of protected and game mammals from North-Eastern Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 14 (2007) 265-270
103. Pedraza-Díaz S., Amar C., Iversen A.M., Stanley P.J., and McLauchlin J. Unusual Cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium 'dog type' from patients in England. J. Med. Microbiol. 50 (2001) 293-296
104. Pedraza-Díaz S., Ortega-Mora L.M., Carrión B.A., Navarro V., and Gómez-Bautista M. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from pet reptiles. Vet. Parasitol. (2008) (Epub ahead of print)
105. Peng M.M., Wilson M.L., Holland R.E., Meshnick S.R., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Michigan: implications for understanding the transmission dynamics. Parasitol. Res. 90 (2003) 175-180
106. Perz J.F., and Le Blancq S.M. Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (2001) 1154-1162
107. Pieniazek N.J., Bornay-Llinares F.J., Slemenda S.B., da Silva A.J., Moura I.N., Arrowood M.J., Ditrich O., and Addiss D.G. New Cryptosporidium genotypes in HIV-infected persons. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5 (1999) 444-449
108. Plutzer J., and Karanis P. Genotype and subtype analyses of Cryptosporidium isolates from cattle in Hungary. Vet. Parasitol. 146 (2007) 357-362
109. Plutzer J., and Karanis P. Molecular identification of a Cryptosporidium saurophilum from corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata). Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 1141-1145
110. Power M.L., and Ryan U.M. A new species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). J. Parasitol. 94 (2008) 1114-1117
111. Quílez J., Torres E., Chalmers R.M., Robinson G., Del Cacho E., and Sanchez-Acedo C. Cryptosporidium species and subtype analysis from dairy calves in Spain. Parasitology 135 (2008) 1613-1620
112. Quílez J., Torres E., Chalmers R.M., Hadfield S.J., Del Cacho E., and Sánchez-Acedo C. Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in lambs and goat kids in Spain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (2008) 6026-6031
113. Robinson G., Elwin K., and Chalmers R.M. Unusual Cryptosporidium genotypes in human cases of diarrhea. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14 (2008) 1800-1802
114. Rosales M.J., Peréz Cordón G., Sánchez Moreno M., Marín Sánchez C., and Mascaró C. Extracellular like-gregarine stages of Cryptosporidium parvum. Acta Trop. 95 (2005) 74-78
115. Ryan U., Xiao L., Read C., Zhou L., Lal A.A., and Pavlásek I. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 4302-4307
116. Ryan U.M., Xiao L., Read C., Sulaiman I.M., Monis P., Lal A.A., Fayer R., and Pavlásek I. A re-description of Cryptosporidium galli Pavlasek, 1999 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from birds. J. Parasitol. 89 (2003) 809-813
117. Ryan U.M., Samarasinghe B., Read C., Buddle J.R., Robertson I.D., and Thompson R.C. Identification of a novel Cryptosporidium genotype in pigs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 3970-3974
118. Ryan U.M., Monis P., Enemark H.L., Sulaiman I., Samarasinghe B., Read C., Buddle R., Robertson I., Zhou L., Thompson R.C., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa). J. Parasitol. 90 (2004) 769-773
119. Ryan U., O'Hara A., and Xiao L. Molecular and biological characterization of a Cryptosporidium molnari-like isolate from a guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 3761-3765
120. Ryan U., Read C., Hawkins P., Warnecke M., Swanson P., Griffith M., Deere D., Cunninngham M., and Cox P. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium from Sydney water catchment areas. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98 (2005) 1221-1229
121. Ryan U.M., Bath C., Robertson I., Read C., Elliot A., McInnes L., Traub R., and Besier B. Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 4992-4997
122. Ryan U.M., Power M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium fayeri n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from the Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55 (2008) 22-26
123. Santín M., Dixon B.R., and Fayer R. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Northern Quebec, Canada. J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 712-716
124. Santín M., Trout J.M., and Fayer R. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in sheep in Maryland. Vet. Parasitol. 146 (2007) 17-24
125. Santín M., Trout J.M., and Fayer R. A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age. Vet. Parasitol. 155 (2008) 15-23
126. Siefker C., Rickard L.G., Pharr G.T., Simmons J.S., and O'Hara T.M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from northern Alaskan caribou (Rangifer tarandus). J. Parasitol. 88 (2002) 213-216
127. Sitjà-Bobadilla A., and Alvarez-Pellitero P. Experimental transmission of Cryptosporidium molnari (Apicomplexa: Coccidia) to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Parasitol. Res. 91 (2003) 209-214
128. Slapeta J. Cryptosporidium species found in cattle: a proposal for a new species. Trends Parasitol. 22 (2006) 469-474
129. Slavin D. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp. nov.). J. Comp. Pathol. 65 (1955) 262-266
130. Smith H.V., Nichols R.A., Mallon M., Macleod A., Tait A., Reilly W.J., Browning L.M., Gray D., Reid S.W., and Wastling J.M. Natural Cryptosporidium hominis infections in Scottish cattle. Vet. Rec. 156 (2005) 710-711
131. Soba B., and Logar J. Genetic classification of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans and calves in Slovenia. Parasitology 135 (2008) 1263-1270
132. Soba B., Petrovec M., Mioc V., and Logar J. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans in Slovenia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12 (2006) 918-921
133. Soltane R., Guyot K., Dei-Cas E., and Ayadi A. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. (Eucoccidiorida: Cryptosporidiidae) in seven species of farm animals in Tunisia. Parasite 14 (2007) 335-338
134. Sréter T., Kovács G., da Silva A.J., Pieniazek N.J., Széll Z., Dobos-Kovács M., Márialigeti K., and Varga I. Morphologic, host specificity, and molecular characterization of a Hungarian Cryptosporidium meleagridis isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 735-738
135. Sréter T., and Varga I. Cryptosporidiosis in birds-a review. Vet. Parasitol. 87 (2000) 261-279
136. Stantic-Pavlinic M., Xiao L., Glaberman S., Lal A.A., Orazen T., Rataj-Verglez A., Logar J., and Berce I. Cryptosporidiosis associated with animal contacts. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 115 (2003) 125-127
137. Strong W.B., Gut J., and Nelson R.G. Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 4117-4134
138. Sturbaum G.D., Jost B.H., and Sterling C.R. Nucleotide changes within three Cryptosporidium parvum surface protein encoding genes differentiate genotype I from genotype II isolates. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 128 (2003) 87-90
139. Sulaiman I.M., Hira P.R., Zhou L., Al-Ali F., Al-Shelahi F.A., Shweiki H.M., Iqbal J., Khalid N., and Xiao L. Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 2805-2809
140. Sulaiman I.M., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites at the actin locus. J. Parasitol. 88 (2002) 388-394
141. Sulaiman I.M., Morgan U.M., Thompson R.C., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 2385-2391
142. Sunnotel O., Lowery C.J., Moore J.E., Dooley J.S., Xiao L., Millar B.C., Rooney P.J., and Snelling W.J. Cryptosporidium. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43 (2006) 7-16
143. Thompson H.P., Dooley J.S., Kenny J., McCoy M., Lowery C.J., Moore J.E., and Xiao L. Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in neonatal calves in Northern Ireland. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 619-624
144. Thompson R.C.A., Palmer C.S., and O'Handley R. The public health and clinical significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals. Vet. J. 177 (2007) 18-25
145. Traversa D., Iorio R., Otranto D., Modrý D., and Slapeta J. Cryptosporidium from tortoises: genetic characterisation, phylogeny and zoonotic implications. Mol. Cell. Probes 22 (2008) 122-128
146. Trotz-Williams L.A., Martin D.S., Gatei W., Cama V., Peregrine A.S., Martin S.W., Nydam D.V., Jamieson F., and Xiao L. Genotype and subtype analyses of isolates from dairy calves and humans in Ontario. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 346-352
147. Twomey D.F., Barlow A.M., Bell S., Chalmers R.M., Elwin K., Giles M., Higgins R.J., Robinson G., and Stringer R.M. Cryptosporidiosis in two alpaca (Lama pacos) holdings in the South-West of England. Vet. J. 175 (2008) 419-422
148. Tyzzer E. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 5 (1907) 12-13
149. Tyzzer E. Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Arch. Protis. 26 (1912) 394-412
150. van Zeeland Y.R., Schoemaker N.J., Kik M.J., and van der Giessend J.W. Upper respiratory tract infection caused by Cryptosporidium baileyi in three mixed-bred falcons (Falco rusticolus × Falco cherrug). Avian Dis. 52 (2008) 357-363
151. Vetterling J.M., Jervis H.R., Merrill T.G., and Sprinz H. Cryptosporidium wrairi sp. n. from the guinea pig Cavia porcellus, with an emendation of the genus. J. Protozool. 18 (1971) 243-247
152. Waldron L.S., Ferrari B.C., and Power M.L. Glycoprotein 60 diversity in C. hominis and C. parvum causing human cryptosporidiosis in NSW, Australia. Exp. Parasitol. 122 (2009) 124-127
153. Wang R., Wang J., Sun M., Dang H., Feng Y., Ning C., Jian F., Zhang L., and Xiao L. Molecular characterization of the Cryptosporidium cervine genotype from a sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) in Zhengzhou, China and literature review. Parasitol. Res. 103 (2008) 865-869
154. Wang R., Zhang L., Feng Y., Ning C., Jian F., Xiao L., Zhao J., and Wang Y. Molecular characterization of a new genotype of Cryptosporidium from American minks (Mustela vison) in China. Vet. Parasitol. 154 (2008) 162-166
155. Widmer G., Akiyoshi D., Buckholt M.A., Feng X., Rich S.M., Deary K.M., Bowman C.A., Xu P., Wang Y., Wang X., Buck G.A., and Tzipori S. Animal propagation and genomic survey of a genotype 1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 108 (2000) 187-197
156. Wielinga P.R., de Vries A., van der Goot T.H., Mank T., Mars M.H., Kortbeek L.M., and van der Giessen J.W. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in humans and cattle in The Netherlands. Int. J. Parasitol. 38 (2007) 809-817
157. Wu Z., Nagano I., Boonmars T., Nakada T., and Takahashi Y. Intraspecies polymorphism of Cryptosporidium parvum revealed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and RFLP-single-strand conformational polymorphism analyses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 4720-4726
158. Xiao L., Escalante L., Yang C., Sulaiman I., Escalante A.A., Montali R.J., Fayer R., and Lal A.A. Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 1578-1583
159. Xiao L., Morgan U.M., Limor J., Escalante A., Arrowood M., Shulaw W., Thompson R.C., Fayer R., and Lal A.A. Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 3386-3391
160. Xiao L., Limor J., Morgan U.M., Sulaiman I.M., Thompson R.C., and Lal A.A. Sequence differences in the diagnostic target region of the oocyst wall protein gene of Cryptosporidium parasites. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 5499-5502
161. Xiao L., Limor J.R., Sulaiman I.M., Duncan R.B., and Lal A.A. Molecular characterization of a Cryptosporidium isolate from a black bear. J. Parasitol. 86 (2000) 1166-1170
162. Xiao L., Alderisio K., Limor J., Royer M., and Lal A.A. Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with small-subunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 5492-5498
163. Xiao L., Bern C., Limor J., Sulaiman I., Roberts J., Checkley W., Cabrera L., Gilman R.H., and Lal A.A. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J. Infect. Dis. 183 (2001) 492-497
164. Xiao L., Sulaiman I.M., Ryan U.M., Zhou L., Atwill E.R., Tischler M.L., Zhang X., Fayer R., and Lal A.A. Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 1773-1785
165. Xiao L., Fayer R., Ryan U., and Upton S.J. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 17 (2004) 72-97
166. Xiao L., Ryan U.M., Graczyk T.K., Limor J., Li L., Kombert M., Junge R., Sulaiman I.M., Zhou L., Arrowood M.J., Koudela B., Modrý D., and Lal A.A. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 891-899
167. Xiao L., Zhou L., Santin M., Yang W., and Fayer R. Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in calves in eastern United States. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 701-706
168. Zhou L., Fayer R., Trout J.M., Ryan U.M., Schaefer III F.W., and Xiao L. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species infecting fur-bearing mammals differ from those of species infecting humans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 7574-7577
169. Zhou L., Kassa H., Tischler M.L., and Xiao L. Host-adapted Cryptosporidium spp. in Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 4211-4215
170. Zintl A., Neville D., Maguire D., Fanning S., Mulcahy G., Smith H.V., and De Waal T. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in intensively farmed pigs in Ireland. Parasitology 134 (2007) 1575-1582