An exploration of unspoken bias: Women who work for women

Gender in Management

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 131-145

  Warning, Renee ^a   Buchanan, F Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bias; Gender; United States of America; Women executives; Women workers

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349473347     PISSN: 17542413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/17542410910938817     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Babcock, P. (2006), Detecting hidden bias, HR Magazine, Vol. 51, No.2, pp. 50-5.
2. Berdugo-Astark, H. (2002), The relationship of negative emotionality, hostile attributional bias, and social orientation to overt and relational aggression, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 63, No.1, p. 563.
3. Bettencourt, B., Dill, K., Greathouse, S., Charlton, K. and Mulholland, A. (1997), Evaluations of ingroup and outgroup members: the role of category-based expectancy violation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 244-75.
4. Biernat, M., Vescio, T. and Billings, L. (1999), Black sheep and expectancy violation: integrating two models of social judgment, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 29, pp. 523-42.
5. de Houwer, J. and de Bruycker, E. (2007), The implicit association test outperforms the extrinsic affective Simon task as an implicit measure of inter-individual differences in attitudes, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 46, No.2, pp. 401-21.
6. Diener, E., Larsen, R., Levine, S. and Emmons, R. (1985), Intensity and frequency: dimensions underlying positive and negative affect, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 48, pp. 1253-65.
7. Duehr, E. and Bono, J. (2006), Men, women, and managers: are stereotypes finally changing?, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 59, pp. 815-46.
8. Eagley, A. and Karau, S. (2002), Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders, Psychological Review, Vol. 109, No.3, pp. 573-98.
9. Ellemers, N., van den Heuvel, H., Gilder, D., Maas, A. and Bonvini, A. (2004), The underrepresentation of women in science: differential commitment or the queen bee syndrome?, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 43, pp. 315-38.
10. Finkelstein, L., Frautschy Demuth, R. and Sweeney, D. (2007), Bias against overweight job applicants: further explorations of when and why, Human Resource Management, Vol. 46, No.2, pp. 203-22.
11. Forsythe, D., Heiney, M. and Wright, S. (1997), Biases in appraisals of women leaders, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, Vol. 1, pp. 98-103.
12. Frauenheim, E. (2007), Bias study sees few gains for female leaders, Workforce Management, Vol. 86, No.15, pp. 3-4.
13. Goldberg, P. (1968), Are some women prejudiced against women?, Transaction, Vol. 5, pp. 28-30.
14. Heilman, M. (1983), Sex bias in the work setting: the lack of fit model, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5, pp. 269-98.
15. Heim, P. and Murphy, S. (2003), In the Company of Women, Penguin Group, New York, NY.
16. Holloway, R. and Johnston, L. (2006), Evaluating the evaluators: perceptions of interviewers by rejected job applicants as a function of interviewer and applicant sex, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 36, No.11, pp. 2635-48.
17. Jackson, D. (1984), Personality Research Form, Research Psychologists Press, Port Huron, MI, 3rd ed.
18. Johnson, T. (2007), Hidden bias against female bosses?, December 4, available at: http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/TakeControlOfYourLife/story?id = 3950342&page = 1 (accessed March 31, 2008), ABC News.
19. Jussim, L., Coleman, L. and Lerch, L. (1987), The nature of stereotypes: a comparison and integration of three theories, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 536-46.
20. Kanter, R. (1977), Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.
21. Krishnan, H., Park, D. and Kilbourne, L. (2006), The development of a conceptual model to explain turnover among women in top management teams, International Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 470-7.
22. Larkin, J. and Pines, H. (1979), No fat person need apply: experimental studies of the overweight stereotype and hiring preference, Sociology of Work and Occupations, Vol. 6, pp. 312-27.
23. Lewis, A. and Sherman, S. (2003), Hiring you makes me look bad: social-identity based reversals of the ingroup favoritism effect, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 90, pp. 262-76.
24. Lewis, K. (2000), When leaders display emotion: how followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 21, No.2, pp. 221-34.
25. Mathison, D. (1986), Sex differences in the perception of assertiveness among female managers, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 126, No.5, pp. 599-606.
26. Maurer, T. and Tarulli, B. (1994), Investigation of perceived environment, perceived outcome, and person variables in relationship to voluntary development activity by employees, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79, No.1, pp. 3-14.
27. Mavin, S. (2006), Venus envy 2: sisterhood, queen bees and female misogyny in management, Women in Management Review, Vol. 21, No.5, pp. 349-64.
28. Miller, G. and McReynolds, M. (1973), Male chauvinism and source competence: a research note, Speech Monographs, Vol. 40, pp. 154-5.
29. Moorman, R. and Podsakoff, P. (1992), A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behavior research, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, Vol. 65, pp. 131-49.
30. Noe, R. and Wilk, S. (1993), Investigation of the factors that influence employees' participation in development activities, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, No.2, pp. 291-302.
31. O'Leary, V. (1988), Women's relationships with women in the workplace, Gutek, B., Stromberg, A., Larwood, L. (Eds.), Women and Work: An Annual Review, Vol. 3, pp. 189-213, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
32. Peters, L., Terborg, J. and Taynor, J. (1974), Women as managers scale: a measure of attitudes toward women in management positions, (Ms. No. 585), JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, Vol. 4, No.27.
33. Pingatore, R., Dugoni, B., Tindale, R. and Spring, B. (1994), Bias against overweight job applicants in a simulated employment interview, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79, pp. 909-17.
34. Polinko, N. and Popovich, P. (2001), Evil thoughts but angelic actions, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 905-26.
35. Russell, J. (1980), A circumplex model of affect, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 39, pp. 1161-78.
36. Sargent, A. (1977), Beyond Sex Roles, West Publishing, New York, NY.
37. Simmons, R. (2002), Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls, Harcourt, New York, NY.
38. Spector, P. (1994), Using self-report questionnaires in OB research: a comment on the use of a controversial method, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15, pp. 385-92.
39. Spector, P. (2006), Method variance in organizational research: truth or legend?, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 9, No.2, pp. 221-32.
40. Staines, G., Travis, C. and Jayaratne, T. (1974), The queen bee syndrome, Psychology Today, Vol. 9, pp. 55-60.
41. Stohl, C. (1982), Sugar or spice? Teachers' perception of sex differences in communicative correlates of attraction, Burgoon, M. (Ed.), Communication Yearbook, Vol. 6, pp. 811-30, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
42. Stone, A. (1981), The association between perceptions of daily experiences and self- and spouse-rated mood, Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 15, pp. 510-22.
43. Tahmincioglu, E. (2007), Men rule - at least in workplace attitudes, MSNBC, Elle/MSNBC.com Survey, available at: www.msnbc.com/id/17345308/ (accessed March 21, 2007).
44. Tajfel, H. (1978), Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Academic Press, New York, NY.
45. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. (1979), An integrative theory of intergroup conflict, Austin, G., Worchel, S. (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, pp. 33-47, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA.
46. US Department of Labor (2006), Household Data Annual Averages: Employment Status of the Noninstitutional Population by Age, Sex, and Race, Department of Labor, available at: www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat3.pdf (accessed March 31, 2008)
47. Watson, D., Clark, L. and Tellegen, A. (1988), Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 54, pp. 1063-70.
48. Wolfram, H., Mohr, G. and Schyns, B. (2007), Professional respect for female and male leaders: influential gender-relevant factors, Women in Management Review, Vol. 22, No.1, pp. 19-32.
49. Green, S. (2004), Social identity theory and party identification, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 85, No.1, pp. 136-53.
50. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. (1986), The social identity theory of intergroup behavior, Worchel, S., Austin, W. (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, pp. 7-24, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA, 2nd ed.