A review of the racial identity development of african american adolescents: The role of education

Review of Educational Research

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 103-124

  DeCuir Gunby, Jessica T ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Black identity; Race; Racial identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349446724     PISSN: 00346543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/0034654308325897     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Akom, AA (2003). Reexamining resistance as oppositional behavior: The Nation of Islam and the creation of a Black achievement ideology. Sociology of Education, 76, 305-325.
2. Archer, SL (1992). A feminist's approach to identity research. In GR Adams, TP Gullotta and R Montemayor (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation (pp. 25-49). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Archer, SL (Ed.) (1994). Interventions for adolescent identity development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Arnett, JJG (2006). Stanley Hall's adolescence: Brilliance and nonsense. History of Psychology, 9, 186-197.
5. Baldwin, JA, and Y Bell (1985). Psychology of Black Americans. Western Journal of Black Studies, 9, 61-68.
6. Benson, J (1998). Developing a strong program of construct validation: A test anxiety example. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practices, 17, 10-17.
7. Bergin, DA, and HC Cooks (2002). High school students of color talk about accusations of "acting White. The Urban Review, 34, 113-134.
8. Blanchett, WJ (2006). Disproportionate representation of African American students in special education: Acknowledging the role of White privilege and racism. Educational Researcher, 35(6), 24-28.
9. Brookins, CC (1994). The relationship between Afrocentric values and racial identity attitudes: Validation of the belief systems analysis scale of African American college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 128-142.
10. Burlew, AK, and LR Smith (1991). Measures of racial identity: An overview and a proposed framework. Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 53-71.
11. Carter, RT, and AL Goodwin (1994). Racial identity and education. Review of Research in Education, 20, 291-336.
12. Chinn, BJ (1997). Vocal self-identification, singing style, and singing range in relationship to a measure of cultural mistrust in African American adolescent females. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45, 636-649.
13. Clark, KB, and MK Clark (1939). The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 591-599.
14. Clark, KB, and MK Clark (1940). Skin color as a factor in racial identification of Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 159-169.
15. Clark, KB, and MK Clark (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In TM Newcomb and EL Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 169-178). New York: Henry Holt.
16. Cross, WE (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience. Black World, 20(9), 13-27.
17. Cross, WE (1979). The Negro to Black conversion experience: An empirical analysis. In AW Boykin, AJ Anderson and JF Yates (Eds.), Research direction of Black psychologists (pp. 107-125). New York: Russell Sage.
18. Cross, WE (1995). The psychology of Nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In JG Ponterotto, JM Casas, LA Suzuki and CM Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 93-114). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
19. Cross, WE (2001). Encountering Nigrescence. In JG Ponterotto, JM Casas, LA Suzuki and CM Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling, 2nd ed (pp. 30-44). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20. Cross, WE, and BJ Vandiver (2001). Nigrescence theory and measurement. In JG Ponterotto, JM Casas, LA Suzuki and CM Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling, 2nd ed (pp. 371-393). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Davis, C, J Aronson, and M Salinas (2006). Shades of threat: Racial identity as a moderator of stereotype threat. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 399-417.
22. DeCuir-Gunby, JT (2007). Negotiating identity in a bubble: The experiences of African American high school students at Wells Academy. Equity & Excellence in Education, 40, 26-35.
23. Delpit, L (2003). Educators as "seed people" growing a new future. Educational Researcher, 32(7), 14-21.
24. Douglas, DD (2002). To be young, gifted, Black and female: A meditation on the cultural politics at play in representations of Venus and Serena Williams. In Sociology of Sport Online, Vol. 5(2). Retrieved July 5, 2005, from http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v5i2/v5i2_3.html.
25. Du Bois, WEB (1995). The conservation of races. In DL Lewis (Ed.), W. E. B. Du Bois: A reader (pp. 20-27). New York: Henry Holt. Original work published 1897.
26. Duncan, GA (2005). Black youth, identity, and ethics. Educational Theory, 55, 3-22.
27. Duncan, LE (2003). Black male college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Black Psychology, 29, 68-86.
28. Erikson, EH (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
29. Erikson, EH (1968). Identity: Youth, and crisis. New York: Norton.
30. Falconer, J, and H Neville (2000). African American college women's body image: An examination of body mass, African self-consciousness, and skin color satisfaction. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 236-243.
31. Fischer, A, D Tokar, and G Serna (1998). Validity and construct contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale-Long form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 212-224.
32. Ford, DY (1996). Reversing underachievement among gifted Black students: Promising practices and programs. New York: Teachers College Press.
33. Fordham, S, and JU Ogbu (1986). Black students' school success: Coping with the "burden of 'acting White '". Urban Review, 18, 176-206.
34. Garibaldi, AM (1997). Four decades of progress. . . and decline: An assessment of African American attainment. Journal of Negro Education, 66, 105-120.
35. Gay, G (1999). Ethnic identity development and multicultural education. In RH Sheets and ER Hollins (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity in school practices: Aspects of human development (pp. 195-212). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
36. Good, TL, and SL Nichols (2001). Expectancy effects in the classroom: A special focus on improving the reading performance of minority students in first-grade classrooms. Educational Psychologist, 36, 113-126.
37. Grantham, T, and D Ford (1998). Principal instructional leadership can reverse under-representation of Black students in gifted education. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 82(595), 101-109.
38. Hall, R (1992). Bias among African Americans regarding skin color: Implications for social work practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 2, 479-486.
39. Helms, JE (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Praeger.
40. Helms, J, and T Parham (1996). The development of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale. In R Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations, Vol. 2 (pp. 167-174). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
41. Horowitz, RE (1939). Racial aspects of self-identification in nursery school children. Journal of Psychology, 7, 91-99.
42. Horvat, EM, and KS Lewis (2003). Reassessing the "burden of 'acting White'": The importance of peer groups in managing academic success. Sociology of Education, 76, 265-280.
43. Howard, JA (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 367-393.
44. Hraba, J, and G Grant (1970). Black is beautiful: A reexamination of racial preference and identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 398-402.
45. Hughes, M, and BR Hertel (1990). The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans. Social Forces, 68, 1105-1120.
46. Jones, R (1996a). Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations, Vol. 1. Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
47. Jones, R (1996b). Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations, Vol. 2. Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
48. Kroger, J (2006). Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Ladson-Billings, G (2000). Fighting for our lives: Preparing teachers to teach African American students. Journal of Teacher Education, 51, 206-214.
50. Lemon, R, and C Waehler (1996). A test of stability and construct validity of the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, Form B (RIAS-B) and the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS). Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 29, 77-85.
51. Lesko, N (1996). Past, present, and future conceptions of adolescence. Educational Theory, 46, 453-472.
52. Mama, A (1995). Beyond the masks: Race, gender and subjectivity. New York: Taylor & Francis.
53. Marcus, G, S Gross, and C Seefeldt (1991). Black and White students' perceptions of teacher treatment. Journal of Educational Research, 84, 363-367.
54. Marks, B, IH Settles, DY Cooke, L Morgan, and RM Sellers (2004). African American racial identity: A review of contemporary models and measures. In RL Jones (Ed.), Black psychology, 4th ed (pp. 383-404). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
55. McCready, LT (2004). Understanding the marginalization of gay and gender nonconforming Black male students. Theory Into Practice, 43, 136-143.
56. McNeilly, MD, NB Anderson, EL Robinson, CH McManus, CA Armstead, and R Clark (1996). Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the Perceived Racism Scale: A multidimensional assessment of the experience of racism among African Americans. In R Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations (pp. 359-374). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
57. Melucci, A (1996). The playing self: Person and meaning in the planetary society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
58. Milliones, J (1980). Construction of a Black consciousness measure: Psychotherapeutic implications. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 17, 175-182.
59. Mitchell, JJ (1992). Adolescent struggle for selfhood and identity. Calgary, Canada: Detselig Enterprises.
60. Montgomery, DE, MA Fine, and L James-Myers (1990). The development and validation of an instrument to assess an optimal Afrocentric worldview. Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 37-54.
61. Myers, LJ, DE Montgomery, MA Fine, and RE Reese (1996). Belief system analysis scale and belief and behavior awareness scale development: Measuring an optimal, Afrocentric world-view. In R Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations, Vol. 2 (pp. 19-36). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
62. Myers, MA, and VL Thompson (1994). Africentricity: Analysis of two culture specific instruments. Western Journal of Black Studies, 18, 179-184.
63. Noguera, P (2003). "Joaquins's dilemma": Understanding the link between racial identity and school related behaviors. In M Sadowski (Ed.), Adolescents at school: Perspectives on youth, identity, and education (pp. 17-30). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
64. O'Connor, C (1997). Dispositions toward (collective) struggle and educational resilience in the inner city: A case analysis of six African-American high school students. American Educational Research Journal, 34, 593-629.
65. Omi, M, and H Winant (1994). Racial formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
66. Osterman, KF (2000). Students' need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70, 323-367.
67. Oyserman, D, and K Harrison (1998). Implications of cultural context: African American identity and possible selves. In JK Swim and C Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 281-300). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
68. Parham, TA (1989). Cycles of psychological nigrescence. Counseling Psychologist, 17, 187-226.
69. Parham, T, and J Helms (1981). The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preference for counselor's race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 250-256.
70. Parham, T, and J Helms (1985a). Attitudes of racial identity and self-esteem of Black students: An exploratory investigation. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26, 143-147.
71. Parham, T, and J Helms (1985b). Relation of racial identity attitudes to self-actualization and affective states of Black students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 431-440.
72. Philogène, G (Ed.) (2004). Racial identity in context: The legacy of Kenneth B. Clark. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
73. Pierre, M, and J Mahalik (2005). Examining African self-consciousness and BRI as predictors of Black men's psychological well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 28-40.
74. Plummer, DH (1995). Patterns of racial identity development of African American adolescent males and females. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 168-180.
75. Ponterotto, JG, and SL Wise (1987). Construct validity study of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 218-223.
76. Porter, JR, and RE Washington (1979). Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of Black self-concept, 1968-1978. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 53-74.
77. Robinson, TL, and JV Ward (1995). African American adolescents and skin color. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 256-274.
78. Root, MPP (Ed.) (1996). The multiracial experience: Racial borders as the new frontier. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
79. Rowley, S, and J Moore (2002). When who I am impacts how I am represented. Roeper Review, 24, 63-67.
80. Russell, K, M Wilson, and R Hall (1992). The color complex: The politics of skin color among African Americans. New York: Anchor.
81. Sellers, RM, SAJ Rowley, TM Chavous, JN Shelton, and MA Smith (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 805-815.
82. Shih, M, and DT Sanchez (2005). Perspectives and research on the positive and negative implications of having multiple racial identities. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 569-591.
83. Shorter-Gooden, K, and NC Washington (1996). Young, Black, and female: The challenge of weaving an identity. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 465-475.
84. Slaughter-Defoe, DT, and KG Carlson (1997). Young African American and Latino children in high-poverty urban schools: How they perceive school climate. Journal of Negro Education, 65, 60-70.
85. Spencer, MB, E Noll, J Stoltzfus, and V Harpalani (2001). Identity and school adjustment: Revisiting the "acting White" assumption. Educational Psychologist, 36, 21-30.
86. Steele, CM (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
87. Stevenson, HC (1994). Validation of the scale of racial socialization for African American adolescents: Steps toward multidimensionality. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 445-468.
88. Stevenson, HC (1995). Relationship of adolescent perceptions of racial socialization to racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 49-70.
89. Stevenson, HC, J Reed, and P Bodison (1996). Kinship social support and adolescent racial socialization beliefs: Extending the self to family. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 498-508.
90. Stevenson, HC, J Reed, P Bodison, and A Bishop (1997). Racism stress management: Racial social beliefs and the experience of depression and anger in African American youth. Youth and Society, 29, 197-222.
91. Stokes, JE, CB Murray, MJ Peacock, and RT Kaiser (1994). Assessing the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the African Self-Consciousness Scale in a general population of African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 62-74.
92. Tatum, BD (1997). "Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?": And other conversations about race. New York: Basic Books.
93. Terrell, F, and S Terrell (1981). An inventory to measure cultural mistrust among Blacks. Western Journal of Black Studies, 5, 180-185.
94. Terrell, F, and S Terrell (1993). Level of cultural mistrust as a function of educational and occupational expectations among Black students. Adolescence, 2, 573-578.
95. Thomas, AJ, and SL Speight (1999). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 152-170.
96. Thompson, VL (1994). Socialization to race and its relationship to racial identification among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 175-188.
97. Tyson, K, W Darity, and DR Castellino (2005). "It's not 'a Black thing'": Understanding the burden of acting White and other dilemmas of high achievement". American Sociological Review, 70, 582-605.
98. Uhlenberg, J, and K Brown (2002). Racial gaps in teachers' perceptions of the achievement gap. Education and Urban Society, 34, 493-530.
99. Waterman, AS (Ed.) (1985). Identity in adolescence: Processes and contents. New directions in child development, No. 30. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
100. Watkins, CE, and F Terrell (1988). Mistrust level and its effects on counseling expectations in Black client-White counselor relationships: An analogue study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 194-197.
101. Whaley, AL (2002). Psychometric analysis of the cultural mistrust inventory with a Black psychiatric inpatient sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 383-396.
102. Whatley, PR, J Allen, and RH Dana (2003). Racial identity and the MMPI in African American male college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 345-353.
103. White, JL, and TA Parham (1990). The psychology of Blacks: An African American perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
104. Williams, RL (1981). The collective Black mind: An Afrocentric theory of Black personality. St. Louis, MO: Williams & Associates.
105. Williams-Fournoy, DF, and LP Anderson (1996). The acculturative stress scale: Preliminary findings. In R Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations, Vol. 2 (pp. 351-358). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.