메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 584-602

Culture, context, or behavioral control?: English- and Mandarin-speaking mothers' use of nouns and verbs in joint book reading

Author keywords

Culture; Joint book reading; Language acquisition; Nouns; Verbs

Indexed keywords


EID: 70349308519     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: 15525422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022109335184     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 84919555484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storybook reading in a multicultural society: Critical perspectives
    • In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Anderson, J., Anderson, A., Lynch, J., & Shapiro, J. (2003). Storybook reading in a multicultural society: Critical perspectives. In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), On reading books to children: Parents and teachers (pp. 203-230). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2003) On Reading Books to Children: Parents and Teachers , pp. 203-230
    • Anderson, J.1    Anderson, A.2    Lynch, J.3    Shapiro, J.4
  • 2
    • 0014051796 scopus 로고
    • Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior
    • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.
    • (1967) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.75 , pp. 43-88
    • Baumrind, D.1
  • 4
    • 0025440012 scopus 로고
    • Syntactic distinctions in child language
    • Bloom, P. (1990). Syntactic distinctions in child language. Journal of Child Language, 17, 343-355.
    • (1990) Journal of Child Language , vol.17 , pp. 343-355
    • Bloom, P.1
  • 5
    • 4344706272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-linguistic analysis of vocabulary in young children: Spanish, Dutch, French, Hebrew, Italian, Korean, and American English
    • Bornstein, M.H., Cote, L.R., Maital, S., Painter, K., Park, S.Y., Pascual, L., et al. (2004). Cross-linguistic analysis of vocabulary in young children: Spanish, Dutch, French, Hebrew, Italian, Korean, and American English. Child Development, 75, 1115-1139.
    • (2004) Child Development , vol.75 , pp. 1115-1139
    • Bornstein, M.H.1    Cote, L.R.2    Maital, S.3    Painter, K.4    Park, S.Y.5    Pascual, L.6
  • 6
    • 0011679134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's first words in Tzeltal: Evidence for an early verb category
    • Brown, P. (1998). Children's first words in Tzeltal: Evidence for an early verb category. Linguistics, 36, 715-753.
    • (1998) Linguistics , vol.36 , pp. 715-753
    • Brown, P.1
  • 7
    • 0001958381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint book reading across cultures: A comparison of Surinamese-Dutch, Turkish-Dutch, and Dutch parent-child dyads
    • Bus, A.G., Leseman, P.P.M., & Keultjes, P. (2000). Joint book reading across cultures: A comparison of Surinamese-Dutch, Turkish-Dutch, and Dutch parent-child dyads. Journal of Literacy Research, 32, 53-76.
    • (2000) Journal of Literacy Research , vol.32 , pp. 53-76
    • Bus, A.G.1    Leseman, P.P.M.2    Keultjes, P.3
  • 8
    • 84970304972 scopus 로고
    • Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: A meta-analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy
    • Bus, A., van Ijzedoorn, M., & Pellegrini, A. (1995). Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: A meta-analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy. Review of Education Research, 65, 1-21.
    • (1995) Review of Education Research , vol.65 , pp. 1-21
    • Bus, A.1    van Ijzedoorn, M.2    Pellegrini, A.3
  • 10
    • 0028489224 scopus 로고
    • Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training
    • Chao, R.K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111-1119.
    • (1994) Child Development , vol.65 , pp. 1111-1119
    • Chao, R.K.1
  • 11
    • 0034132781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caregiver input in English and Korean: Use of nouns and verbs in book-reading and toy-play contexts
    • Choi, S. (2000). Caregiver input in English and Korean: Use of nouns and verbs in book-reading and toy-play contexts. Journal of Child Language, 27, 69-96.
    • (2000) Journal of Child Language , vol.27 , pp. 69-96
    • Choi, S.1
  • 12
    • 0034132781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early acquisition of verbs in Korean: Use of nouns and verbs in book-reading and toy-play contexts
    • Choi, S., & Gopnik, A. (1995). Early acquisition of verbs in Korean: Use of nouns and verbs in book-reading and toy-play contexts. Journal of Child Language, 27, 69-96.
    • (1995) Journal of Child Language , vol.27 , pp. 69-96
    • Choi, S.1    Gopnik, A.2
  • 14
    • 84937386217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the expressive language opportunities provided by shared book reading and facilitated play for young children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities
    • Davie, J., & Kemp, C. (2002). A comparison of the expressive language opportunities provided by shared book reading and facilitated play for young children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. Educational Psychology, 22, 445-459.
    • (2002) Educational Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 445-459
    • Davie, J.1    Kemp, C.2
  • 15
    • 0027613119 scopus 로고
    • Joint picture book reading correlates of early oral language skills
    • DeBaryshe, B.D. (1993). Joint picture book reading correlates of early oral language skills. Journal of Child Language, 20, 455-461.
    • (1993) Journal of Child Language , vol.20 , pp. 455-461
    • DeBaryshe, B.D.1
  • 16
    • 0002088711 scopus 로고
    • Maternal belief systems: Linchpin in the home reading process
    • DeBaryshe, B.D. (1995). Maternal belief systems: Linchpin in the home reading process. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16(1), 1-20.
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-20
    • DeBaryshe, B.D.1
  • 17
    • 84919504074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning words from books
    • In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • DeTemple, J., & Snow, C.E. (2003). Learning words from books. In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), On reading books to children: Parents and teachers (pp. 16-36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2003) On Reading Books to Children: Parents and Teachers , pp. 16-36
    • DeTemple, J.1    Snow, C.E.2
  • 19
    • 13844316312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Picture book reading with young children: A conceptual framework
    • Fletcher, K.L., & Reese, E. (2005). Picture book reading with young children: A conceptual framework. Developmental Review, 25, 64-103.
    • (2005) Developmental Review , vol.25 , pp. 64-103
    • Fletcher, K.L.1    Reese, E.2
  • 20
    • 0001730887 scopus 로고
    • Why nouns are learned before verbs: Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning
    • In S. A. Kuczaj (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Genter, D. (1982). Why nouns are learned before verbs: Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning. In S. A. Kuczaj (Ed.), Language development: Vol.2. Language, thought, and culture (pp. 301-334). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1982) Language Development: Vol.2. Language, Thought, and Culture , pp. 301-334
    • Genter, D.1
  • 21
    • 0000234594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individuation, relational relativity and early word learning
    • In M. Bowerman & S. Levinson (Eds.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    • Gentner, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2001). Individuation, relational relativity and early word learning. In M. Bowerman & S. Levinson (Eds.), Language acquisition and conceptual development (pp. 215-256). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development , pp. 215-256
    • Gentner, D.1    Boroditsky, L.2
  • 22
    • 0027548218 scopus 로고
    • Noun bias in maternal speech to one-year-olds
    • Goldfield, B.A. (1993). Noun bias in maternal speech to one-year-olds. Journal of Child Language, 20, 85-99.
    • (1993) Journal of Child Language , vol.20 , pp. 85-99
    • Goldfield, B.A.1
  • 23
    • 0034297327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nouns before verbs in comprehension vs. production: The view from pragmatics
    • Goldfield, B.A. (2000). Nouns before verbs in comprehension vs. production: the view from pragmatics. Journal of Child Language, 27, 501-520.
    • (2000) Journal of Child Language , vol.27 , pp. 501-520
    • Goldfield, B.A.1
  • 24
    • 0000973793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mothers' extratextual comments during storybook reading: Stylistic differences over time and across texts
    • Haden, C.A., Reese, E., & Fivush, R. (1996). Mothers' extratextual comments during storybook reading: Stylistic differences over time and across texts. Discourse Processes, 21, 135-169.
    • (1996) Discourse Processes , vol.21 , pp. 135-169
    • Haden, C.A.1    Reese, E.2    Fivush, R.3
  • 27
    • 0026211411 scopus 로고
    • Mother-child conversations in different social classes and communicative settings
    • Hoff-Ginsberg, E. (1991). Mother-child conversations in different social classes and communicative settings. Child Development, 62, 782-796.
    • (1991) Child Development , vol.62 , pp. 782-796
    • Hoff-Ginsberg, E.1
  • 28
    • 0142041417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech
    • Hoff-Ginsberg, E. (2003). The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech. Child Development, 74, 1368-1378.
    • (2003) Child Development , vol.74 , pp. 1368-1378
    • Hoff-Ginsberg, E.1
  • 29
    • 0035345082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning proper and common names in inferential versus ostensive contexts
    • Jaswal, V.K., & Markman, E.M. (2001). Learning proper and common names in inferential versus ostensive contexts. Child Development, 72, 768-786.
    • (2001) Child Development , vol.72 , pp. 768-786
    • Jaswal, V.K.1    Markman, E.M.2
  • 30
    • 0034200938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early lexical development in English- and Korean-speaking children: Language-general and language-specific patterns
    • Kim, M., McGregor, K.K., & Thompson, C.K. (2000). Early lexical development in English- and Korean-speaking children: Language-general and language-specific patterns. Journal of Child Language, 27, 225-254.
    • (2000) Journal of Child Language , vol.27 , pp. 225-254
    • Kim, M.1    McGregor, K.K.2    Thompson, C.K.3
  • 32
    • 0011735508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental influences on Chinese literacy development: A comparison of preschoolers in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Singapore
    • Li, H., & Rao, N. (2000). Parental influences on Chinese literacy development: A comparison of preschoolers in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Singapore. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 82-90.
    • (2000) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.24 , pp. 82-90
    • Li, H.1    Rao, N.2
  • 33
    • 0032332324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative efficacy of parent and teacher involvement in a shared-reading intervention for preschool children from low-income backgrounds
    • Lonigan, C.J., & Whitehurst, G.J. (1998). Relative efficacy of parent and teacher involvement in a shared-reading intervention for preschool children from low-income backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 13, 263-290.
    • (1998) Early Childhood Research Quarterly , vol.13 , pp. 263-290
    • Lonigan, C.J.1    Whitehurst, G.J.2
  • 35
    • 85047683103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans
    • Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R.E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 922-934.
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 922-934
    • Masuda, T.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 38
    • 33646723663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in maternal narrative styles during book reading interactions
    • Melzi, G., & Caspi, M. (2005). Variations in maternal narrative styles during book reading interactions. Narrative Inquiry, 15, 101-125.
    • (2005) Narrative Inquiry , vol.15 , pp. 101-125
    • Melzi, G.1    Caspi, M.2
  • 39
    • 0029312492 scopus 로고
    • Rice balls and bear hunts: Japanese and North American family narrative patterns
    • Minami, M., & McCabe, A. (1995). Rice balls and bear hunts: Japanese and North American family narrative patterns. Journal of Child Language, 22, 423-445.
    • (1995) Journal of Child Language , vol.22 , pp. 423-445
    • Minami, M.1    McCabe, A.2
  • 40
    • 33645055399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture and the physical environment: Holistic versus analytic perceptual affordances
    • Miyamoto, Y., Nisbett, R.E., & Masuda, T. (2006). Culture and the physical environment: Holistic versus analytic perceptual affordances. Psychological Science, 17, 113-119.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 113-119
    • Miyamoto, Y.1    Nisbett, R.E.2    Masuda, T.3
  • 41
    • 0001358075 scopus 로고
    • The cultural context of talk about the past: Implications for the development of autobiographical memory
    • Mullen, M.K., & Yi, S. (1995). The cultural context of talk about the past: Implications for the development of autobiographical memory. Cognitive Development, 10, 407-419.
    • (1995) Cognitive Development , vol.10 , pp. 407-419
    • Mullen, M.K.1    Yi, S.2
  • 42
    • 43249169026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mother-child conversation during joint picture book reading in Japan and the USA
    • Murase, T., Dale, P.S., Ogura, T., Yamashita, Y., & Mahieu, A. (2005). Mother-child conversation during joint picture book reading in Japan and the USA. First Language, 25, 197-218.
    • (2005) First Language , vol.25 , pp. 197-218
    • Murase, T.1    Dale, P.S.2    Ogura, T.3    Yamashita, Y.4    Mahieu, A.5
  • 43
    • 0027546843 scopus 로고
    • Nouns in early lexicons: Evidence, explanations, and implications
    • Nelson, K., Hampson, J., & Kessler Shaw, L. (1993). Nouns in early lexicons: Evidence, explanations, and implications. Journal of Child Language, 20, 61-84.
    • (1993) Journal of Child Language , vol.20 , pp. 61-84
    • Nelson, K.1    Hampson, J.2    Kessler Shaw, L.3
  • 44
    • 84925926004 scopus 로고
    • Picture-book reading in mother-infant dyads belonging to two subgroups in Israel
    • Ninio, A. (1980). Picture-book reading in mother-infant dyads belonging to two subgroups in Israel. Child Development, 51, 587-590.
    • (1980) Child Development , vol.51 , pp. 587-590
    • Ninio, A.1
  • 45
    • 84959620161 scopus 로고
    • The achievement and antecedents of labeling
    • Ninio, A., & Bruner, J. (1978). The achievement and antecedents of labeling. Journal of Child Language, 5, 1-15.
    • (1978) Journal of Child Language , vol.5 , pp. 1-15
    • Ninio, A.1    Bruner, J.2
  • 46
    • 33344475098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of nouns and verbs by Japanese children and their caregivers in book-reading and toy-playing contexts
    • Ogura, T., Dale, P.S., Yamashita, Y., Murase, T., & Mahieu, A. (2006). The use of nouns and verbs by Japanese children and their caregivers in book-reading and toy-playing contexts. Journal of Child Language, 33, 1-29.
    • (2006) Journal of Child Language , vol.33 , pp. 1-29
    • Ogura, T.1    Dale, P.S.2    Yamashita, Y.3    Murase, T.4    Mahieu, A.5
  • 47
    • 84919531779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint reading as a context: Explicating the ways context is created by participants
    • In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Pellegrini, A.D., & Galda, L. (2003). Joint reading as a context: Explicating the ways context is created by participants. In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), On reading books to children: Parents and teachers (pp. 3-15). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2003) On Reading Books to Children: Parents and Teachers , pp. 3-15
    • Pellegrini, A.D.1    Galda, L.2
  • 48
    • 0003578269 scopus 로고
    • Population Census Office State Council and Department of Population Statistics, Beijing: State Statistical Bureau of the People's Republic of China
    • Population Census Office, State Council and Department of Population Statistics (1993). Tabulation on the 1990 population census of the People's Republic of China. Beijing: State Statistical Bureau of the People's Republic of China.
    • (1993) Tabulation on the 1990 Population Census of the People's Republic of China
  • 49
    • 0032622367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of adult book reading affects children's emergent literacy
    • Reese, E., & Cox, A. (1999). Quality of adult book reading affects children's emergent literacy. Developmental Psychology, 35, 20-28.
    • (1999) Developmental Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 20-28
    • Reese, E.1    Cox, A.2
  • 50
    • 84919504144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity in adults' styles of reading books to children
    • In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Reese, E., Cox, A., Harte, D., & McAnally, H. (2003). Diversity in adults' styles of reading books to children. In A. van Kleeck, S. A. Stahl, & E. B. Bauer (Eds.), On reading books to children: Parents and teachers (pp. 35-54). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2003) On Reading Books to Children: Parents and Teachers , pp. 35-54
    • Reese, E.1    Cox, A.2    Harte, D.3    McAnally, H.4
  • 51
    • 0002948766 scopus 로고
    • Child-directed speech and influences on language acquisition: Methodology and interpretation
    • In B. J. Richards & C. Gallaway (Eds.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    • Richards, B.J. (1994). Child-directed speech and influences on language acquisition: methodology and interpretation. In B. J. Richards & C. Gallaway (Eds.), Input and interaction in language acquisition (74-106). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1994) Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition , pp. 74-106
    • Richards, B.J.1
  • 53
    • 0002168437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of home literacy experiences on the development of oral and written language
    • Senechal, M., LeFevre, J.A., Thomas, E.M., & Daley, K.E. (1998). Differential effects of home literacy experiences on the development of oral and written language. Reading Research Quarterly, 33, 96-116.
    • (1998) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.33 , pp. 96-116
    • Senechal, M.1    LeFevre, J.A.2    Thomas, E.M.3    Daley, K.E.4
  • 54
    • 1642498876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of home-literacy environment in learning to read Chinese
    • In W. L. Li, J. S. Gaffney, & J. L. Packard (Eds.), Boston: Kluwer Academic
    • Shu, H., Li, W.L., Anderson, R.C., Ku, Y.M., & Xuan, Y. (2002). The role of home-literacy environment in learning to read Chinese. In W. L. Li, J. S. Gaffney, & J. L. Packard (Eds.), Chinese children's reading acquisition (pp. 207-224). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
    • (2002) Chinese Children's Reading Acquisition , pp. 207-224
    • Shu, H.1    Li, W.L.2    Anderson, R.C.3    Ku, Y.M.4    Xuan, Y.5
  • 55
    • 0038203438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early words, multiword utterances and maternal reading strategies as predictors of mastering word inflections in Finnish
    • Silven, M., Ahtola, A., & Niemi, P. (2003). Early words, multiword utterances and maternal reading strategies as predictors of mastering word inflections in Finnish. Journal of Child Language, 30, 253-279.
    • (2003) Journal of Child Language , vol.30 , pp. 253-279
    • Silven, M.1    Ahtola, A.2    Niemi, P.3
  • 56
    • 0026177392 scopus 로고
    • Representational demands in mothers' talk to preschool children in two contexts: Picture book reading and a modelling task
    • Sorsby, A.J., & Martlew, M. (1991). Representational demands in mothers' talk to preschool children in two contexts: Picture book reading and a modelling task. Journal of Child Language, 18, 373-395.
    • (1991) Journal of Child Language , vol.18 , pp. 373-395
    • Sorsby, A.J.1    Martlew, M.2
  • 57
    • 21344436825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nouns are not always learned before verbs: Evidence from Mandarin speakers' early vocabularies
    • Tardif, T. (1996). Nouns are not always learned before verbs: Evidence from Mandarin speakers' early vocabularies. Developmental Psychology, 43, 492-504.
    • (1996) Developmental Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 492-504
    • Tardif, T.1
  • 58
    • 34547188301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But are they really verbs? Chinese words for action
    • In K. Hirsh-Pasek & R. Golinkoff (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press
    • Tardif, T. (2006). But are they really verbs? Chinese words for action. In K. Hirsh-Pasek & R. Golinkoff (Eds.), Action meets words: How children learn verbs (pp. 477-499). New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2006) Action Meets Words: How Children Learn Verbs , pp. 477-499
    • Tardif, T.1
  • 60
    • 0033432344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting the noun bias in context: A comparison of English and Mandarin
    • Tardif, T., Gelman, S., & Xu, F. (1999). Putting the noun bias in context: A comparison of English and Mandarin. Developmental Psychology, 70, 620-635.
    • (1999) Developmental Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 620-635
    • Tardif, T.1    Gelman, S.2    Xu, F.3
  • 61
    • 0031241337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caregiver speech and children's use of nouns versus verbs: A comparison of English, Italian, and Mandarin
    • Tardif, T., Shatz, M., & Naigles, L. (1997). Caregiver speech and children's use of nouns versus verbs: a comparison of English, Italian, and Mandarin. Journal of Child Language, 24, 535-565.
    • (1997) Journal of Child Language , vol.24 , pp. 535-565
    • Tardif, T.1    Shatz, M.2    Naigles, L.3
  • 62
    • 0003441938 scopus 로고
    • 114th Edition, Bureau of the Census U.S., Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census
    • U.S. Bureau of the Census (1994). Statistical Abstract of the United States, 114th Edition. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census.
    • (1994) Statistical Abstract of the United States
  • 63
    • 0034081426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sharing memories and telling stories: American and Chinese mothers and their 3-year-olds
    • Wang, Q., Leichtman, M.D., & Davies, K.I. (2000). Sharing memories and telling stories: American and Chinese mothers and their 3-year-olds. Memory, 7, 149-177.
    • (2000) Memory , vol.7 , pp. 149-177
    • Wang, Q.1    Leichtman, M.D.2    Davies, K.I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.