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Volumn 74, Issue 18, 2009, Pages 6936-6943

Mechanistic insights and the role of cocatalysts in aza-Morita - Baylis - Hillman and Morita - Baylis - Hillman reactions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AB INITIO; ACTIVATION BARRIERS; C-C BOND FORMATION; CO CATALYSTS; COCATALYST; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL METHODS; ELECTROPHILES; ELEMENTARY STEPS; ENOLATES; MORITA-BAYLIS-HILLMAN REACTION; PROTIC CONDITIONS; RATE DETERMINING STEP; RATE ENHANCEMENT; REACTION UNDER; RELATIVE ENERGIES; RELAY PROTON TRANSFER; SPECIFIC INTERACTION; TRANSITION STATE; TRIMETHYLAMINE; TRIMETHYLPHOSPHINES;

EID: 70249113777     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo900622x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (73)

References (106)
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    • (b) Morita, K. Japan Patent 6803364, 1968; Chem. Abstr. 1968, 69, 58828s.
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  • 13
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    • For synthetic application of Baylis-Hillman adducts see
    • For synthetic application of Baylis-Hillman adducts see: (a) Singh, V.; Batra, S. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 4511.
    • (2008) Tetrahedron , vol.64 , pp. 4511
    • Singh, V.1    Batra, S.2
  • 30
    • 0141923582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-symmetric catalyst provided low asymmetric induction in the resulting MBH adducts. For example see
    • 2-symmetric catalyst provided low asymmetric induction in the resulting MBH adducts. For example see: (a) McDougal, N. T.; Schaus, S. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12094.
    • (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 12094
    • McDougal, N.T.1    Schaus, S.E.2
  • 54
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    • Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, See the Supporting Information for the full citation
    • Frisch et al. . Gaussian 03, revision C.02; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, 2004. (See the Supporting Information for the full citation. )
    • (2004) Gaussian 03, Revision C.02
    • Frisch1
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    • The entropic contributions of the solute evaluated with the help of the gas-phase frequency calculation are not quite good toward the application to a solute in a continuum dielectric
    • The entropic contributions of the solute evaluated with the help of the gas-phase frequency calculation are not quite good toward the application to a solute in a continuum dielectric (Leung, B. O.; Reid, D. L.; Armstrong, D. A.; Rauk, A. J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 2720).
    • (2004) J. Phys. Chem. A , vol.108 , pp. 2720
    • Leung, B.O.1    Reid, D.L.2    Armstrong, D.A.3    Rauk, A.4
  • 69
    • 64349102770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • However, the use of single-point energies in solvent continuum is a widely adopted method toward gauging the role of solvent continuum in chemical reactions. Some very recent examples include
    • However, the use of single-point energies in solvent continuum is a widely adopted method toward gauging the role of solvent continuum in chemical reactions. Some very recent examples include: (a) Schoenebeck, F.; Houk, K. N. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 1464.
    • (2009) J. Org. Chem. , vol.74 , pp. 1464
    • Schoenebeck, F.1    Houk, K.N.2
  • 75
    • 70249149211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Table S6 in the Supporting Information for further details
    • See Table S6 in the Supporting Information for further details.
  • 76
    • 70249097632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • More details on the choice of basis set as well as the computed activation parameters obtained by using different basis sets (such as 6-311+G**, cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and aug-cc-pVDZ) are provided in Table S5 in the Supporting Information.
  • 77
    • 70249091724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • water.
  • 78
    • 70249120285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 3-catalyzed reaction.
  • 79
    • 70249136059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • To examine the role of solvent continuum in the aza-MBH reaction arising as a result of the likely differences in the geometries between the gas phase and the condensed phase, we have additionally carried out geometry optimizations using THF as a representative solvent continuum. The results are summarized in Table S8 in the Supporting Information. Interestingly, the single-point energies calculated in the continuum dielectric medium by using the gas-phase geometries are found to be nearly identical. The same trends were reproduced by full geometry optimizations in the THF dielectric continuum.
  • 80
    • 70249140484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The barrier for the formation of the E-isomer of 2b is found to be about 5 kcal/mol higher than that for the corresponding Z-isomer.
  • 81
    • 70249149212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The relatively higher activity of the phosphorous-containing Lewis bases in the aza-MBH reaction can partially be attributed to the ease of accommodating a positive charge on a phosphorous as compared to that on a nitrogen atom.
  • 89
    • 70249138255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For comparison of Mulliken atomic charges in TS(1b-1c) and 1c see Figure S2 in the Supporting Information.
  • 90
    • 70249110339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interaction energy (ΔH) is calculated without the basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction.
  • 91
    • 70249117759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The computed LUMO energies of bare and water-bound mesyl imines are respectively found to be -0.040 and -0.049 eV at the mPW1K/6-31+G** level of theory. See Table S9 in the Supporting Information.
  • 92
    • 70249141537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The relative energies for the elimination step are provided in Table S10 in the Supporting Information.
  • 93
    • 70249110709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 3-catalyzed aza-MBH reaction.
  • 94
    • 70249151330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We have also been able to locate other near-degenerate transition states for the C-C bond formation with different spatial dispositions of the two water molecules than those discussed here. However, all such transition states are found to be of higher energies than that for the 2w′ mode. See Table S12 and Figure S1 in the Supporting Information for more details.
  • 96
    • 70249103399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • a values toward protonation of the zwitterionic intermediates or the base is suggested as capable of slowing down the reaction rates.
  • 97
    • 70249100910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • a values for water, methanol, and formic acid are respectively 15.4, 15.5, and 3.7.
  • 98
    • 70249085843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (a) The LUMO energies of water/methanol/formic acid-bound mesyl imine are quite comparable; e.g., water (-0.049), MeOH (-0.049), and formic acid (-0.051). (b) Additionally, the global electrophilicity indices for the cocatalyst-bound imines are estimated to be quite similar as well. See Table S9 in the Supporting Information for global electrophilicity indices of electrophiles employed in this study.
  • 99
    • 70249113293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Calculated bond orders further support the geometric features of these transition states. See Table S13 in the Supporting Information for more details of the NBO analysis on the cocatalyst-assisted proton transfer transition state TS(1c-1d).
  • 100
    • 70249119916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 3- catalyzed aza-MBH reaction and the corresponding MBH reaction.
  • 101
    • 70249102690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Table S9 in the Supporting Information for global electrophilicity indices of electrophiles (with and without the bound cocatalysts) considered in this study.
  • 102
    • 70249105314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Table S15 in the Supporting Information for a summary of relative energies for the corresponding transition states for the MBH reaction.
  • 103
    • 70249119549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In the cyclic four-membered transition state for the unassisted proton transfer, the C-N distance in mesyl imine (aza-MBH) is longer than the C-Odistance (MBH). See Table S14 in the Supporting Information for a comparative analysis of the key geometrical features of TS(1c-1d).
  • 104
    • 70249122647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In an earlier report on the NMe3-catalyzed MBH reaction between acrolein and formaldehyde, we have shown that in the presence of polar protic cocatalyst the energies of the transition states for the C-C bond formation and the proton transfer can indeed become quite comparable. See ref 18 for more details.
  • 105
    • 70249125718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Table S15 in the Supporting Information for the computed relative energies for the MeOH-assisted MBH reaction.
  • 106
    • 70249104586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Table S6 in the Supporting Information for details on the activation barriers computed with respect to the prereacting complexes or the corresponding intermediates.


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