Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 3, 2009, Pages

  Liu, Chao ^a   Chen, Junmin ^b   Gao, Yanqiu ^a   Deng, Bao ^a   Liu, Kunshen ^a  

^a HEBEI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FUJIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Antihypertensive agents *therapeutic use ; Humans; Hypertension, pulmonary *drug therapy ; Isoxazoles therapeutic use ; Randomized controlled trials as topic; Receptors, endothelin *antagonists inhibitors ; Sulfonamides therapeutic use ; Thiophenes therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

AMBRISENTAN; BOSENTAN; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PLACEBO; PROSTACYCLIN; SILDENAFIL; SITAXSENTAN;

CARDIOPULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPNEA; EXERCISE; HEART INDEX; HUMAN; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; MORTALITY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 70049091002     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004434.pub4     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for drug evaluation and research. Letairis (Ambrisentan) Tablets: Medical Review(s). http: //www.fda.gov/cder/ foi/nda/2007/022081s000TOC.htm (Accessed March 20, 2008).
2. Galiè N, Olschewski H, Oudiz RJ, Torres F, Frost A, Ghofrani HA, et al.Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: results of the ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy (ARIES) study 1 and 2. Circulation 2008;117(23):3010-3019
3. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for drug evaluation and research. Letairis (Ambrisentan) Tablets: Medical Review(s). http: //www.fda.gov/cder/ foi/nda/2007/022081s000TOC.htm (Accessed March 20, 2008).
4. Galiè N, Olschewski H, Oudiz RJ, Torres F, Frost A, Ghofrani HA, et al.Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: results of the ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy (ARIES) study 1 and 2. Circulation 2008;117(23):3010-3019
5. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for drug evaluation and research.Tracleer (Bosentan) Tablets: Medical Review(s). http: //www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/2001/21-290-Tracleer.htm Vol. Accessed March 20, 2008.
6. Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Galiè N, Black CM, Keogh A. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002;346(12):896-903 (Pubitemid 34984638)
7. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for drug evaluation and research.Tracleer (Bosentan) Tablets: Medical Review (s). http://www.fda.gov/ cder/foi/nda/2001/21-290-Tracleer.htm (Accessed March 20, 2008).
8. Humbert M, Barst RJ, Robbins IM, Channick RN, Galiè N, Boonstra A, et al.Combination of bosentan with epoprostenol in pulmonary arterial hypertension: BREATHE-2. The European Respiratory Journal 2004;24(3):353-359 (Pubitemid 39232254)
9. Galiè N, Beghetti M, Gatzoulis MA, Granton J, Berger RM, Lauer A, et al.Bosentan therapy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circulation 2006;114(1):48-54. (Pubitemid 44305274)
10. Badesch DB, Bodin F, Channick RN, Frost A, Rainisio M, Robbins IM, et al.complete results of the first randomized, placebo-controlled study of bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in pulmonary arterial hypertension.. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 2002;63(4):227-246 (Pubitemid 34596974)
11. * Channick RN, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, Robbins IM, Frost A, Tapson VF. Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2001;358(9288):1119-1123
12. * Galiè N, Rubin L, Hoeper M, Jansa P, Al-Hiti H, Meyer G, et al.Treatment of patients withmildly symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension with bosentan (EARLY study): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9630):2093-2100
13. * Galiè N, Hinderliter AL, Torbicki A, Fourme T, Simonneau G, Pulido T, et al.Effects of the oral endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan on echocardiographic and dopplermeasures in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003;41(8):1380-1386
14. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
15. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australia. Public Summary Documents by Product: Thelin. http: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/pbacpsd- sitaxentan-sodium-july07 (Accessed April 25, 2008).
16. * Barst RJ, Langleben D, Frost E, Horn EM, Oudiz R, Shapiro S, et al.Sitaxsentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Amercian Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004;169:441-447
17. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf Accessed March 22, 2008.
18. * Barst RJ, Langleben D, Frost E, Horn EM, Oudiz R, Shapiro S, et al.Sitaxsentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Amercian Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004;169:441-447
19. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
20. * Barst RJ, Langleben D, Frost E, Horn EM, Oudiz R, Shapiro S, et al.Sitaxsentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Amercian Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004;169:441-447
21. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
22. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australia. Public Summary Documents by Product: Thelin. http: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/pbacpsd-sitaxentan-sodium-july07 (Accessed April 25, 2008).
23. * Barst RJ, Langleben D, Badesch D, Frost A, Lawrence EC, Shapiro S, et al.Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006;47(10):2049-2056
24. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
25. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australia. Public Summary Documents by Product: Thelin. http: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/pbacpsd-sitaxentan-sodium-july07 (Accessed April 25, 2008).
26. * Barst RJ, Langleben D, Badesch D, Frost A, Lawrence EC, Shapiro S, et al.Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006;47(10):2049-2056
27. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
28. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australia. Public Summary Documents by Product: Thelin. http: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/pbacpsd-sitaxentan-sodium-july07 (Accessed April 25, 2008).
29. * Barst RJ, Langleben D, Badesch D, Frost A, Lawrence EC, Shapiro S, et al.Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006;47(10):2049-2056
30. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
31. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
32. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use: Thelin. European Public Assessment Report. www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/thelin/H-679-en6.pdf (Accessed March 22, 2008).
33. Wilkins MR, Paul GA, Strange JW, Tunariu N, Gin-Sing W, Banya WA, et al.Sildenafil versus Endothelin Receptor Antagonist for Pulmonary Hypertension (SERAPH) study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2005;171(11):1292-1297 (Pubitemid 40740738)
34. Ahmadi-Simab K, Lamprecht P, Hellmisch B, Gross WL. [Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with oral endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in systemic sclerosis: BREATHE-1 trial and clinical experience]. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 2004;63(6): 495-497
35. Anonymous. Combination drug therapies may improve efficacy, reduce side effects in PAH. Formulary 2006; Vol.41, issue 1:42+46.
36. Anonymous. Sitaxsentan more effective than bosentan as PAH therapy. Formulary 2006; Vol.41, issue 1:46.
37. Benza RL, Mehta S, Keogh A, Lawrence EC, Oudiz RJ, Barst RJ. Sitaxsentan treatment for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) failing bosentan treatment [Abstract]. American Thoracic Society 2005 International Conference; May 20-25; San Diego, California. 2005:[A57] [Poster: K68].
38. Benza RL, Mehta S, Keogh A, Lawrence EC, Oudiz RJ, Barst RJ. Sitaxsentan treatment for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension discontinuing bosentan. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 2007;26(1):63-69 (Pubitemid 46096748)
39. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Bosentan in Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated With Scleroderma. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00070590.
40. Burgess G, Dingemanse J, Mills C, Hoogkamer H, Witte B. Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state bosentan and sildenafil [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(Suppl 49):Abstract No. 3622.
41. Burgess G, Hoogkamer H, Collings L, Dingemanse J. Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state bosentan and sildenafil. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2008;64(1):43-50.
42. Channick RN, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, Robbins IM, Frost A, Tapson VF, et al.Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: Arandomized placebo-controlled study. [Portuguese]. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia 2001; Vol.20, issue 11:1151-1152
43. Coyne TC, Garces PC, Kramer W. No clinical interaction between sitaxsentan and sildenafil [Abstract]. American Thoracic Society 2005 International Conference; May 20-25; San Diego, California. 2005:[A57] [Poster: K70].
44. Denton CP, Humbert M, Rubin L, Black CM. Bosentan treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension related to connective tissue disease: a subgroup analysis of the pivotal clinical trials and their open-label extensions. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006; Vol.65, issue 10:1336-1340 (Pubitemid 44620443)
45. Frost AE, Langleben D, Oudiz R, Hill N, Horn E, McLaughlin V, et al.The 6-min walk test (6MW) as an efficacy endpoint in pulmonary arterial hypertension clinical trials: demonstration of a ceiling effect. Vascular Pharmacology 2005;43(1):36-39 (Pubitemid 40828831)
46. Frost A, Tapson V, Murali S, Channick R, Badesch D, McLaughlin V, et al.Beneficial response to inhaled lloprost (IIIo) in bosentan (Bos)-treated pulmonary hypertensive (PAH) patients as a function of baseline 6 minute walk (6MW) [Abstract]. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2006:A418 [Poster L54].
47. GalièN, Hinderliter A, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Espinola-Zabaleta N, Manes A, et al.Oral endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves echocardiographic and doppler measures in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension [abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; Vol.165, issue 8 Suppl: A411.
48. Galiè N, Badesch D, Oudiz R, Simonneau G, McGoon MD, Keogh AM, et al.Ambrisentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005;46(3):529-535 (Pubitemid 41040298)
49. Girgis RE, Frost AE, Hill NS, Horn EM, Langleben D, McLaughlin VV, et al.Selective endothelin A receptor antagonismwith sitaxsentan for pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007;66(11):1467-1472 (Pubitemid 350032654)
50. Givertz MM, Colucci WS, Le Jemtel TH, Gottlieb SS, Hare JM, Slawsky MT, et al.Acute endothelin A receptor blockade causes selective pulmonary vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000;101(25):2922-2927
51. Gomberg-Maitland M, McLaughlin V, Gulati M, Rich S, Arbor A. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil and atorvastatin added to bosentan as therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension [Abstract]. American Thoracic Society 2005 International Conference; May 20-25; San Diego, California. 2005:[A57] [Poster: K18].
52. Hoeper MM, Leuchte H, Halank M, Wilkens H, Meyer FJ, Seyfarth HJ, et al.Combining inhaled iloprost with bosentan in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 2006;28(4):691-694 (Pubitemid 46331988)
53. Kalra PR, Moon JC, Coats AJ. Do results of the ENABLE (Endothelin Antagonist Bosentan for Lowering Cardiac Events in Heart Failure) study spell the end for non-selective endothelin antagonism in heart failure?. International Journal of Cardiology 2002; 85(2-3):195-197
54. Kaluski E, Cotter G, Leitman M, Milo-Cotter O, Krakover R, Kobrin I, et al.Clinical and hemodynamic effects of bosentan dose optimization in symptomatic heart failure patients with severe systolic dysfunction, associated with secondary pulmonary hypertension-a multi-center randomized study. Cardiology 2008;109(4):273-280 (Pubitemid 351328923)
55. King TE, Jr, Behr J, Brown KK, du Bois RM, Lancaster L, et al.BUILD-1: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2008;177(1):75-81.
56. Kiowski W, Sutsch G, Hunziker P, Muller P, Kim J, Oechslin E, et al.Evidence for endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure. Lancet 1995;346(8977):732-736
57. Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M, Rainisio M, Pope J, Hachulla E, et al.Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;50(12):3985-3993 (Pubitemid 39643947)
58. Langleben D, Brock T, Dixon R, Barst R. STRIDE 1: effects of the selective ET(A) receptor antagonist, sitaxsentan sodium, in a patient population with pulmonary arterial hypertension that meets traditional inclusion criteria of previous pulmonary arterial hypertension trials. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2004;44(Suppl 1):S80-4. (Pubitemid 40039649)
59. McLaughlin VV, Gaine SP, Barst RJ, Oudiz RJ, Bourge RC, Frost A, et al.Efficacy and safety of treprostinil: An epoprostenol analog for primary pulmonary hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2003;41(2):293-299 (Pubitemid 36135255)
60. McLaughlin V, Barst R. Sitaxsentan improves 6MW and hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) related to connective tissue disease (CTD) [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(Suppl 49):Abstract No. 3626.
61. McLaughlin VV, Oudiz RJ, Frost A, Tapson VF, Murali S, Channick RN, et al.Randomized study of adding inhaled iloprost to existing bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2006; Vol.174, issue 11: 1257-1263 (Pubitemid 44924827)
62. Mereles D, Ehlken N, Kreuscher S, Ghofrani S, Hoeper MM, Halank M, et al.Exercise and respiratory training improve exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2006;114(14):1482-1489 (Pubitemid 44527003)
63. Modesti PA, Vanni S, Morabito M, Modesti A, Marchetta M, Gamberi T, et al.Role of endothelin-1 in exposure to high altitude: Acute Mountain Sickness and Endothelin-1 (ACME-1) study. Circulation 2006; Vol.114, issue 13:1410-1416 (Pubitemid 44454561)
64. Oudiz R, Badesch D, Girgis R, Keogh A, Lawrence EC, McLaughlin V, et al.Functional class improvement with sitaxsentan in patients with class II-IV pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) [Abstract]. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2006:A60 [Poster 824].
65. Pulido T, Kurzyna M, Souza R, Ramirez A, Sandoval J. Sitaxsentan 100mg proves more effective than sitaxsentan 50mg in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) [Abstract]. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2006:A417 [Poster L47].
66. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Bosentan on Healing/Prevention of Digital (Finger) Ulcers in Scleroderma Patients. http: //clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00077584.
67. Robbins IM, Kawut SM, Yung D, Reilly MP, Lloyd W, Cunningham G, et al.A study of aspirin and clopidogrel in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. European Respiratory Journal 2006;27(3):578-584 (Pubitemid 43372533)
68. Seibold J, Badesch D, Galiè N, Langleben D, Naeije R, Simonneau G, et al.Sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin-a receptor antagonist, improves exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with connective tissue disease (CTD). Chest 2005;128(4): 219S-.
69. Tapson VF, Frost A, Murali S, Channick RN, Badesch DB, McLaughlin VV, et al.The relative efficacy of inhaled iloprost combined with bosentan in IPAH.A subgroup analysis of the STEP study [Abstract]. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2006:A728.
70. Altman DG, Bland JM. Statistics Notes: Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. BMJ 2003;326(7382):219-.
71. Badesch DB, Tapson VF, McGoon MD, Brundage BH, Rubin LJ, Wigley FM. Continuous intravenous epoprostenol for pulmonary hypertension due to the scleroderma spectrum of disease. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine 2000;132(6): 425-434
72. Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long WA, McGoon MD, Rich S, Badesch DB. A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. The Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. The New England Journal of Medicine 1996;334(5):296-302.
73. Chen Y, Jowett S, Barton P, Malottki K, Hyde C, Gibbs S, et al.Clinical and cost effectiveness of treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) within their licensed indications [updated 21/02/2008]. West Midlands Health Technology Assessment Collaboration 2008.
74. D'Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM, et al.Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry. Annals of Internal Medicine 1991;115:343-349
75. Denton CP, Humbert M, Rubin L, Black CM. Bosentan treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension related to connective tissue disease: a subgroup analysis of the pivotal clinical trials and their open-label extensions. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006;65(10): 1336-1340 (Pubitemid 44620443)
76. Filep JG, Fournier A, Foldes-Filep E.Acute pro-inflammatory actions of endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig lung: involvement of ETA and ETB receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology 1995;115(2):227-236
77. Fuster V, Steele PM, Edwards ED , Gersh DJ, McGoon MD, Frye RL. Primary pulmonary hypertension: natural history and importance of thrombosis. Circulation 1984;70(4):580-587 (Pubitemid 14020655)
78. Galiè N, Torbicki A, Barst R, et al.Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The Task Force on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal 2004;25 (24):2243-2278 (Pubitemid 39610407)
79. Galiè N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Badesch D, et al.Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;353:2148-2157 (Pubitemid 41653106)
80. Gater PR, Wasserman MA, Renzetti LM. Effects of Ro 47-0203 on endothelin-1 and sarafotoxin S6c-induced contractions of human bronchus and guinea-pig trachea. European Journal of Pharmacology 1996;304(1-3):123-128
81. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, Michel RP, Levy R, Shennib H, et al.Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 328:1732-1739 (Pubitemid 23170122)
82. Hasuda T, Satoh T, Shimouchi A, Sakamaki F, Kyotani S, Matsumoto T. Improvement in exercise capacity with nitric oxide inhalation in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2000;101(17):2066-2070 (Pubitemid 30233170)
83. Humbert M, Segal ES, Kiely DG, Carlsen J, Schwierin B, Hoeper MM. Results of European post-marketing surveillance of bosentan in pulmonary hypertension. European Respiratory Journal 2007;30 (2):338-344 (Pubitemid 47194187)
84. Katwa LC, Guarda E, Weber KT. Endothelin receptors in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:2125-2129 (Pubitemid 24034723)
85. Kim H, Yung GL, Marsh JJ, Konopka RG, Pedersen CA, Chiles PG, et al.Pulmonary vascular remodeling distal to pulmonary artery ligation is accompanied by upregulation of endothelin receptors and nitric oxide synthase. Experimental Lung Research 2000;26(4):287-301. (Pubitemid 30418778)
86. Liu C, Liu K, Ji Z, Liu G. Treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Respiratory Medicine 2006;100(5):765-774
87. Macchia A, Marchioli R, Marfisi R, Scarano M, Levantesi G, Tavazzi L, et al.Ameta-analysis of trials of pulmonary hypertension: a clinical condition looking for drugs and research methodology. American Heart Journal 2007;153(6):1037-1047 (Pubitemid 46809838)
88. Mansoor AM, Honda M, Saida K, Ishinaga Y, Kuramochi T, Maeda A, et al.Endothelin induced collagen remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1995;215(3):981-986
89. McLaughlin VV, Sitbon O, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Black C, Galiè N, et al.Survival with first-line bosentan in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. European Respiratory Journal 2005;25(2): 244-249 (Pubitemid 40246523)
90. Miyamoto S, Nagaya N, Satoh T, Kyotani S, Sakamaki F, Fujita M, et al.Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161:487-492 (Pubitemid 30129457)
91. Paramothayan NS, Lasserson TJ, Wells AU, Walters EH. Prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002994.pub2]
92. Reeves JT, Groves BM, Turkevich D. The case for treatment of selected patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1986;134:342-346 (Pubitemid 16046921)
93. Rich S, Kaufmann E, Levy PS. The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327(2):76-81.
94. Rubens C, Ewert R, Halank M, Wensel R, Orzechowski HD, Schultheiss HP. Big endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 plasma levels are correlated with the severity of primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2001;120(5):1562-1569 (Pubitemid 33078473)
95. Rubin L. ACCP consensus statement: primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1987;104:236-250
96. Seibold J, Badesch D, Galiè N, Langleben D, Naeije R, Simonneau G, et al.Sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin-a receptor antagonist, improves exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with connective tissue disease (CTD). Chest 2005; Vol.128, issue 4:219S-.
97. Sitbon O, Humbert M, Jagot JL, Taravella O, Fartoukh M, Parent F, et al.Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening agent for safely identifying responders to oral calcium-channel blockers in primary pulmonary hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 1998;12:265-270 (Pubitemid 28389516)
98. Sitbon O, Humbert M, Nunes H, Parent F, Garcia G, Herve P, et al.Long-term intravenous epoprostenol infusion in primary pulmonary hypertension: prognostic factors and survival. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002;40(4):780-788 (Pubitemid 34925627)
99. Torres F. Systematic review of randomised, double-blind clinical trials of oral agents conducted in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2007;61(10): 1756-1765 (Pubitemid 47404403)
100. Wort SJ, Woods M, Warner TD, Evans TW, Mitchell JA. Endogenously released endothelin-1 from human pulmonary artery smooth muscle promotes cellular proliferation: relevance to pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2001;25:104-110 (Pubitemid 32682712)
101. Liu C, Chen J. Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004434.pub2]
102. Liu C, Chen J. Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004434.pub3.]