Striking a different balance: Work-family conflict for female and male managers in a Scandinavian context

Gender in Management

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 252-269

  Knudsen, Knud ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STAVANGER   (Norway)

Author keywords

Family; Gender; Managers; Norway; Role conflict; Scandinavia; Women executives

Indexed keywords

EID: 69949182110     PISSN: 17542413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/17542410910961541     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Adams, G.A., King, L.A. and King, D.W. (1996), Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81, pp. 411-20.
2. Albertsen, K., Kauppinen, K., Grimsmo, A., Sørensen, B.Aa., Rafnsdottir, G.L. and Tomasson, K. (2007), Working Time Arrangements and Social Consequences - What Do We Know?, TemaNord 2007: 607, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
3. Blair-Loy, M. (2001), Cultural constructions of family schemas: the case of women finance Executives, Gender and Society, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 687-709.
4. Blau, F.D. and Lawrence, K. (1996), Wage structure and gender earnings differential: an international comparison, Economica, Vol. 63, pp. 29-62.
5. Boles, J.S., Johnston, M.W. and Hair, J.F. Jr (1997), Role stress, work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion: inter-relationships and effects on some work-related consequences, The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 17-28.
6. Bollen, K.A. (2002), Latent variables in psychology and the social sciences, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 53, pp. 605-34.
7. Boyar, S., Carr, C.C., Mosley, D.C. and Carson, C.M. (2007), The development and validation of scores on perceived work and family demand scales, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 67, pp. 100-15.
8. Byron, K. (2004), Antecedents of work-family conflict: a review and meta-analysis, paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial/Organizational Psychologists, Chicago, IL.
9. Byron, K. (2005), A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 67 No. 2, pp. 169-98.
10. Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M. and Williams, L.J. (2000), Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 56, pp. 249-76.
11. Cinamon, R.C. and Rich, Y. (2002), Gender difference in the importance of work and family roles, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. 47 Nos 11-12, pp. 531-41.
12. Colbjørnsen, T. (2004), Ledere og lederskap (Managers and Leadership). AFFs Lederundersøkelser (AFF's Management Surveys), Fagboklaget, Bergen.
13. Colbjørnsen, T., Drake, I. and Haukedal, W. (2001), Norske ledere i omskiftelige tider (Norwegian Managers in Times of Change), Fagboklaget, Bergen.
14. Davidson, M. and Cooper, G. (1992), Shattering the Glass Ceiling: The Women Manager, Paul Chapman, London.
15. Drew, E. and Murtagh, E.M. (2005), Work/life balance: senior management, champions or laggards?, Women in Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 262-78.
16. Duxbury, L., Higgins, C. and Lee, C. (1994), Work-family conflict: a comparison by gender, family type, and perceived control, Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 15, pp. 449-66.
17. Duxbury, L., Higgins, C. and Lee, C. (2005), Canadian National Study of Balancing work, Family and Lifestyle, Report No. 4, Public Health Agency of Canada.
18. Ellingsæter, A.L. and Leira, A. (Eds) (2006), Politicising Parenthood in Scandinavia. Gender Relations in the Welfare States, The Polity Press, Bristol.
19. Entricht, T.L., Hughes, J.L. and Geldhauser, H.A. (2006), Work and family conflict, hours worked, gender and division of household labor, PSI Journal of Undergraduate Research, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 102-6.
20. Fields, D.L. (2002), Taking the Measure of Work: A Guide to Validated Scales for Organizational Research and Diagnosis, Blackwell, New York, NY.
21. Frone, M.R., Russell, M. and Cooper, M.L. (1997), Relation of work-family conflict to health outcomes: a four-year longitudinal study of employed parents, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 70, pp. 325-35.
22. Grant-Vallone, E.J. and Donaldson, S.I. (2001), Consequences of work-family conflict on employee well-being over time, Work & Stress, Vol. 15, pp. 214-26.
23. Greenhaus, J.H. and Beutell, N.J. (1985), Sources of conflict between work and family roles, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 76-88.
24. Greenhaus, J.H. and Powell, G.N. (2006), When work and family are allies: a theory of work-family enrichment, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 31, pp. 72-92.
25. Grönlund, A. (2007a), Employee control in the era of flexibility: a stress buffer or a stress amplifier?, European Societies, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 4089-428.
26. Grönlund, A. (2007b), More control, less conflict? Job demand-control, gender and work-family conflict, Gender, Work and Organizations, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 476-97.
27. Gutek, B.A., Searly, S. and Klepa, L. (1991), Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, pp. 560-8.
28. Halleröd, B. (2008), Jämställdhetens pris (The Price of Equality), Borea, Umeå.
29. Håland, I. and Daugstad, G. (2005), The gender-divided labour market, The Magazine, available at: http://www.ssb.no/english/magazine/art-2005-02-08-01-en.html
30. Higgins, C.H. and Duxbury, L. (2005), Saying 'No' in a culture of hours, money and non-support, Ivey Business Journal Online, July-August, pp. 1-5.
31. Higgins, C.H., Duxbury, L.E. and Irving, R.H. (1992), Work-family conflict in the dual career family, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 51, pp. 51-75.
32. Jennings, J.E. and McDougald, M.S. (2007), Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: implications for entrepreneurship research and practice, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 747-60.
33. Kasper, H., Meyer, M. and Schmidt, A. (2005), Managers dealing with work-family-conflict: an explorative analysis, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 440-61.
34. Kåfjord, B.L. (2008), It's About Time, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen.
35. Kopelman, R.E., Greenhaus, J.H. and Connolly, T.F. (1983), A model of work, family, and inter-role conflict: a construct validation study, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 32, pp. 198-215.
36. Li, L. and Wang, L.R. (2001), Female managers in Asian hotels: profile and career challenges, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 4, pp. 189-96.
37. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (2000), Work-family conflict and the senior female international manager, British Journal of Management, Vol. 11, pp. 49-58.
38. Lo, S., Stone, R. and Ng, C.W. (2003), Work-family conflict and coping strategies adopted by female married professionals in Hong Kong, Women in Management Review, Vol. 4, pp. 182-90.
39. Lyonette, C. and Crompton, R. (2008), The only way is up?, Gender in Management, Vol. 23 No. 7, pp. 506-21.
40. Mandel, H. and Semyonov, M. (2005), Family policies. Wage structures and gender gaps: sources of earnings inequality in 20 countries, American Sociological Review, Vol. 70, pp. 949-67.
41. Meyersson, E.M. and Petersen, T. (2006), The glass ceiling in the US and Sweden: lessons from the family-friendly corner of the world, 1970-1990, in Blau, F.D., Brinton, M.C. and Grusky, C. (Eds), The Declining Significance of Gender, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY.
42. Montgomery, A.J., Panagopolou, E., de Wildt, M. and Meenks, E. (2006), Work-family interference, emotional labor and burnout, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 35-51.
43. O'Neill, O.A. and O'Reilly, C. III (2004), Women's careers: the impact of sex and gender identity on career attainment, Stanford Research Paper Series, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
44. Parasuraman, J. and Greenhaus, J.H. (2002), Toward reducing some critical gaps in work-family research, Human Resources Management Review, Vol. 12, pp. 299-312.
45. Petersen, T. (2002), Likestilling i arbeidsmarkedet (Gender equality in labor market), Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (Norwegian Journal of Social Research), Vol. 4, pp. 443-78.
46. Pietromonaco, P.R., Manus, J. and Frohardt-Lane, K. (1986), Psychological consequences of multiple social roles, Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 10, pp. 373-82.
47. Pleck, J.H., Staines, G.L. and Lang, L. (1980), Conflict between work and family life, Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 29-32.
48. Powell, G.N. and Greenhaus, J.H. (2008), Effect of sex on work-to-family conflict and enrichment: the role of self-schema and work-family boundary management, paper presented at British Academy of Management Conference, Harrogate, September.
49. Reskin, B. and Ross, C.E. (1995), Jobs, authority and earning among managers: the continuing significance of sex, in Jacobs, J.A. (Ed.), Gender Inequality at Work, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
50. Rijswijk, K., Bekker, M.H.J., Rutte, C.G. and Croon, M.A. (2004), The relationships among part-time work, work-family interference, and well-being, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 9, pp. 286-95.
51. Schaubroeck, J. and Merritt, D.E. (1997), Divergent effects of job control on coping with work stressors: the key role of self-efficacy, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 738-54.
52. Simon, R.W. (1995), Gender, multiple roles, role meaning, and mental health, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 36, pp. 182-94.
53. Singh, V. (2002), Balancing acts: managing work/life balance, Management Focus, Vol. 17, Winter, pp. 16-18.
54. Skinner, N. and Pocock, B. (2008), Work-life conflict: is work time or work overload more important?, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 46, pp. 303-15.
55. Voydanoff, P. (1988), Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 50, pp. 749-61.
56. Waldfogel, J. (1998), Understanding the 'Family Gap' in pay for women with children, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 137-56.
57. Wajcman, J. (1996), The domestic basis for the managerial career, The Sociological Review, Vol. 44, pp. 609-29.
58. Wright, E.O., Baxter, J. and Birkelund, G.E. (1995), The gender gap in workplace authority: a cross-national study, American Sociological Review, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 407-35.
59. Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M. and Stepina, L.P. (1995), An examination of two aspects of work-family conflict: time and identity, Women in Management Review, Vol. 10, pp. 17-25.
60. Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J.D. and Rosenthal, R.A. (1964), Organizational Stress, Wiley, New York, NY.
61. Leira, A. (2002), Working Parents and the Welfare State. Family Change and Policy Reform in Scandinavia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, NY.
62. Saxbe, D.E., Repetti, R.L. and Nishina, A. (2008), Marital satisfaction, recovery from work, and diurnal cortisol among men and women, Health Psychology, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 15-25.