Mammal and butterfly species richness in Chile: Taxonomic covariation and history

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 135-151

  Samaniego, Horacio ^a,b   Marquet, Pablo A ^c,d,e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE   (Chile)

^c PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^d Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB)   (Chile)

^e INSTITUTO DE ECOLOGÍA Y BIODIVERSIDAD IEB   (Chile)

^f NATIONAL CENTER FOR ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Chile; Latitudinal gradient; Lepidoptera; Mammalia; Species richness

Indexed keywords

LEPIDOPTERA; MAMMALIA; PAPILIONOIDEA;

EID: 69149093478     PISSN: 0716078X     EISSN: 07176317     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-078X2009000100009     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. ARITA HT, JG ROBINSON & KH REDFORD (1990) Rarity in neotropical forest mammals and its ecological correlates. Conservation Biology 4: 181-192.
2. ARITA HT, F FIGUEROA, A FRISH, P RODRÍGUEZ & K SANTOS-DEL-PRADO (1997) Geographical range size and the conservation of Mexican mammals. Conservation Biology 11: 92-100
3. ARMESTO JJ, R ROZZI, C SMITH-RAMÍREZ & MTK ARROYO (1998) Conservation targets in South American temperate forest. Science 282: 1271-1272.
4. ARMESTO JJ, C VILLAGRÁN & MTK ARROYO (1995) Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 488 pp.
5. ARROYO MTK (1994) Ecology and biogeography of Mediterranean ecosystems in Chile, California and Australia. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 455 pp.
6. ARROYO MTK & L CAVIERES (1997) The mediterranean type-climate flora of central Chile - What do we know and how can we assure it protection? Noticiero de Biología (Chile) 5: 8-56
7. ARROYO MTK, FA SQUEO, JJ ARMESTO & C VILLAGRÁN (1988) Effect of aridity on plant diversity in the northern Chilean andes: results of a natural experiment. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (USA) 75: 55-78
8. ARTIGAS JN (1994a) Etomología económica, insectos de interés agrícola, forestal, médica y veterinarios (nativos, introducidos y que pueden ser introducidos). Volumen 1. Ediciones de la Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. 1126 pp.
9. ARTIGAS JN (1994b) Etomología económica, insectos de interés agrícola, forestal, médica y veterinarios (Nativos, introducidos y que pueden ser introducidos). Volumen 2. de la Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. 943 pp.
10. BOKMA F, J BOKMA & M MÖNKKÖNEN (2001) Random processes and geographic species richness patterns: why so few species in the north? Ecography 24: 43-49
11. BORCARD D, P LEGENDRE & P DRAPEAU (1992) Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73: 1045-1055
12. 2 flux. Vegetatio 80: 71-89
13. BROWN JH & MK LOMOLINO (1998) Biogeography. Second edition. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachussets, USA. 691 pp.
14. CABRERA AL & A WILLINK (1973) Biogeografía de América Latina. Organización de Estados Americanos, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. 120 pp.
15. CAVIERES LA, MTK ARROYO, P POSADAS, C MARTICORENA, O MATTHEI, R RODRÍGUEZ, FA SQUEO & G ARANCIO (2002) Identification of priority areas for conservation in an arid zone: application of parsimony analysis of endemicity in the vascular flora of the Antofagasta region, northern Chile. Biodiversity and conservation 11: 1301-1311.
16. CEBALLOS G & D NAVARRO (1991) Diversity and conservation of Mexican mammals. In: Mares MA & DJ Schmidly (eds) Latin American mammalogy: history, biodiversity, and conservation: 167-198. The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
17. CLAPPERTON C (1994) The quaternary glaciation of Chile: a review. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 67: 369-383
18. COFRÉ HL & PA MARQUET (1999) Conservation status, rarity, and geographic priorities for conservation of Chilean mammals: an assessment. Biological Conservation 88: 53-68
19. COFRÉ HL, H SAMANIEGO & PA MARQUET (2007) Rarity and richness patterns of small mammals in mediterranean and temperate Chile. In: Kelt DA, EP Lessa, J Salazar-Bravo & JL Patton (eds) The quintessential naturalist: honoring the life and legacy of Oliver P. Pearson: 275-302. University of California Publications in Zoology, California, USA.
20. COLWELL RK & GC HURTT (1994) Nonbiological gradients in a species richness and a spurious rapoport effect. American Naturalist 144: 570-595
21. COLWELL RK & DC LEES (2000) The mid-domain effect: geometric constraints on the geography of species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 70-76.
22. COLWELL RK, C RAHBEK & NJ GOTELLI (2005) The mid-domain effect: there's a baby in the bathwater. American Naturalist 166: E149-E154.
23. CONCHA-BLOOMFIELD I & L PARRA (2007) Análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de la diversidad de mariposas de la estación biológica Senda Darwin, Chiloé, X Región, Chile. Gayana (Chile) 70: 186-194.
24. CORNELIUS C, SA NAVARRETE & PA MARQUET (2001) Effects of human activity on the structure of coastal marine bird assemblages in central Chile. Conservation Biology 15: 1396-1404
25. CURRIE DJ (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. American Naturalist 137: 27-49
26. CURRIE DJ, GG MITTELBACH, HV CORNELL, R FIELD, JF GUEGAN, BA HAWKINS, DM KAUFMAN, JT KERR, T OBERDORFF, E O'BRIEN & JRG TURNER (2004) Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters 7: 1121-1134.
27. CURRIE DJ & V PAQUIN (1987) Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329: 326-327
28. DOBSON AP, JP RODRÍGUEZ, WM ROBERTS & DS WILCOVE (1997) Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science 275: 550-553
29. EHRLICH PR & PH RAVEN (1964) Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.
30. FJELDSA J, D EHRLICH, E LAMBIN & E PRINS (1997) Are biodiversity 'hotspots' correlated with current ecoclimatic stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 401-422
31. FLATHER CH, KR WILSON, DJ DEAN & WC McCOMB (1997) Identifying gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analysis. Ecological Applications 7: 531-542
32. FUENTES ER & FM JAKSIC (1979) Lizards and rodents: an explanation for their relative species diversity in Chile. Archivos de Biología y Medicina Experimentales (Chile) 12: 179-190
33. GAJARDO R (1994) La vegetación natural de Chile: clasificación y distribución geográfica. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile. 165 pp.
34. GASTON KJ (1996) Species-range-size distribution: patterns, mechanisms and implications. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 197-201
35. GASTON KJ (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405: 220-227
36. GOTELLI N & G GRAVES (1996) Null models in ecology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. 368 pp.
37. HAJEK ER & F DI CASTRI (1975) Bioclimatología de Chile. Ediciones de la Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 129 pp.
38. HARRISON S & JB GRACE (2007) Biogeographic affinity helps explain productivity-richness relationships at regional and local scales. American Naturalist 170: S5-S15.
39. HARVEY P, R COLWELL, J SILVERTOWN & R MAY (1983) Null models in ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 189-211
40. HAWKINS B, JAF DINIZ-FILHO & A WEIS (2005) The mid-domain effect and diversity gradients: is there anything to learn? American Naturalist 166: E140-E143.
41. HAWKINS BA & EE PORTER (2003a) Does herbivore diversity depend on plant diversity? the case of California butterflies. American Naturalist 161: 40-49
42. HAWKINS BA & EE PORTER (2003b) Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 475-481
43. HAWKINS BA & EE PORTER (2003c) Water-energy balance and the geographic pattern of species richness of western Palearctic butterflies. Ecological Entomology 28: 678-686
44. HINOJOSA L & C VILLAGRÁN (1997) Historia de los bosques de Sudamérica I: el Terciario. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 70: 221-224
45. HOLLIN JT & DH SCHILLING (1981) Late Wisconsin-Weichselian mountain glaciers and small ice caps. In: Denton GH & TJ Hughes (eds) The last great ice sheets: 179-206. John Wiley, New York, USA.
46. HORTAL J, P GARCIA-PEREIRA & E GARCÍA-BARROS (2004) Butterfly species richness in mainland portugal: predictive models of geographic distribution patterns. Ecography 27: 68-82
47. HORTAL J, J RODRÍGUEZ, M NIETO-DÍAZ & JM LOBO (2008) Regional and environmental effects on the species richness of mammal assemblages. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1202-1214
48. HURLBERT AH & JP HASKELL (2003) The effect of energy and seasonality on avian species richness and community composition. American Naturalist 161: 83-97
49. JAKSIC F (1996) Ecología de los vertebrados de Chile. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 262 pp.
50. JETZ W & C RAHBEK (2001) Geometric constraints explain much of the species richness pattern in African birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 5661-5666
51. JETZ W & C RAHBEK (2002) Geographic range size and determinants of avian species richness. Science 297: 1548-1551
52. JOHNSON WE, WL FRANKLIN & IJ A (1990) The mammalian fauna of the northern Chilean Patagonia: a biogeographical dilemma. Mammalia 54: 457-469
53. KAREIVA P, JG KINGSOLVER & RB HUEY (1993) Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. 559 pp.
54. KELT DA & MH GALLARDO (1994) A new species of tuco-tuco, genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) from Patagonian Chile. Journal of Mammalogy 75: 338-348
55. KERR JT & L PACKER (1997) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in highenergy regions. Nature 385: 252-254
56. KERR JT, R VINCENT & DJ CURRIE (1998) Lepidopteran richness patterns in North America. Ecoscience 5: 448-453
57. KERR JT & DJ CURRIE (1999) The relative importance of evolutionary and environmental controls on broad-scale patterns of species richness in North America. Ecoscience 6: 329-337
58. KERR JT & L PACKER (1999) The environmental basis of North American species richness patterns among Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 617-628
59. KERR JT (2001) Butterfly species richness patterns in Canada: energy, heterogeneity, and the potential consequences of climate change. Conservation Ecology 5: 10.
60. KERR JT, TRE SOUTHWOOD & J CIHLAR (2001) Remotely sensed habitat diversity predicts butterfly species richness and community similarity in Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 11365-11370
61. KERR JT & M OSTROVSKY (2003) From space to species: ecological applications for remote sensing. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18: 299-305
62. KERR JT, M PERRING & DJ CURRIE (2006) The missing Madagascan mid-domain effect. Ecology Letters 9: 149-159
63. LATHAM RE & RE RICKLEFS (1993) Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forest: energydiversity theory does not account for variation in species richness. Oikos 67: 325-333
64. LATORRE C, JL BETANCOURT, KA RYLANDER, J QUADE & O MATTHEI (2003) A vegetation history from the arid prepuna of northern chile (22-23° S) over the last 13500 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology & Palaeoecology 194: 223-246
65. LATORRE C, PI MORENO, G VARGAS, A MALDONADO, R VILLA-MARTÍNEZ, JJ ARMESTO, C VILLAGRÁN, M PINO, L NÚÑEZ & M GROSJEAN (2007) Late Quaternary environments and paleoclimate. In: Gibbons W & T Moreno (eds) The Geology of Chile: 309-328. London Geological Society Press, London, UK. LEGENDRE P (1993) Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology 74: 1659-1673
66. LEGENDRE P & L LEGENDRE (1998) Numerical ecology. Second edition. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Nethenlands. 853 pp.
67. LOBO JM, JP LUMARET & P JAY-ROBERT (2002) Modelling the species richness distribution of French dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) and delimiting the predictive capacity of different groups of explanatory variables. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11: 265-277 (Pubitemid 34812905)
68. LYONS SK & MR WILLIG (1999) A hemispheric assessment of scale dependence in latitudinal gradients of species richness. Ecology 80: 2483-2491.
69. LYONS SK & MR WILLIG (2002) Species richness, latitude, and scale-sensitivity. Ecology 83: 47-58
70. MANN G (1978) Los pequeños mamíferos de Chile. Gayana Zoología (Chile) 40: 1-342
71. MARQUET PA (1994) Diversity of small mammals in the pacific coastal desert of Peru and Chile and in the adjacent area: biogeography and community structure. Australian Journal of Zoology 42: 527-542.
72. MARQUET P, M FERNÁNDEZ, S NAVARRETE & C VALDOVINOS (2004) Diversity energing: toward a deconstruction of diversity patterns In: Lomolino MV & LR Heaney (eds) Frontiers of biogeography: new directions in the geography of nature: 191-209 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
73. MARQUET PA, F BOZINOVIC, G BRADSHAW, C CORNELIUS, H GUTIÉRREZ, ER HAJEK, JA LAGOS, F LÓPEZ-CORTÉS, L NÚÑEZ, EF ROSELLO, C SANTORO, H SAMANIEGO, VG STANDEN, JC TORRES-MURA & JAKSIC (1998) Los ecosistemas del desierto de Atacama y área andina adyacente en el norte de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 71: 593-617
74. McCAIN CM (2005) Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals. Ecology 86: 366-372
75. McCLAIN CR, EP WHITE & AH HURLBERT (2007) Challenges in the application of geometric constraint models. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 257-264
76. McCOY E & E CONNOR (1980) Latitudinal gradients in the species diversity of North American mammals. Evolution 34: 193-203
77. MEDEL RG, JE JIMÉNEZ, FM JAKSIC, JL YÁÑEZ & JJ ARMESTO (1990) Discovery of a continental population of trhe rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (martin, 1837) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51: 71-77
78. MOONEY HA, ER FUENTES & BI KRONBERG (1993) Earth system responses to global change: contrast between North and South America. Academic Press, New York, USA. 365 pp.
79. MORENO P, C VILLAGRÁN, P MARQUET & L MARSHALL (1994) Quaternary paleobiogeography of northern and central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 67: 487-502
80. MUÑOZ A & J YÁÑEZ (2000) Mamíferos de Chile. CEA Ediciones, Valdivia, Chile. 460 pp.
81. MÜLLER P (1973) The dispersal centres of terrestrial vertebrates in the neotropical realm. A study in the evolution of the Neotropical biota and its native landscapes. Dr W Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands. 244 pp.
82. MYERS N, R MITTERMEIER, G DA FONSECA & J KENT (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858
83. NICHOLS WF, KT KILLINGBECK & PV AUGUST (1998) The influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on biodiversity. II. A landscapes perspective. Conservation Biology 12: 371-379
84. OESTERHELD M, CM DIBELLA & H KERDILES (1998) Relation between NOAA-AVHRR satellite data and stocking rate rangelands. Ecological Applications 8: 207-212
85. OLTREMARI JV & KD THELEN (2003) Evolution of the planning process for protected areas in Latin America. Natural Areas Journal 23: 174-179
86. PARUELO JM, EG JOBBAGY, OE SALA, WK LAUEROTH & IC BURKE (1998) Functional and structural convergence of temperate grassland and shrubland ecosystems. Ecological Applications 8: 194-206.
87. PAUCHARD A & P VILLARROEL (2002) Protected areas in Chile: history, current status, and challenges. Natural Areas Journal 22: 318-330
88. PEÑA LE & AJ UGARTE (1996) Mariposas de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile. 360 pp.
89. PEARSON DL & F CASSOLA (1992) World-wide species richness patterns of tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) - indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies. Conservation Biology 6: 376-391.
90. PRENDERGAST JR, RM QUINN, JH LAWTON, BC EVERSHAM & DW GIBBONS (1993) Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 365: 335-337
91. PRESSEY R, CJ HUMPHRIES, C MARGULES, RI VAN-WRIGHT & PH WILLIAMS (1993) Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 124-128.
92. PRESSEY RL, HP POSSINGHAM & CR MARGULES (1996) Optimality in reserve selection algorithms: when does it matter and how much? Biological Conservation 76: 259-267
93. RABINOVICH JE & EH RAPOPORT (1975) Geographical variation of diversity in Argentine passerine birds. Journal of Biogeography 2: 141-157.
94. RAHBEK C (1997) The relation among area, elevation, and regional species richness in Neotropical birds. American Naturalist 149: 875-902
95. RANGEL TFLVB & JAF DINIZ-FILHO (2005) Neutral community dynamics, the mid-domain effect and spatial patterns in species richness. Ecology Letters 8: 783-790
96. RAPOPORT EH (1975) Areografía: estrategias geográficas de las especies. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, Distrito Federal. 215 pp.
97. REDFORD KH & JK EISENBERG (1992) The mammals of the Neotropics: the southern cone of South America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 460 pp.
98. REIG O (1986) High altitude tropical biogeography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
99. RICKLEFS RE (1987) Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235: 167-171.
100. RICKLEFS R & D SCHLUTER (1993) Species diversity and ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 414 pp.
101. RODRÍGUEZ JP & F ROJAS-SUÁREZ (1996) Guidelines for the design of conservation strategies for the animals of Venezuela. Conservation Biology 10: 1245-1252.
102. ROHDE K (1992) Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search of the primary cause. Oikos 65: 514-527
103. ROMDAL T, R COLWELL & C RAHBEK (2005) The influence of band sum area, domain extent, and range sizes on the latitudinal mid-domain effect. Ecology 86: 235-244
104. ROOT T (1988) Energy constraints on avian distributions and abundances. Ecology 69: 330-339
105. ROSENZWEIG ML (1995) Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA. 437 pp.
106. ROSENZWEIG ML & EA SANDLIN (1997) Species diversity and latitude: listening to area's signal. Oikos 80: 172-176
107. RUGGIERO A, JH LAWTON & TM BLACKBURN (1998) The geographic ranges of mammalian species in South America: spatial patterns in environmental resistance and anisotropy. Journal of Biogeography 25: 1093-1103
108. RUGGIERO A & T KITZBERGER (2004) Environmental correlates of mammal species richness in South America: effects of spatial structure, taxonomy and geographic range. Ecography 27: 401-417
109. SHAPIRO AM (1997) Impacto antopogénicos sobre la fauna de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) de Patagonia austral y tierra del fuego. Anales del Instuto de la Patagonia (Chile) 25: 117-126
110. SHMIDA A & MV WILSON (1985) Biological determinants of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 12: 1-20
111. SIMBERLOFF D (1998) Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passe in the landscape era? Biological Conservation 83: 247-257.
112. SIMONETTI JA, MTK ARROYO, AE SPOTORNO & E LOZADA (1996) Diversidad biológica de Chile. Comisión Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Santiago, Chile. 364 pp.
113. SMITH PM, SN KALLURI, SD PRINCE & R DEFRIES (1997) The NOAA/NASA pathfinder AVHRR 8-km land data set. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 63: 12-32
114. SPOTORNO AE, J SUFÁN-CATALÁN & LI WALKER (1994) Cytogenetic diversity and evolution of Andean species of Eligmodontia (Rodentia, Muridae). Zeitschrift für Saugetierkunde 59: 299-308.
115. STEVENS GC (1992) The elevation gradient in latitudinal range: an extension of Rapoport's latitudinal rule to altitude. American Naturalist 140: 893-911
116. THOMAS GH, CDL ORME, RG DAVIES, VA OLSON, PM BENNETT, KJ GASTON, IPF OWENS & TM BLACKBURN (2008) Regional variation in the historical components of global avian species richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 340-351.
117. TOGNELLI MF & DA KELT (2004) Analysis of determinants of mammalian species richness in South America using spatial autoregressive models. Ecography 27: 427-436
118. TOGNELLI MF, PI RAMÍREZ DE ARELLANO & PA MARQUET (2008) How well do the existing and proposed reserve networks represent vertebrate species in Chile? Diversity and Distributions 14: 148-158.
119. TURNER JRG, CM GATEHUSE & CA COREY (1987) Does solar energy control organic diversity? Butterflies, moths and the British climate. Oikos 48: 195-205
120. VALENCIA J, M LÓPEZ & M SALLABERRY (1987) Sistemas de áreas de conservación en Chile: proposiciones para un esquema ecológico integral. Ambiente y Desarrollo (Chile) 3: 139-154
121. VAN JAARSVELD AS, S FREITAG, SL CHOWN, C MULLER, S KOCH, H HULL, C BELLAMY, M FRUGER, S ENDRODY-YOUNGA, MW MANSELL & CH SCHOLTZ (1998) Biodiversity assessment and conservation strategies. Science 279: 2106-2108
122. VAN RENSBURG BJ, SL CHOWN & KJ GASTON (2002) Species richness, environmental correlates, and spatial scale: a test using South African birds. American Naturalist 159: 566-577
123. VANE-WRIGHT RI (1996) Identifying priorities for conservation of biodiversity: systematic biological criteria within a socio-political framework. In: Gaston KJ (ed) Biodiversity: a biology of numbers and difference: 309-344. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
124. VENABLES WN & BD RIPLEY (2002) Modern applied statistics with S-PLUS. Third edition. Springer, Oxford, United Kingdom. 495 pp.
125. VILLAGRÁN C & LF HINOJOSA (1997) Historia de los bosques de Sudamérica II: fitogeografía. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 70: 241-267
126. VUILLEUMIER F & D SIMBERLOFF (1980) Ecology versus history as determinants of patchy and insular distributions in high Andean birds. Evolutionary Biology 12: 235-379
127. WESSELS KJ, S FREITAG & AS VAN JAARSVELD (1999) The use of land facets as biodiversity surrogates during reserve selection at a local scale. Biological Conservation 89: 21-38
128. WILLIG MG & EA SANDLIN (1991) Gradients of species density and species turnover in new world bats: A comparison of quadrat and band methodologies. In: Mares M & D Schmidly (eds) Latin American mammalogy: history, biodiversity, and conservation: 81-96. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
129. WILSON JW (1974) Analytical zoogeography of North American mammals. Evolution 28: 124-140
130. WILSON DE & DM REEDER (2005) Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. 2000 pp.
131. ZAPATA FA, KJ GASTON & SL CHOWN (2003) Middomain models of species richness gradients: assumptions, methods and evidence. Journal of Animal Ecology 72: 677-690