Conservation targets in South American temperate forests

Science

Volumn 282, Issue 5392, 1998, Pages 1271-1272

  Armesto, J J ^a   Rozzi, R ^b   Smith Ramirez C ^a   Arroyo, M T K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE; ENERGY CONSERVATION; FOREST; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH SURVEY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 0032514879     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (34)

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Informe del Taller Internacional sobre Políticas de los Sistemas de Areas Protegidas en la Conservación y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad en América Latina (Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago, Chile, 1994).
2. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Global Biodiversity: Status of Earth Living Resources (Chapman & Hall, London, 1992); World Wildlife Fund (WWF), World Bank and WWF Join Forces to Conserve Earth's Forests (WWF, Washington, DC, 1997); International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living (IUCN-UNEP-WWF, Gland, Switzerland, 1989).
3. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Global Biodiversity: Status of Earth Living Resources (Chapman & Hall, London, 1992); World Wildlife Fund (WWF), World Bank and WWF Join Forces to Conserve Earth's Forests (WWF, Washington, DC, 1997); International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living (IUCN-UNEP-WWF, Gland, Switzerland, 1989).
4. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Global Biodiversity: Status of Earth Living Resources (Chapman & Hall, London, 1992); World Wildlife Fund (WWF), World Bank and WWF Join Forces to Conserve Earth's Forests (WWF, Washington, DC, 1997); International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living (IUCN-UNEP-WWF, Gland, Switzerland, 1989).
5. R. A. Houghton, BioScience 44, 305 (1994); J. H. Lawton and R. M. May, Eds., Extinction Rates (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1995); S. L. Pimm, C. J. Russel, J. L. Gittleman, T. M. Brooks, Science 269, 347 (1995).
6. R. A. Houghton, BioScience 44, 305 (1994); J. H. Lawton and R. M. May, Eds., Extinction Rates (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1995); S. L. Pimm, C. J. Russel, J. L. Gittleman, T. M. Brooks, Science 269, 347 (1995).
7. R. A. Houghton, BioScience 44, 305 (1994); J. H. Lawton and R. M. May, Eds., Extinction Rates (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1995); S. L. Pimm, C. J. Russel, J. L. Gittleman, T. M. Brooks, Science 269, 347 (1995).
8. V. H. Heywood, Ed., Global Biodiversity Assessment (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995).
9. J. J. Armesto, C. Villagrán, M. T. K. Arroyo, Eds., Ecología de los Bosques Nativos de Chile (Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile, 1996).
10. D. M. Olson and E. Dinerstein [Cons. Biol. 12, 502 (1998)] place Valdivian rain forests (a major temperate forest type in Chile) in the critical and endangered category.
11. G. K. Meffe and C. R. Carroll, Eds., Principles of Conservation Biology (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, ed. 2, 1997); P. L. Fiedler and P. M. Kareiva, Eds., Conservation Biology (Chapman & Hall, New York, ed. 2, 1998).
12. G. K. Meffe and C. R. Carroll, Eds., Principles of Conservation Biology (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, ed. 2, 1997); P. L. Fiedler and P. M. Kareiva, Eds., Conservation Biology (Chapman & Hall, New York, ed. 2, 1998).
13. The first biological reserves established in Latin America are the Reserva Forestal Desierto de los Leones in Mexico (1876), Perito Moreno (1903; later National Park Nahuel Huapi), and Reserva Forestal Malleco in Chile (1907) [C. Ormazábal, Sistemas Nationales de Areas Silvestres Protegidas en América Latina (Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago, Chile, 1988)].
14. Proyecto CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF, Catastro y Evaluación de los Recursos Vegetacionales Nativos de Chile [Chilean Forest Service (CONAF), Santiago, Chile, 1997].
15. R. García, Flora, Fauna Areas Silvestres 6, 14 (1992). For IUCN categories I and II (strict natural reserves and national parks), protected land areas are 3.5% for South America, 7.2% for Central America, and 3.2% for the temperate broad-leaved forest biome globally (4).
16. We computed the number and distribution of species restricted to the phytogeographic region of South American temperate forests (Fig. 1) from the following sources: mammals from lists and references cited in appendix 21.1 of (5); amphibians from R. Formas, in Diversidad Biológica de Chile, J. A. Simonetti et al., Eds. (Conicyt, Santiago, Chile, 1995), pp. 314-325; freshwater fishes from D. Soto, personal communication; tree species and woody genera from M. T. K. Arroyo, ef al., in High Latitude Rain Forest and Associated Ecosystems of the Coast of the Americas: Climate, Hydrology, Ecology and Conservation, R. G. Lawford, P. Alaback, E. R. Fuentes, Eds. (Springer, Berlin, 1996), pp. 134-172; from R. Rodríguez, O. Matthei, M. Quezada, Flora Arbórea de Chile (Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile, 1983), and from the Flora of Chile Database (Universidad de Concepción, 1998). Plots of the data are available from the authors on request and at www.sciencemag.org
17. We computed the number and distribution of species restricted to the phytogeographic region of South American temperate forests (Fig. 1) from the following sources: mammals from lists and references cited in appendix 21.1 of (5); amphibians from R. Formas, in Diversidad Biológica de Chile, J. A. Simonetti et al., Eds. (Conicyt, Santiago, Chile, 1995), pp. 314-325; freshwater fishes from D. Soto, personal communication; tree species and woody genera from M. T. K. Arroyo, ef al., in High Latitude Rain Forest and Associated Ecosystems of the Coast of the Americas: Climate, Hydrology, Ecology and Conservation, R. G. Lawford, P. Alaback, E. R. Fuentes, Eds. (Springer, Berlin, 1996), pp. 134-172; from R. Rodríguez, O. Matthei, M. Quezada, Flora Arbórea de Chile (Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile, 1983), and from the Flora of Chile Database (Universidad de Concepción, 1998). Plots of the data are available from the authors on request and at www.sciencemag.org
18. We computed the number and distribution of species restricted to the phytogeographic region of South American temperate forests (Fig. 1) from the following sources: mammals from lists and references cited in appendix 21.1 of (5); amphibians from R. Formas, in Diversidad Biológica de Chile, J. A. Simonetti et al., Eds. (Conicyt, Santiago, Chile, 1995), pp. 314-325; freshwater fishes from D. Soto, personal communication; tree species and woody genera from M. T. K. Arroyo, ef al., in High Latitude Rain Forest and Associated Ecosystems of the Coast of the Americas: Climate, Hydrology, Ecology and Conservation, R. G. Lawford, P. Alaback, E. R. Fuentes, Eds. (Springer, Berlin, 1996), pp. 134-172; from R. Rodríguez, O. Matthei, M. Quezada, Flora Arbórea de Chile (Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile, 1983), and from the Flora of Chile Database (Universidad de Concepción, 1998). Plots of the data are available from the authors on request and at www.sciencemag.org
19. For the human population data from the 1992 census, see [Instituto Geográfico Militar, Atlas Geográfico de Chile para la Educación (Instituto Geográfico Militar, Santiago, Chile, 1994)].
20. Spearman rank correlations between the protected land area per AR (9) and the numbers of species per latitude (11) were as follows: rs = -0.93, P < 0.05 for trees; rs = -0.74, 0.05 < P < 0.1 for amphibians; rs = -0.59, NS for fish; and rs = -0.20, NS for mammals. For endemic woody genera, rs = -0.43, NS; for forest types, rs= -0.43, NS (NS: P > 0.1).
21. The IMI was calculated per AR as 1 - [native forest area/(forest area + agricultural land + tree plantations + urban area)]. It ranges from 0 (low isolation and minimum matrix influence) to 1 (high isolation and maximum matrix influence). Areas are from (9).
22. M. Finckh, Dissertationes Botanicae 259, 1 (1996).
23. T. T. Veblen and D. H. Ashton, Vegetatio 36, 149 (1978); T. T. Veblen, in The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, Eds. (Academic Press, NY, 1985), pp. 35-51.
24. T. T. Veblen and D. H. Ashton, Vegetatio 36, 149 (1978); T. T. Veblen, in The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, Eds. (Academic Press, NY, 1985), pp. 35-51.
25. M. E. Soulé and M. A. Sanjayan, Science 279, 2060 (1998).
26. A. Ando, J. Camm, S. Polasky, A. Solow, ibid., p. 2126.
27. Of 12 high-priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Chilean temperate forests defined by a panel of experts in 1993, 11 are entirely or partly on privately owned land. Three of these have become protected since 1993 [M. Muñoz, H. Nunez, J. Yanez, Eds., Libro Rojo para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica en Chile (CONAF, Santiago, Chile, 1996)].
28. S. L. Pimm and J. H. Lawton, Science 279, 2068 (1998); A. S. van Jaarsveld et al., ibid., p. 2106.
29. S. L. Pimm and J. H. Lawton, Science 279, 2068 (1998); A. S. van Jaarsveld et al., ibid., p. 2106.
30. For examples, see J. J. Armesto, R. Rozzi, M. F. Willson, Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 77, 120 (1996); M. T. K. Arroyo et al., Toward an Ecologically Sustainable Forestry Project (Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1996); C. Sepúlveda and D. García, Ambiente y Desarrollo (Chile) 13, 59 (1997).
31. For examples, see J. J. Armesto, R. Rozzi, M. F. Willson, Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 77, 120 (1996); M. T. K. Arroyo et al., Toward an Ecologically Sustainable Forestry Project (Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1996); C. Sepúlveda and D. García, Ambiente y Desarrollo (Chile) 13, 59 (1997).
32. For examples, see J. J. Armesto, R. Rozzi, M. F. Willson, Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 77, 120 (1996); M. T. K. Arroyo et al., Toward an Ecologically Sustainable Forestry Project (Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1996); C. Sepúlveda and D. García, Ambiente y Desarrollo (Chile) 13, 59 (1997).
33. The geographic region of the Chilean temperate forests is divided into six ARs (Fig. 1, inset). From north to south, these ARs and their respective areas (in thousands of hectares) are as follows: region VII (Maule), 3032; region VIII (Bio-Bio), 3708; region IX (Araucania), 3182, region X (Los Lagos), 6684; region XI (Aisén), 10714; and region XII (Magallanes), 13171. We referred the data to ARs because sources generally follow these divisions and because the Chilean NPR system is administered regionally.
34. Support from the Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species (UK); the Research Foundation and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut; Fondecyt grant 1980705; and INCO-DC is appreciated. We thank C. Marticorena for information from the Flora of Chile Database (Universidad de Concepción); CONAF for access to the unpublished survey of Chilean native forests; A. Veloso, D. Soto, F. Massardo, and K. Wells for help and advice; R. Chazdon, C. G. Jones, S. T. A. Pickett, and J. Silander for valuable comments. This is a contribution to the Programs of the Institute of Ecological Research Chiloé and Native Forest Studies of the Universidad de Chile. Work was conducted on a J. S. Guggenheim fellowship (J.J.A.) and an endowed Presidential Science chair (M.T.K.A.).