Global patterns in biodiversity

Nature

Volumn 405, Issue 6783, 2000, Pages 220-227

  Gaston, Kevin J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; SPATIAL VARIATION;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECIES; THEORY;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 0034636581     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35012228     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Gaston, K. J. & Williams, P. H. in Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Difference (ed. Gaston, K. J.) 202-229 (Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1996).
2. Brown, J. H. & Lomolino, M. V. Biogeography 2nd edn (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1998).
3. Stevens, G. C. The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species co-exist in the tropics. Am. Nat. 133, 240-256 (1989).
4. Gaston, K. J. Biodiversity - latitudinal gradients, Prog. Phys. Geogr. 20, 466-476 (1996).
5. Stehli, F. G., Douglas, D. G. & Newell, N. D. Generation and maintenance of gradients in taxonomic diversity. Science 164, 947-949 (1969).
6. Crane, P. R. & Lidgard, S. Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in Cretaceous floristic diversity. Science 246, 675-678 (1989).
7. Clarke, A. & Crame, J. A. in Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes (eds Ormond, R. F. G., Gage, J. D. & Angel, M. V.) 122-147 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997).
8. Platnick, N. I. Patterns of biodiversity: tropical vs temperate. J. Nat. Hist. 25, 1083-1088 (1991).
9. Blackburn, T. M. & Gaston, K. J. Spatial patterns in the species richness of birds in the New World. Ecography 19, 369-376 (1996).
10. Roy, K., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J. W. & Rosenberg, G. Marine latitudinal diversity gradients: tests of causal hypotheses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3699-3702 (1998).
11. Lyons, S. K. & Willig, M. R. A Hemispheric assessment of scale dependence in latitudinal gradients of species richness. Ecology 80, 2483-2491 (1999).
12. Blackburn, T. M. & Gaston, K. J. A sideways look at patterns in species richness, or why there are so few species outside the tropics. Biodiv. Lett. 3, 44-53 (1996).
13. Colwell, R. K. & Hurtt, G. C. Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect. Am. Nat. 144, 570-595 (1994).
14. Terborgh, J. On the notion of favorableness in plant ecology. Am. Nat. 107, 481-501 (1973).
15. Osman, R. W. & Whitlatch, R. B. Patterns of species diversity: fact or artifact? Paleobiology 4, 41-54 (1978).
16. Rosenzweig, M. L. Species diversity gradients: we know more and less than we thought. J. Mamm. 73, 715-730 (1992).
17. Rosenzweig, M. L. Species Diversity in Space and Time (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995).
18. Blackburn, T. M. & Gaston, K. J. The relationship between geographic area and the latitudinal gradient in species richness in New World birds. Evol. Ecol. 11, 195-204 (1997).
19. Rosenzweig, M. L. & Sandlin, E. A. Species diversity and latitudes: listening to area's signal. Oikos 80, 172-176 (1997).
20. MacArthur, R. H. & Connell, J. H. The Biology of Populations (Wiley, New York, 1966).
21. Gaston, K. J. & Blackburn, T. M. A critique for macroecology. Oikos 84, 353-368 (1999).
22. Lawton, J. H. Patterns in ecology. Oikos 75, 145-147 (1996).
23. Rosenzweig, M. L. & Abramsky, Z. in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (eds Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D.) 52-65 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993).
24. Currie, D. J. & Paquin, V. Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329, 326-327 (1987).
25. Turner, J. R. G., Gatehouse, C. M. & Corey C. A. Does solar energy control organic diversity? Butterflies, moths and the British climate. Oikos 48, 195-205 (1987).
26. Turner, J. R. G., Lennon, J. J. & Lawrenson, J. A. British bird species distributions and energy theory, Nature 335, 539-541 (1988).
27. Adams, J. M. & Woodward, F. I. Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial extinction hypothesis. Nature 339, 699-701 (1989).
28. Currie, D. J. Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. Am. Nat. 137, 27-49 (1991).
29. Wright, D. H., Currie, D. J. & Maurer, B. A. in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (eds Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D.) 66-74 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993).
30. Kerr, J. T., Vincent, R. & Currie, D. J. Lepidopteran richness patterns in North America. Ecoscience 5, 448-453 (1998).
31. Kerr, J. T. & Packer, L. The environmental basis of North American species richness patterns among Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Biodiv. Conserv. 8, 617-628 (1999).
32. Rutherford, S., D'Hondt, S. & Prell, W. Environmental controls on the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity. Nature 400, 749-753 (1999).
33. Lennon, J. J., Greenwood, J. J. D. & Turner, J. R. G. Bird diversity and environmental gradients in Britain: a test of the species-energy hypothesis. J. Anim. Ecol. (in the press).
34. Kerr, J. T. & Currie, D. J. The relative importance of evolutionary and environmental controls on broad-scale patterns of species richness in North America. Ecoscience 6, 329-337 (1999).
35. Tilman, D. & Pacala, S. in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (eds Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D.) 13-25 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993).
36. Gaston, K. J. & Blackburn, T. M. Mapping biodiversity using surrogates for species richness: macro-scales and New World birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 262, 335-341 (1995).
37. Chown, S. L. & Gaston, K. J. Patterns in procellariiform diversity as a test of species-energy theory in marine systems. Evol. Ecol. Res. 1, 365-173 (1999).
38. Martin, T. E. Species-area slopes and coefficients: a caution on their interpretation. Am. Nat. 118, 823-837 (1981).
39. Palmer, M. W. & White, P. S. Scale dependence and the species-area relationship. Am. Nat. 144, 717-740 (1994).
40. Latham, R. E. & Ricklefs, R. E. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: energy-diversity theory does not account for variation in species richness. Oikos 67, 325-333 (1993).
41. Francis, A. P. & Currie, D. J. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: another look. Oikos 81, 598-602 (1998).
42. Ricklefs, R. E., Latham, R. E. & Qian, H. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: distinguishing ecological influences and historical contingency. Oikos 86, 369-373 (1999).
43. Cousins, S. H. Species richness and the energy theory. Nature 340, 350-351 (1989).
44. Gaston, K. J. & Blackburn, T. M. Pattern and Process in Macroecology (Blackwell Science, Oxford, in the press).
45. Srivastava, D. S. & Lawton, J. H. Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities. Am. Nat. 152, 510-529 (1998).
46. Gaston, K. J., Blackburn, T. M. & Lawton, J. H. Interspecific abundance-range size relationships: an appraisal of mechanisms. J. Anim. Ecol. 66, 579-601 (1997).
47. Wright, D. H. Species-energy theory: an extension of species area-theory. Oikos 41, 496-506 (1983).
48. Hayden, B. P. Ecosystem feedbacks on climate at the landscape scale. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353, 5-18 (1998).
49. Zheng, X. Y. & Eltahir, E. A. B. The role of vegetation in the dynamics of West African monsoons. J. Clim. 11, 2078-2096 (1998).
50. Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J. & Stattersfield, A. J. Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds (Bird Life International, Cambridge, 1994).
51. Schläpfer, F. & Schmid, B. Ecosystem effects of biodiversity: a classification of hypotheses and exploration of empirical results. Ecol. Appl. 9, 893-912 (1999).
52. Tilman, D. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80, 1455-1474 (1999).
53. Holmes, R. T. & Sturges, F. W. Avian community dynamics and energetics in a northern hardwoods ecosystem. J. Anim. Ecol. 44, 175-200 (1975).
54. Cornell, H. V. & Lawton, J. H. Species interactions, local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological communities: a theoretical perspective. J. Anim. Ecol. 61, 1-12 (1992).
55. Huston, M. A. Local processes and regional patterns: appropriate scales for understanding variation in the diversity of plants and animals. Oikos 86, 393-401 (1999).
56. Lawton, J. H. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84, 177-192 (1999).
57. Srivastava, D. S. Using local-regional richness plots to test for species saturation: pitfalls and potentials. J. Anim. Ecol. 68, 1-16 (1999).
58. Caley, M. J. & Schluter, D. The relationship between local and regional diversity. Ecology 78, 70-80 (1997).
59. Hawkins, B. A. & Compton, S. G. African fig wasp communities: undersaturation and latitudinal gradients in species richness. J. Anim. Ecol. 61, 361-372 (1992).
60. Pearson, D. L. & Juliano, S. A. in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (eds Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D.) 194-202 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993).
61. Griffiths, D. Local and regional species richness in North American lacustrine fish. J. Anim. Ecol. 66, 49-56 (1997).
62. Eeley, H. A. C. & Lawes, M. J. in Primate Communities (eds Feagle, J. G., Janson, C. & Reed, K. E.) 191-219 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1999).
63. Cornell, H. V. Unsaturation and regional influences on species richness in ecological communities: a review of the evidence. Ecoscience 6, 303-315 (1999).
64. Whittaker, R. H. Vegetation of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon and California. Ecol. Monogr. 30, 279-338 (1960).
65. Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D. (eds) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993).
66. Gotelli, N. J. & Graves, G. R. Null Models in Ecology (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 1996).
67. Brown, J. H. Macroecology (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995).
68. Flather, C. H., Wilson, K. R., Dean, D. J. & McComb, W. C. Identifying gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses. Ecol. Appl. 7, 531-542 (1997).
69. Prendergast, J. R., Quinn, R. M., Lawton, J. H., Eversham, B. C. & Gibbons, D. W. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 365, 335-337 (1993).
70. van Jaarsveld, A. S. et al. Biodiversity assessment and conservation strategies. Science 279, 2106-2108 (1998).
71. Gaston, K. J. Biodiversity - congruence. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 20, 105-112 (1996).
72. Stork, N. E. in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting our Biological Resources (eds Reaka-Kudla, M. L., Wilson, D. E. & Wilson, E. O.) 41-68 (Henry, Washington DC, 1997).
73. Andersen, M., Thornhill, A. & Koopowitz, H. in Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities (eds Laurance, W. F. & Bierregaard, R. O. Jr) 281-291 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997).
74. Chown, S. L., Gaston, K. J. & Williams, P. H. Global patterns in species richness of pelagic seabirds: the Procellariiformes. Ecography 21, 342-350 (1998).
75. Rohde, K. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514-527 (1992).
76. Judas, M. The species-area relationship of European Lumbricidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Oecologia 76, 579-587 (1988).
77. Patterson, B. D., Stotz, D. F., Solari, S., Fitzpatrick, J. W. & Pacheco, V. Contrasting patterns of elevational zonation for birds and mammals in the Andes of southeastern Peru. J. Biogeogr. 25, 593-607 (1998).
78. O'Brien, E. M. Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness: towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora. J. Biogeogr. 20, 181-198 (1993).
79. Pianka, E. R. & Schall, J. J. in Ecological Biogeography of Australia Vol. 3 (ed. Keast, A.) 1677-1694 (Junk, The Hague, 1981).