On assessing the political effects of racial prejudice

Annual Review of Political Science

Volumn 12, Issue , 2009, Pages 423-447

  Huddy, Leonie ^a   Feldman, Stanley ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Implicit prejudice; Political attitudes; Racial attitudes; Racism

Indexed keywords

EID: 69049115472     PISSN: 10942939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.062906.070752     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Allport G. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
2. Altonji JG, Blank R. 1999. Race and gender in the labor market. Handb. Labor Econ. 3:3143-259
3. Amodio DM, Devine PG. 2006. Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91(4):652-61
4. Anderson BA, Silver BD, Abramson PR. 1988b. The effects of the race of interviewer on measures of electoral participation by blacks in SRC National Election Studies. Public Opin. Q. 53:53-83
5. Anderson BA, Silver BD, Abramson PR. 1988a. The effects of the race of interviewer on race-related attitudes of black respondents in SRC/CPS National Election Studies. Public Opin. Q. 52:289-324
6. Apostle RA, Glock CY, Piazza T, Suelzle M. 1983. The Anatomy of Racial Attitudes. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
7. Arcuri L, Castelli L, Galdi S, Zogmaister C, Amadori A. 2008. Predicting the vote: implicit attitudes as predictors of the future behavior of decided and undecided voters. Polit. Psychol. 29(3):369-87
8. Arkes HR, Tetlock PE. 2004. Attributions of implicit prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'fail' the implicit association test?"Psychol. Inq. 15(4):257-78
9. Ayres I. 2001. Pervasive Prejudice. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
10. Banaji MR, Brian N, Greenwald AG. 2004. No place for nostalgia in science: a response to Arkes and Tetlock. Psychol. Inq. 15(4):279-310
11. Baron AS, Banaji MR. 2006. The development of implicit attitudes: evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychol. Sci. 17:53-58
12. Berinsky A. 1999. The two faces of public opinion. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 43:1209-30
13. Berinsky A. 2004. Can we talk: self presentation and the survey response. Polit. Psychol. 25:643-59
14. Berinsky AJ, Lavine H. 2006. Self-monitoring and political attitudes: 2006 NES Pilot Study Report. ANES Pilot Study Report, No. nes011881, http://www.electionstudies.org/resources/papers/pilotrpt.htm
15. Bertrand M, Mullainathan S. 2003. Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal?Afield experiment on labor market discrimination. Natl. Bur. Econ. Res. Work. Pap. No. W9873
16. Blanton H, Jaccard J. 2008. Unconscious racism: a concept in pursuit of a measure. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 34:277-97
17. Bobo LD. 2000. Race and beliefs about affirmative action: assessing the effects of interests, group threat, ideology, and racism. See Sears et al. 2000, pp. 137-64
18. Bobo LD, Kluegel JR. 1993. Opposition to race-targeting: self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes? Am. Sociol. Rev. 58(4):443-64
19. Bobo LD, Kluegel JR, Smith RA. 1997. Laissez faire racism: the crystallization of "kinder, gentler" anti-black ideology. In Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, ed. SA Tuch, JK Martin, pp. 15-44. Westport, CT: Praeger
20. Burdein I, Lodge M, Taber C. 2006. Experiments on the automaticity of political beliefs and attitudes. Polit. Psychol. 27(3):359-71
21. Craemer T. 2008. Nonconscious feelings of closeness toward African Americans and support for pro-black policies. Polit. Psychol. 29(3):407-36
22. Crosby F, Bromley S, Saxe L. 1980. Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: a literature review. Psychol. Bull. 87:546-63
23. Cunningham WA, Nezlek JB, Banaji MR. 2004. Implicit and explicit ethnocentrism: revisiting the ideologies of prejudice. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 30:1332-46
24. Cunningham WA, Preacher KJ, Banaji MR. 2001. Implicit attitude measures: consistency, stability and convergent validity. Psychol. Sci. 12:163-70
25. Davis DW. 1997a. The direction of race of interviewer effects among African-Americans: donning the black mask. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41(1):309-22
26. Davis D. 1997b. Nonrandom measurement error and race of interviewer effects among African Americans. Public Opin. Q. 61:183-207
27. De Houwer J, Moors A. 2007. How to define and examine the implicitness of implicit measures. In Implicit Measures of Attitudes, ed. B Wittenbrink, N Schwarz, pp. 179-94. New York: Guilford
28. Devine PG. 1989. Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56:5-18
29. Dovidio JF, Kawakami K, Gaertner SL. 2002. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interactions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82:62-68
30. Fazio RH, Jackson JR, Dunton BC, Williams CJ. 1995. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bone fide pipeline? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69:1013-27
31. Fazio RH, Olsen MA. 2003. Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54:297-327
32. Feagin JR, Eckberg DL. 1980. Discrimination: motivation, action, effects, and context. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 6:1-20
33. Federico CM. 2006. Race, education, and individualism revisited. J. Polit. 68:600-10
34. Feldman S, Huddy L. 2005a. Racial resentment and white opposition to race-conscious programs: principles or prejudice? Am. J. Polit. Sci. 49(1):168-83
35. Feldman S, Huddy L. 2005b. Understanding perceptions of racial discrimination. Presented at the Annu. Meet. Am. Public Opin. Assoc., Miami, FL, May 12-15
36. Finkel SE, Guterbock TM, Borg MJ. 1991. Race-of-interviewer effects in a preelection poll. Public Opin. Q. 55:313-30
37. Gaines BJ, Kuklinski JH, Quirk PJ. 2007. The logic of the survey experiment reexamined. Polit. Anal. 15(1):1-20
38. Gangestad SW, Snyder M. 2000. Self-monitoring: appraisal and reappraisal. Psychol. Bull. 126(4):530-55
39. Gilens M, Sniderman PM, Kuklinski JH. 1998. Affirmative action and the politics of realignment. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 28:159-83
40. Gomez BT, Wilson JM. 2006. Rethinking symbolic racism: evidence of attribution bias. J. Polit. 68(3):611-25
41. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74(6):1464-80
42. Henry PJ, Sears DO. 2002. The symbolic racism 2000 scale. Polit. Psychol. 23(2):253-83
43. Huber GA, Lapinski JS. 2006. The "race card"revisited: assessing racial priming in policy contests. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 50:421-40
44. Huddy L, Feldman S. 2001. The intersection of race and class in white opposition to racial policies. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc., San Francisco, Aug. 30-Sep. 2
45. Huddy L, Feldman S. 2006. Worlds apart: Blacks and Whites react to Hurricane Katrina. Du Bois Rev. 3(1):97-113
46. Hurwitz J, Peffley M. 1997. Public perceptions of race and crime: the role of racial stereotypes. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:375-401
47. Hurwitz J, Peffley M. 2005. Explaining the great racial divide: perceptions of fairness in the U.S. criminal justice system. J. Polit. 67(3):762-83
48. Hutchings VL, Valentino NA. 2004. The centrality of race in American politics. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 7:383-408
49. Jackman M. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
50. Kam CD. 2007. Implicit attitudes, explicit choices: when subliminal priming predicts candidate preference. Polit. Behav. 29:343-67
51. Karpinski A, Hilton JL. 2001. Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81:774-88
52. Kawakami K, Dovidio JF, Moll J, Hermsen S, Russin A. 2000. Just say no to stereotyping: effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78:871-88
53. Kinder DR, Mendelberg T. 2000. Individualism reconsidered. See Sears et al. 2000, pp. 44-74
54. Kinder DR, Sanders LM. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
55. Kinder DR, Sears DO. 1981. Prejudice and politics: symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 40(3):414-31
56. Kluegel JR. 1990. Trends in Whites' explanations of the Black-White gap in socioeconomic status, 1977-1989. Am. Sociol. Rev. 55(Aug.)512:525
57. Krysan M, Couper M. 2003. Race in the live and virtual interview: racial deference, social desirability, and activation effects in attitude surveys. Soc. Psychol. Q. 66(4):364-83
58. Kuklinski JH, Cobb MD, Gilens M. 1997a. Racial attitudes and the "New South. "J. Polit. 59:323-49
59. Kuklinski JH, Sniderman PM, Knight K, Piazza T, Tetlock PE, et al. 1997b. Racial prejudice and attitudes toward affirmative action. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:402-19
60. Lepore L, Brown R. 1997. Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 72:275-87
61. McConahay JB, Hough JC. 1976. Symbolic racism. J. Soc. Iss. 32(2):23-45
62. Mendelberg T. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
63. Mendelberg T. 2008. Racial priming revived. Perspect. Polit. 6(1):109-23
64. Monteith MJ, Devine PG, Zuwerink JR. 1993. Self-directed versus other-directed affect as a consequence of prejudice-related discrepancies. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 64(2):198-210
65. National Research Council. 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington DC: Natl. Acad. Press
66. Nelson TE, Sanbonmatsu K, McClerking HE. 2007. Playing a different race card: examining the limits of elite influence on perceptions of racism. J. Polit. 69(2):416-29
67. Page BI, Shapiro RY. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
68. Pager D. 2007. The use of field experiments for the study of employment discrimination: contributions, critiques, and directions for the future. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 609:104-33
69. Peffley M, Hurwitz J. 1997. Public perceptions of race and crime: the role of racial stereotypes. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:375-401
70. Peffley M, Hurwitz J. 2002. The racial components of "race-neutral"crime policy attitudes. Polit. Psychol. 23:59-75
71. Peffley M, Hurwitz J. 2005. Playing the race card in the post-Willie Horton era. Public Opin. Q. 69(1):99-112
72. Peffley M, Hurwitz J, Sniderman P. 1997. Racial stereotypes and Whites' political views of Blacks in the context of welfare and crime. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:30-60
73. Peffley M, Shields T. 1996. Whites' stereotypes of African Americans and their impact on contemporary political attitudes. In Research in Micropolitics: Rethinking Rationality, ed. MX Delli-Carpini, L Huddy, RY Shapiro, 5:179-209. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
74. Plant EA, Devine PG. 1998. Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 75(3):811-32
75. Quillian L. 2006. New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination. Annu. Rev. Sociol.32:299-328
76. Reyna C, Tucker A, Korfmacher W, Henry PJ. 2005. Searching for common ground between supporters and opponents of affirmative action. Polit. Psychol. 26:667-82
77. Schuman H. 2000. The perils of correlation, the lure of labels, and the beauty of negative results. See Sears et al. 2000, pp. 302-23
78. Schuman H, Steeh C, Bobo L, Krysan M. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
79. Sears DO, Henry PJ. 2003. The origins of symbolic racism. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85(2):259-75
80. Sears DO, Henry PJ. 2005. Over thirty years later: a contemporary look at symbolic racism and its critics. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 37:95-150
81. Sears DO, Sidanius J, Bobo L. 2000. Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
82. Sidanius J, Singh P, Hetts JJ, Federico C. 2000. It's not affirmative action, it's the Blacks. See Sears et al. 2000, pp. 191-235
83. Sniderman PM, Carmines EG. 1997. Reaching Beyond Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
84. Sniderman PM, Carmines EG, Layman GC, Carter M. 1996. Beyond race: social justice as a race neutral idea. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 40(1):33-55
85. Sniderman PM, Crosby GC, Howell WG. 2000. The politics of race. See Sears et al. 2000, pp. 236-79
86. Sniderman PM, Hagen MG. 1985. Race and Inequality: A Study in American Values. Chatham, NJ: Chatham Press
87. Sniderman PM, Piazza T. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
88. Sniderman PM, Piazza T, Tetlock PE, Kendrick A. 1991. The new racism. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 35(2):423-47
89. Sniderman PM, Tetlock PE. 1986. Symbolic racism: problems of motive attribution in political analysis. J. Soc. Iss. 42(2):129-50
90. Snyder M. 1974. Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 30:526-37
91. Snyder M. 1987. Public Appearances/Private Realities: The Psychology of Self-Monitoring. New York: W.H. Freeman
92. Stoker L. 1998. Understanding whites' resistance to affirmative action: the role of principled commitments and racial prejudice. In Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States, ed. J Hurwitz, M Peffley, pp. 135-70. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
93. Streb MJ, Burrell B, Frederick B, Genovese MA. 2008. Social desirability effects and support for a female American president. Public Opin. Q. 72(Spring):76-89
94. Swim JK, Scott ED, Sechrist GB, Campbell B, Stagnor C. 2003. The role of harm and intent in judgments of prejudice and discrimination. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84(5):944-59
95. Terkildsen N. 1993. When white voters evaluate black candidates: the processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 37:1032-53
96. Valentino NA, Hutchings VL, White IK. 2002. Cues that matter: how political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 96(1):75-90
97. Virtanen SV, Huddy L. 1998. Old-fashioned racism and new forms of racial prejudice. J. Polit. 60(2):311-32
98. Yinger J. 1993. Access denied, access constrained: results and implications of the 1989 Housing Discrimination Study. In Clear and Convincing Evidence, ed. M Fix, RJ Struyk, pp. 53-90. Washington, DC: Urban Inst. Press
99. Weber R, Crocker J. 1983. Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 45:961-77
100. White IK. 2007. When race matters and when it doesn't: racial group differences in response to racial cues. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 101(2):339-54
101. Wittenbrink B, Judd CM, Park B. 1997. Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire method. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 72:262-74
102. Wittenbrink B, Schwarz N. 2007. Implicit Measures of Attitudes. New York: Guilford