Neural correlates of individual differences related to appetite

Physiology and Behavior

Volumn 97, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 561-571

  Lowe, Michael R ^a   van Steenburgh, Jason ^a   Ochner, Christopher ^a   Coletta, Maria ^a  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Appetite; Individual differences; Neuroimaging; Obesity

Indexed keywords

APPETITE; BINGE EATING DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EMOTIONALITY; FOOD INTAKE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; MOTIVATION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; REWARD; STIMULUS; WEIGHT GAIN;

APPETITE; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; EATING DISORDERS; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY;

EID: 68649090958     PISSN: 00319384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Rodin J. The current status of the internal-external obesity hypothesis: what went wrong. Am Psychol 36 (1981) 361-372
2. Spitzer L., and Rodin J. Human eating behavior: a critical review of studies in normal weight and overweight individuals. Appetite 2 (1981) 293-329
3. Tataranni P.A., and DelParigi A. Functional neuroimaging: a new generation of human brain studies in obesity research. Obes Rev 4 (2003) 229-238
4. Brownell K.D., and Wadden T.A. The heterogeneity of obesity: fitting treatments to individuals. Behav Ther 22 (1991) 153-177
5. Greeno C.G., and Wing R.R. Stress-induced eating. Psychol Bull 115 (1994) 444-464
6. Lowe M.R., and Butryn M.L. Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite?. Physiol Behav 91 (2007) 432-439
7. Hill A.J. The psychology of food craving. Proc Nutr Soc 66 (2007) 277-285
8. Stunkard A.J., and Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res 29 (1985) 71-83
9. Grilo C.M., Hrabosky J.I., White M.A., Allison K.C., Stunkard A.J., and Masheb R.M. Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder and overweight controls: refinement of a diagnostic construct. J Abnorm Psychol 117 (2008) 414-419
10. Avena N.M., Rada P., and Hoebel B.G. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32 (2008) 20-39
11. Henry B.A., and Clarke I.J. Adipose tissue hormones and the regulation of food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 20 (2008) 842-849
12. Levin B.E. Metabolic imprinting on genetically predisposed neural circuits perpetuates obesity. Nutrition 16 (2000) 909-915
13. Tataranni P.A., and Ravussin E. Energy metabolism. In: Wadden T.A., and Stunkard A.J. (Eds). Handbook of obesity treatment (2002), The Guilford Press, NY 42-72
14. Silva J.R., Pizzagalli D.A., Larson C.L., Jackson D.C., and Davidson R.J. Frontal brain asymmetry in restrained eaters. J Abnorm Psychol 111 (2002) 676-681
15. C.N. Ochner, D. Green, J. Van Steenburgh, J. Kounios, M.R. Lowe, Asymmetric prefrontal cortex activation in relation to markers of overeating in obese humans. Under review.
16. Davis C., Levitan R.D., Kaplan A.S., et al. Reward sensitivity and the D2 dopamine receptor gene: a case-control study of binge eating disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32 (2008) 620-628
17. Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., and Small D.M. Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by taqIA A1 allele. Science 322 (2008) 449-452
18. Mela D.J. Eating for pleasure or just wanting to eat? Reconsidering sensory hedonic responses as a driver of obesity. Appetite 47 (2006) 10-17
19. Wadden T.A., and Sarwer D.B. Behavioral treatment of obesity: new approaches to an old disorder. In: Goldstein D. (Ed). The management of eating disorders (1999), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 173-199
20. Woods S.C. The eating paradox: how we tolerate food. Psychol Rev 98 (1991) 488-505
21. Cornell C.E., Rodin J., and Weingarten H.P. Stimulus-induced eating when satiated. Physiol Behav 45 (1989) 695-704
22. Berthoud H. Neural control of appetite: cross-talk between homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems. Appetite 43 (2004) 315-317
23. O'Doherty J., and Dolan R. The role of human orbitofrontal cortex in reward prediction and behavioral choice: insights from neuroimaging. In: Zald D.H., and Rauch S.L. (Eds). Orbitofrontal cortex (2006), Oxford University Press
24. Nasser J.A., Evans S.M., Geliebter A., Pi-Sunyer F.X., and Foltin R.W. Use of an operant task to estimate food reinforcement in adult humans with and without BED. Obesity 16 (2008) 1816-1820
25. Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 80 (1998) 1-27
26. Small D.M., Jones-Gotman M., and Dagher A. Feeding-induced dopamine release in dorsal striatum correlates with meal pleasantness ratings in healthy human volunteers. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1709-1715
27. de Araujo I.E., Oliveira-Maia A.J., Sotnikova T.D., et al. Food reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling. Neuron 57 (2008) 930-941
28. Martel P., and Fantino M. Mesolimbic dopaminergic system activity as a function of food reward: a microdialysis study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53 (1996) 221-226
29. Hernandez L., and Hoebel B.G. Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis. Life Sci 42 (1988) 1705-1712
30. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Telang F., et al. Exposure to appetitive food stimuli markedly activates the human brain. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 1790-1797
31. Berthoud H. Interactions between the "cognitive" and "metabolic" brain in the control of food intake. Physiol Behav 91 (2007) 486-498
32. Applehans BM. Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: implications for dieting and obesity. Obesity 2009;17:640-7.
33. Steiner J.E. Human facial expressions in response to taste and smell stimulation. Adv Child Dev Behav 13 (1979) 257-295
34. Roitman M.F., Wheeler R.A., and Carelli R.M. Nucleus accumbens neurons are innately tuned for rewarding and aversive taste stimuli, encode their predictors, and are linked to motor output. Neuron 45 (2005) 587-597
35. Pinel J.P.J., Assanand S., and Lehman D.R. Hunger, eating, and ill health. Am Psychol 55 (2000) 1105-1116
36. Ongur D., and Price J.L. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex 10 (2000) 206-219
37. Kelley A.E. Ventral striatal control of appetitive motivation: role in ingestive behavior and reward-related learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 (2004) 765-776
38. Fudge J.L., Breitbart M.A., Danish M., and Pannoni V. Insular and gustatory inputs to the caudal ventral striatum in primates. J Comp Neurol 490 (2005) 101-118
39. Kelley A.E., Schiltz C.A., and Landry C.F. Neural systems recruited by drug- and food-related cues: studies of gene activation in corticolimbic regions. Physiol Behav 86 (2005) 11-14
40. Geliebter A., Ladell T., Logan M., Schweider T., Sharafi M., and Hirsch J. Responsivity to food stimuli in obese and lean binge eaters using functional MRI. Appetite 46 (2006) 31-35
41. Zverev Y.P. Effects of caloric deprivation and satiety on sensitivity of the gustatory system. BMC Neurosci 5 (2004) 5
42. Brunstrom J.M., and Fletcher H.Z. Flavour-flavour learning occurs automatically and only in hungry participants. Physiol Behav 93 (2008) 13-19
43. Benoit S.C., Clegg D.J., Barrera J.G., Seeley R.J., and Woods S.C. Learned meal initiation attenuates the anorexic effects of the melanocortin agonist MTII. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2684-2688
44. Tordoff M.G. Obesity by choice: the powerful influence of nutrient availability on nutrient intake. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282 (2002) R1536-R1539
45. Petrovich G.D., and Gallagher M. Control of food consumption by learned cues: a forebrain-hypothalamic network. Physiol Behav 91 (2007) 397-403
46. Petrovich G.D., Setlow B., Holland P.C., and Gallagher M. Amygdalo-hypothalamic circuit allows learned cues to override satiety and promote eating. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 8748-8753
47. Gainetdinov R.R. Mesolimbic dopamine in obesity and diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293 (2007) R601-R602
48. Geiger B.M., Behr G.G., Frank L.E., et al. Evidence for defective mesolimbic dopamine exocytosis in obesity-prone rats. FASEB J 22 (2008) 2740-2746
49. Volkow N.D., and Wise R.A. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?. Nat Neurosci 8 (2005) 555-560
50. Mietus-Snyder M.L., and Lustig R.H. Childhood obesity: adrift in the "limbic triangle". Annu Rev Med 59 (2008) 147-162
51. Berthoud H., and Morrison C. The brain, appetite, and obesity. Annu Rev Psychol 59 (2008) 55-92
52. Davis C., Strachan S., and Berkson M. Sensitivity to reward: implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite 42 (2004) 131-138
53. Dawe S., and Loxton N.J. The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28 (2004) 343-351
54. Franken I.H.A., and Muris P. Individual differences in reward sensitivity are related to food craving and relative body weight in healthy women. Appetite 45 (2005) 198-201
55. Beaver J.D., Lawrence A.D., van Ditzhuijzen J., Davis M.H., Woods A., and Calder A.J. Individual differences in reward drive predict neural responses to images of food. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 5160-5166
56. Carver C.S., and White T.L. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 67 (1994) 319-333
57. Davidson R.J., and Irwin W. The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends Cogn Sci 3 (1999) 11-21
58. Davidson R.J. Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: toward a synthesis. Psychophysiology 40 (2003) 655-665
59. Harmon-Jones E. Clarifying the emotive functions of asymmetrical frontal cortical activity. Psychophysiology 40 (2003) 838-848
60. Harmon-Jones E. On the relationship of frontal brain activity and anger: examining the role of attitude toward anger. Cogn Emot 18 (2004) 337-361
61. Gray J.A., and McNaughton N. The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. 2nd ed. (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford
62. Wacker J., Heldman M., and Stemmler G. Separating emotion and motivation direction in fear and anger: effects on frontal asymmetry. Emotion 3 (2003) 167-193
63. Davidson R.J. Emotion and affective style: hemispheric substrates. Psychol Sci 3 (1992) 39-43
64. Tomarken A.J., Davidson R.J., Wheeler R.E., and Doss R.C. Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol 62 (1992) 676-687
65. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., and Cuthbert B.N. Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biol Psychiatry 44 (1998) 1248-1263
66. Davidson R.J. Cerebral asymmetry, emotion, and affective style (1995) 361-387
67. Bradley M.M., and Lang P.J. Measuring emotion: behavior, feeling, and physiology. In: Lane R.D., and Nadel L. (Eds). Cognitive neuroscience of emotion. Series in affective science (2000), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 242-276
68. Depue R.A., and Collins P.F. Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behav Brain Sci 22 (1999) 491-569
69. Lazarus R.S. Emotion and adaptation (1991), Oxford University Press, Oxford
70. Stein N.L., and Trabasso T. The organisation of emotional experience: creating links among thinking, language, and intentional action. Cogn Emot 6 (1992) 225-244
71. Sutton S.K., and Davidson R.J. Prefrontal brain electrical asymmetry predicts the evaluation of affective stimuli. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000) 1723-1733
72. Wheeler R.E., Davidson R.J., and Tomarken A.J. Frontal brain asymmetry and emotional reactivity: a biological substrate of affective style. Psychophysiology 30 (1993) 82-89
73. Harmon-Jones E., and Allen J.J. Anger and frontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. J Pers Soc Psychol 74 (1998) 1310-1316
74. Gray J.A. Three fundamental emotion systems. In: Ekman P., and Davidson R.J. (Eds). The nature of emotion: fundamental questions (1994), Oxford University Press, New York 243-247
75. Pickering A.D., and Gray J.A. Neurosci Pers (1999) 277-299
76. BarrosLoscertales A., Meseguer V., Sanjuan A., et al. Striatum gray matter reduction in males with an overactive behavioral activation system. Eur J Neurosci 24 (2006) 2071-2074
77. Sutton S.K., and Davidson R.J. Prefrontal brain asymmetry: a biological substrate of the behavioral approach and inhibition systems. Psychol Sci 8 (1997) 204-210
78. Harmon-Jones E., and Allen J.J. Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 106 (1997) 159-163
79. Alonso-Alonso M., and Pascual-Leone A. The right brain hypothesis for obesity. JAMA 297 (2007) 1819-1822
80. In: De Garine I., and Pollock N.J. (Eds). Social aspects of obesity (1995), Gordon & Breach Publishers, Luxembourg
81. Patel K.A., and Schlundt D.G. Impact of moods and social context on eating behavior. Appetite 36 (2001) 111-118
82. Holland P.C., and Petrovich G.D. A neural systems analysis of the potentiation of feeding by conditioned stimuli. Physiol Behav 86 (2005) 747-761
83. Tataranni P.A., Gautier J.F., Chen K., et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 (1999) 4569-4574
84. Fanselow M.S., DeCola J.P., De Oca B.M., and Landeira-Fernandez J. Ventral and dorsolateral regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) control different stages of defensive behavior: dorsolateral PAG lesions enhance the defensive freezing produced by massed and immediate shock. Aggress Behav 21 (1995) 63-77
85. Miller E.K., and Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24 (2001) 167-202
86. Del Parigi A., Gautier J.F., Chen K., Salbe A.D., Ravussin E., and Reiman E. Mapping the brain responses to hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Ann N Y Acad Sci 967 (2002) 389-397
87. Le D.S., Pannacciulli N., Chen K., et al. Less activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to a meal: a feature of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 84 (2006) 725-731
88. Gautier J.F., Chen K., Salbe A.D., et al. Differential brain responses to satiation in obese and lean men. Diabetes 49 (2000) 838-846
89. Kringelbach M.L. Food for thought: hedonic experience beyond homeostasis in the human brain. Neuroscience 126 (2004) 807-819
90. Kringelbach M.L. The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat Rev Neurosci 6 (2005) 691-702
91. Wang G.J., Yang J., Volkow N.D., et al. Gastric stimulation in obese subjects activates the hippocampus and other regions involved in brain reward circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006) 15641-15645
92. Hinton E.C., Parkinson J.A., Holland A.J., Arana F.S., Roberts A.C., and Owen A.M. Neural contributions to the motivational control of appetite in humans. Eur J Neurosci 20 (2004) 1411-1418
93. Gautier J.F., Chen K., Salbe A.D., Bandy D., and Prately R.E. Effect of satiation on brain activity in obese and lean women. Obes Res 9 (2001) 676-684
94. Kringelbach M.L., O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., and Andrews C. Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cereb Cortex 13 (2003) 1064-1071
95. Gottfried J.A., O'Doherty J., and Dolan R.J. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301 (2003) 1104-1107
96. Uher R., and Treasure J. Brain lesions and eating disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 (2005) 852-857
97. Regard M., and Landis T. "Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. [see comment]. Neurology 48 (1997) 1185-1190
98. Short R.A., Broderick D.F., Patton A., Arvanitakis Z., and Graff-Radford N.R. Different patterns of magnetic resonance imaging atrophy for frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Arch Neurol 62 (2005) 1106-1110
99. Woolley J.D., Gorno-Tempini M.L., Seeley W.W., et al. Binge eating is associated with right orbitofrontal-insular-striatal atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 69 (2007) 1424-1433
100. Wang G.J., Tomasi D., Backus W., et al. Functional MRI of human brain satiety circuitry during gastric distention. Neuroimage 39 (2008) 1824-1831
101. DelParigi A., Chen K., Salbe A.D., et al. Persistence of abnormal neural responses to a meal in postobese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metabol Disord 28 (2004) 370-377
102. Andreason P.J., Altemus M., Zametkin A.J., King A.C., Lucinio J., and Cohen R.M. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in bulimia nervosa. [Erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1993 Jan; 150(1):174]. Am J Psychiatry 149 (1992) 1506-1513
103. Karhunen L.J., Vanninen E.J., Kuikka J.T., Lappalainen R.I., Tiihonen J., and Uusitupa M.I. Regional cerebral blood flow during exposure to food in obese binge eating women. Psychiatry Res 99 (2000) 29-42
104. Ochner C.N. Assymmetric brain activation and its relationship with overeating: insight into the brain's control of hunger and eating (2008), VDM Verlag, Saarbrucken, Germany
105. Hill A.J. Symposium on mechanisms and psychology of food intake "the psychology of food craving". Proc Nutr Soc 66 (2007) 277-285
106. Miller E., Joseph S., and Tudway J. Assessing the component structure of four self-report measures of impulsivity. Pers Individ Differ 37 (2004) 349-358
107. Fischer S., Smith G.T., and Cyders M.A. Another look at impulsivity: a meta-analytic review comparing specific dispositions to rash action in their relationship to bulimic symptoms. Clin Psychol Rev 28 (2008) 1413-1425
108. Nederkoorn C, Guerrieri R, Roefs A, Jansen A. Effects of impulsivity on food purchase and weight gain over time. Appetite 2008;51:752.
109. Guerrieri R., Nederkoorn C., and Jansen A. How impulsiveness and variety influence food intake in a sample of healthy women. Appetite 48 (2007) 119-122
110. Hetherington M.M. Individual differences in the drive to overeat. Nutr Bull 31 (2007) 14-21
111. Nederkoorn C., Smulders F.T.Y., Havermans R.C., Roefs A., and Jansen A. Impulsivity in obese women. Appetite 47 (2006) 253-256
112. Nederkoorn C., Jansen E., Mulkens S., and Jansen A. Impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in obese children. Behav Res Ther 45 (2007) 1071-1075
113. Torregrossa M.M., Quinn J.J., and Taylor J.R. Impulsivity, compulsivity, and habit: the role of orbitofrontal cortex revisited. Biol Psychiatry 63 (2008) 253-255
114. Winstanley C.A., Theobald D.E., Cardinal R.N., and Robbins T.W. Contrasting roles of basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice. J Neurosci 24 (2004) 4718-4722
115. Rubia K., Taylor E., Smith A., et al. Acute tryptophan depletion reduces right inferior prefrontal activation during response inhibition in fast, event related fMRI. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 791-801
116. Rubia K., Taylor E., Smith A.B., Oksannen H., Overmeyer S., and Newman S. Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity. Br J Psychiatry 179 (Aug 2001) 138-143
117. Nederkoorn C., Van Eijs Y., and Jansen A. Restrained eaters act on impulse. Pers Individ Differ 37 (2004) 1651-1658
118. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., et al. "Nonhedonic" food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect. Synapse 44 (2002) 175-180
119. Pelchat M.L., Johnson A., Chan R., Valdez J., and Ragland J.D. Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage 23 (2004) 1486-1493
120. Kozlowski L.T., and Wilkinson D.A. Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers. Br J Addict 82 (1987) 31-36
121. White M.A., Whisenhunt B.L., Williamson D.A., Greenway F.L., and Netemeyer R.G. Development and validation of the food-craving inventory. Obesity Res 10 (2002) 107-114
122. Pelchat M.L. Food cravings in young and elderly adults. Appetite 28 (1997) 103-113
123. White M.A., and Grilo C.M. Psychometric properties of the food craving inventory among obese patients with binge eating disorder. Eating Behav 6 (2005) 239-245
124. O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Francis S., et al. Sensory-specific satiety-related olfactory activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroreport 11 (2000) 399-403
125. Rolls E.T., and McCabe C. Enhanced affective brain representations of chocolate in cravers vs. non-cravers. Eur J Neurosci 26 (2007) 1067-1076
126. CepedaBenito A., Fernandez M.C., and Moreno S. Relationship of gender and eating disorder symptoms to reported cravings for food: construct validation of state and trait craving questionnaires in Spanish. Appetite 40 (2003) 47-54
127. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.
128. Drewnowski A., Yee D.K., Kurth C.L., and Krahn D.D. Eating pathology and DSM-III-R bulimia nervosa: a continuum of behavior. Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994) 1217-1219
129. de Zwaan M., Mitchell J.E., Seim H.C., and Specker S.M. Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 15 (1994) 43-52
130. Telch C.F., and Stice E. Psychiatric comorbidity in women with binge eating disorder: prevalence rates from a non-treatment-seeking sample. J Consult Clin Psychol 66 (1998) 768-776
131. Schienle A, Schafer A, Hermann A, Vaitl D. Binge-eating disorder: reward sensitivity and brain activation to images of food. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:654-61.
132. L.J. Karhunen, R. Lappalainen, E.J. Vanninen, J.T. Kuikka, M. Uusitupa, Regional cerebral blood flow during food exposure in obese women. Brain;120:1675-1684.
133. Wu J.C., Hagman J., Buchsbaum M.S., et al. Greater left cerebral hemispheric metabolism in bulimia assessed by positron emission tomography. Am J Psychiatry 147 (1990) 309-312
134. Wang G., Volkow N.D., Felder C., et al. Enhanced resting activity of the oral somatosensory cortex in obese subjects. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 1151-1155
135. Delparigi A., Chen K., Salbe A.D., Reiman E., and Tataranni P.A. Sensory experience of food and obesity: a positron emission tomography study of the brain regions affected by tasting a liquid meal after a prolonged fast. Neuroimage 24 (2005) 436
136. Rothemund Y., Preuschhof C., Bohner G., et al. Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. Neuroimage 37 (2007) 410-421
137. Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., and Small D.M. Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele. Science 322 (2008) 449-452
138. Lowe MR. Commentary on "Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: implications for dieting and obesity". Obesity 2009;17:622-4.
139. Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Restrained eating. In: Stunkard A.J. (Ed). Obesity (1980), Saunders, Philadelphia 208-225
140. Herman C.P., and Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers 43 (1975) 647-660
141. Lowe MR, Kral TVE. Stress-induced eating in restrained eaters may not be caused by stress or restraint. Appetite 2006;46:16-21.
142. Klesges R.C., Isbell T.R., and Klesges L.M. Relationship between dietary restraint, energy intake, physical activity, and body weight: a prospective analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 101 (1992) 668-674
143. Stice E., Cameron R.P., Killen J.D., Hayward C., and Taylor C.B. Naturalistic weight-reduction efforts prospectively predict growth in relative weight and onset of obesity among adolescent females. J Consult Clin Psychol 67 (1999) 967-974
144. Heatherton T.F., Herman C.P., Polivy J., King G.A., and McGree S.T. The (mis)measurement of restraint: an analysis of conceptual and psychometric issues. J Abnorm Psychol 97 (1988) 19-28
145. Lowe M.R., Whitlow J.W., and Bellwoar V. Eating regulation: the role of restraint, dieting, and weight. Int J Eat Disord 10 (1991) 461-471
146. Jeffery R.W., Adlis S.A., and Forster J.L. Prevalence of dieting among working men and women: the healthy worker project. Health Psychol 10 (1991) 274-281
147. Herman C.P., and Polivy J. A boundary model for the regulation of eating. Psychiatr Ann 13 (1983) 918-927
148. Knight L.J., and Boland F.J. Restrained eating: an experimental disentanglement of the disinhibiting variables of perceived calories and food type. J Abnorm Psychol 98 (1989) 412-420
149. Ruderman A.J. Dysphoric mood and overeating: a test of restraint theory's disinhibition hypothesis. J Abnorm Psychol 94 (1985) 78-85
150. Heatherton T.F., Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Effects of physical threat and ego threat on eating behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol 60 (1991) 138-143
151. Polivy J., and Herman C.P. Effects of alcohol on eating behavior: influence of mood and perceived intoxication. J Abnorm Psychol 85 (1976) 601-606
152. Ward A., and Mann T. Don't mind if I do: disinhibited eating under cognitive load. J Pers Soc Psychol 78 (2000) 753-763
153. Van Strien T., Frijters J.E., Bergers G.P.A., and Defares P.B. Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behaviour. Int J Eat Disord 5 (1986) 295-315
154. Kemmotsu N., and Murphy C. Restrained eaters show altered brain response to food odor. Physiol Behav 87 (2006) 323-329
155. Hachl P., Hempel C., and Pietrowsky R. ERPs to stimulus identification in persons with restrained eating behavior. Int J Psychophysiol 49 (2003) 111-121
156. DelParigi A., Chen K., Salbe A.D., et al. Successful dieters have increased neural activity in cortical areas involved in the control of behavior. Int J Obes 31 (2007) 440-448
157. Davidson R.J. Affective style and affective disorders: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cogn Emot 12 (1998) 307-330
158. Davidson R.J., Pizzagalli D., Nitschke J.B., and Kalin N.H. Parsing the subcomponents of emotion and disorders of emotion: perspectives from affective neuroscience. In: Davidson R.J., Goldsmith H.H., and Scherer K. (Eds). Handbook of affective sciences (2003), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 8
159. Sheppard-Sawyer C.L., McNally R.J., and Fischer J.H. Film-induced sadness as a trigger for disinhibited eating. Int J Eat Disord 28 (2000) 215-220
160. Van Steenburgh J, Lowe MR, Kounios J. Prefrontal assymmetry: Correlates of restraint and eating behaviors. Unpublished manuscript. 2009.
161. Lowe M.R. Dietary concern, weight fluctuations and weight status: further explorations of the restraint scale. Behav Res Ther 22 (1984) 243-248
162. Coletta MC, Platek S, Mohamed F, van Steenburgh J, Green D, Lowe MR. Brain activation in restrained and unrestrained eaters: an fMRI study. J Abnorm Psychol in press.
163. Killgore W.D., Young A.D., Femia L.A., Bogorodzki P., Rogowska J., and Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Cortical and limbic activation during viewing of high- versus low-calorie foods. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1381-1394
164. Schachter S. Some extraordinary facts about obese humans and rats. Am Psychol 26 (1971) 129-144
165. Heatherton T.F., Polivy J., and Herman C.P. Restraint, weight loss, and variability of body weight. J Abnorm Psychol 100 (1991) 78-83
166. LaBar K.S., Gitelman D.R., Parrish T.B., Kim Y.H., Nobre A.C., and Mesulam M.M. Hunger selectively modulates corticolimbic activation to food stimuli in humans. Behav Neurosci 115 (2001) 493-500
167. Killgore W.D.S., and YurgelunTodd D.A. Affect modulates appetite-related brain activity to images of food. Int J Eat Disord 39 (2006) 357-363
168. Rolls E.T. The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. [review] [146 refs]. Brain Cogn 55 (2004) 11-29
169. Watanabe M., Hikosaka K., Sakagami M., and Shirakawa S. Coding and monitoring of motivational context in the primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 2391-2400
170. M.R. Lowe, M.L. Butryn, E.R. Didie, et al., The power of food scale: a new measure of the psychological influence of the food environment.