메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 9-45

Effects of climate change/global warming on coral reefs: Adaptation/exaptation in corals, evolution in zooxanthellae, and biogeographic shifts

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHOZOA; CYANOBACTERIA; SCLERACTINIA; SYMBIODINIUM; SYMBIODINIUM SP.;

EID: 68349117167     PISSN: 15555275     EISSN: 15555267     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15555270902905377     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (275)
  • 1
    • 0037178775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in the Asian Southwest monsoon during the past four centuries
    • Anderson DM, Overpeck JT, Gupta AK. 2002. Increase in the Asian Southwest monsoon during the past four centuries. Science 297:596-599.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 596-599
    • Anderson, D.M.1    Overpeck, J.T.2    Gupta, A.K.3
  • 2
    • 34249071868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bleaching, energetics, and coral mortality risk: Effects of temperature, light, and sediment regime
    • Anthony KRN, Connolly SR, Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2007. Bleaching, energetics, and coral mortality risk: Effects of temperature, light, and sediment regime. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52:716-726.
    • (2007) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.52 , pp. 716-726
    • Anthony, K.R.N.1    Connolly, S.R.2    Hoegh-Guldberg, O.3
  • 4
    • 51649105079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic connectivity in corals on the Flower Garden Banks and surrounding oil/gas platforms, Gulf of Mexico
    • Atchison AD, Sammarco PW, Brazeau DA. 2008. Genetic connectivity in corals on the Flower Garden Banks and surrounding oil/gas platforms, Gulf of Mexico. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 365:1-12.
    • (2008) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.365 , pp. 1-12
    • Atchison, A.D.1    Sammarco, P.W.2    Brazeau, D.A.3
  • 7
    • 0034492205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conspecificity and Indo-Pacific distribution of Symbiodinium genotypes (Dinophyceae) from giant clams
    • Baillie B, Belda-Baillie C, Maruyama T. 2000. Conspecificity and Indo-Pacific distribution of Symbiodinium genotypes (Dinophyceae) from giant clams. J. Phycol. 36:1153-1161.
    • (2000) J. Phycol , vol.36 , pp. 1153-1161
    • Baillie, B.1    Belda-Baillie, C.2    Maruyama, T.3
  • 8
    • 0032558703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allozyme electrophoresis as a tool for distinguishing different zooxanthellae symbiotic with giant clams
    • Baillie BK, Monje V, Silvestre V, Sison M, Belda-Baillie CA. 1998. Allozyme electrophoresis as a tool for distinguishing different zooxanthellae symbiotic with giant clams. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B. 265:1949-1956.
    • (1998) Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B , vol.265 , pp. 1949-1956
    • Baillie, B.K.1    Monje, V.2    Silvestre, V.3    Sison, M.4    Belda-Baillie, C.A.5
  • 10
    • 0035859018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystems: Reef corals bleach to survive change
    • Baker AC. 2001. Ecosystems: Reef corals bleach to survive change. Nature 411:765-766.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.411 , pp. 765-766
    • Baker, A.C.1
  • 11
    • 0344440739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: Diversity, ecology, and biogeography of Symbionium
    • Baker AC. 2003. Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: Diversity, ecology, and biogeography of Symbionium. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34:661-689.
    • (2003) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst , vol.34 , pp. 661-689
    • Baker, A.C.1
  • 12
    • 57649111592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and coral bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends, and future impacts
    • Baker AC, Glynn P, Riegl B. 2008. Climate change and coral bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends, and future impacts. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 80:435-471.
    • (2008) Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci , vol.80 , pp. 435-471
    • Baker, A.C.1    Glynn, P.2    Riegl, B.3
  • 13
    • 34249100346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple symbiotic partnerships are common in scleractinian corals, but not in octocorals: Comment on Goulet (2006)
    • Baker AC, Romanski AM. 2007. Multiple symbiotic partnerships are common in scleractinian corals, but not in octocorals: Comment on Goulet (2006). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 335:237-242.
    • (2007) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.335 , pp. 237-242
    • Baker, A.C.1    Romanski, A.M.2
  • 14
    • 0001902102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in Scleractinian corals of the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific
    • Panama
    • Baker AC, Rowan R, Knowlton N. 1997. Diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in Scleractinian corals of the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific. In: Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Sym., Panama. 2:1301-1306.
    • (1997) Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Sym , vol.2 , pp. 1301-1306
    • Baker, A.C.1    Rowan, R.2    Knowlton, N.3
  • 16
    • 0034725433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) by cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates
    • Banaszak AT, LaJeunesse TC, Trench RK. 2000. The synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) by cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 249:219-233.
    • (2000) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.249 , pp. 219-233
    • Banaszak, A.T.1    LaJeunesse, T.C.2    Trench, R.K.3
  • 17
    • 33747875980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and the phylogenetic identity of symbiotic dinoflagellates in cnidarian hosts from the Mexican Caribbean
    • Banaszak A, Santos M, LaJeunesse T, Lesser M. 2006. The distribution of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and the phylogenetic identity of symbiotic dinoflagellates in cnidarian hosts from the Mexican Caribbean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 337:131-146.
    • (2006) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.337 , pp. 131-146
    • Banaszak, A.1    Santos, M.2    LaJeunesse, T.3    Lesser, M.4
  • 18
    • 68349105141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bandura I, Vucson B. 2006. Oceans in peril: Global warming and the New England marine environment. Conservation Law Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts. 16 p. Available at: http://www.clf.org/uploadedFiles/CLF/General/Publications/ Oceans%20in%20Peril%20Final%20Proof(2).pdf
    • Bandura I, Vucson B. 2006. Oceans in peril: Global warming and the New England marine environment. Conservation Law Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts. 16 p. Available at: http://www.clf.org/uploadedFiles/CLF/General/Publications/ Oceans%20in%20Peril%20Final%20Proof(2).pdf
  • 19
    • 34247572872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three party symbiosis: Acoelomorph worms, corals and unicellular algal symbionts in Eilat (Red Sea)
    • Barneah O, Brickner I, Hodge M, Weiss V, LaJeunesse T, Behahayu Y. 2007. Three party symbiosis: Acoelomorph worms, corals and unicellular algal symbionts in Eilat (Red Sea). Mar. Biol. 151:1215-1223.
    • (2007) Mar. Biol , vol.151 , pp. 1215-1223
    • Barneah, O.1    Brickner, I.2    Hodge, M.3    Weiss, V.4    LaJeunesse, T.5    Behahayu, Y.6
  • 20
    • 0012799397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of temperature and ammonium on larval development and survivorship in a scleractinian coral (Diplora strigosa)
    • Bassim KM, Sammarco PW. 2003. Effects of temperature and ammonium on larval development and survivorship in a scleractinian coral (Diplora strigosa). Mar. Biol. 142:241-252.
    • (2003) Mar. Biol , vol.142 , pp. 241-252
    • Bassim, K.M.1    Sammarco, P.W.2
  • 21
    • 0036933676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of temperature on success of (self and nonself) fertilization and embryogenesis in Diploria strigosa (Cnidaria, Scleractinia)
    • Bassim KM, Sammarco PW, Snell TL. 2002. Effects of temperature on success of (self and nonself) fertilization and embryogenesis in Diploria strigosa (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Mar. Biol. 140: 479-488.
    • (2002) Mar. Biol , vol.140 , pp. 479-488
    • Bassim, K.M.1    Sammarco, P.W.2    Snell, T.L.3
  • 22
    • 55949117054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and projections of abrupt climate-driven ecosystem shifts in the North Atlantic
    • Beaugrand G, Edwards M, Brander K, Luczak C, Ibanez F. 2008. Causes and projections of abrupt climate-driven ecosystem shifts in the North Atlantic. Ecol. Lett. 11:1157-1168.
    • (2008) Ecol. Lett , vol.11 , pp. 1157-1168
    • Beaugrand, G.1    Edwards, M.2    Brander, K.3    Luczak, C.4    Ibanez, F.5
  • 23
    • 0036008599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificity of a model cnidarians dinoflagellate symbiosis
    • Belda-Baillie CA, Baillie BK, Maruyama T. 2002. Specificity of a model cnidarians dinoflagellate symbiosis. Biol. Bull. 202:74-85.
    • (2002) Biol. Bull , vol.202 , pp. 74-85
    • Belda-Baillie, C.A.1    Baillie, B.K.2    Maruyama, T.3
  • 24
    • 33748641529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: A 'nugget of hope' for coral reefs in an era of climate change
    • Berkelmans R, van Oppen MJH. 2006. The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a 'nugget of hope' for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 273:2305-2312.
    • (2006) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.273 , pp. 2305-2312
    • Berkelmans, R.1    van Oppen, M.J.H.2
  • 25
    • 0000018783 scopus 로고
    • DNA divergency and speciation in Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae)
    • Blank RJ, Huss VAR. 1989. DNA divergency and speciation in Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 163:153-163.
    • (1989) Plant Syst. Evol , vol.163 , pp. 153-163
    • Blank, R.J.1    Huss, V.A.R.2
  • 26
    • 0000703562 scopus 로고
    • Base composition of DNA from symbiotic dinoflagellates: A tool for phylogenetic classification
    • Blank RJ, Huss VAR, Kersten W. 1988. Base composition of DNA from symbiotic dinoflagellates: a tool for phylogenetic classification. Arch. Microbiol. 149:515-520.
    • (1988) Arch. Microbiol , vol.149 , pp. 515-520
    • Blank, R.J.1    Huss, V.A.R.2    Kersten, W.3
  • 27
    • 0000399472 scopus 로고
    • Speciation and symbiotic dinoflagellates
    • Blank RJ, Trench RK. 1985a. Speciation and symbiotic dinoflagellates. Science 229:656-658.
    • (1985) Science , vol.229 , pp. 656-658
    • Blank, R.J.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 28
    • 68349121718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th Int. Coral Reef Congr., Tahiti, French Polynesia, Antenne Museum-Ephe, Moorea, Fr. Polynesia. 6:113-117.
    • th Int. Coral Reef Congr., Tahiti, French Polynesia, Antenne Museum-Ephe, Moorea, Fr. Polynesia. 6:113-117.
  • 29
    • 0000312642 scopus 로고
    • Nomenclature of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates
    • Blank RJ, Trench RK. 1986. Nomenclature of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. Taxon 35:286-94.
    • (1986) Taxon , vol.35 , pp. 286-294
    • Blank, R.J.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 31
    • 0000194230 scopus 로고
    • Fluorescent bands in massive corals result from terrestrial fulvic acid inputs to nearshore zone
    • Boto K, Isdale PJ. 1985. Fluorescent bands in massive corals result from terrestrial fulvic acid inputs to nearshore zone. Nature 315:396-397.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.315 , pp. 396-397
    • Boto, K.1    Isdale, P.J.2
  • 32
    • 26444500072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-locus genetic assignment technique to assess local recruitment of Agaricia agaricites on coral reefs
    • Brazeau D, Sammarco PW, Gleason DF. 2005. A multi-locus genetic assignment technique to assess local recruitment of Agaricia agaricites on coral reefs. Mar. Biol. 147:1141-1148.
    • (2005) Mar. Biol , vol.147 , pp. 1141-1148
    • Brazeau, D.1    Sammarco, P.W.2    Gleason, D.F.3
  • 33
    • 0022165930 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the effects of stress on reef corals
    • Brown BE, Howard LS. 1985. Assessing the effects of stress on reef corals. Adv. Mar. Biol. 22:1-55.
    • (1985) Adv. Mar. Biol , vol.22 , pp. 1-55
    • Brown, B.E.1    Howard, L.S.2
  • 34
    • 0001814136 scopus 로고
    • Mitotic indices of zooxanthellae: A comparison of techniques based on nuclear and cell division frequencies
    • Brown BE, Zamani NP. 1992. Mitotic indices of zooxanthellae: a comparison of techniques based on nuclear and cell division frequencies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. 89:99-102.
    • (1992) Mar. Ecol. Prog , vol.89 , pp. 99-102
    • Brown, B.E.1    Zamani, N.P.2
  • 35
    • 0036237727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants
    • Brundrett MC. 2002. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytol. 154:275-304.
    • (2002) New Phytol , vol.154 , pp. 275-304
    • Brundrett, M.C.1
  • 36
    • 0000526510 scopus 로고
    • Coral bleaching as an adaptive mechanism - a testable hypothesis
    • Buddemeier RW, Fautin DG. 1993. Coral bleaching as an adaptive mechanism - a testable hypothesis. BioScience 43:320-326.
    • (1993) BioScience , vol.43 , pp. 320-326
    • Buddemeier, R.W.1    Fautin, D.G.2
  • 39
    • 0032727278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic position of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) isolates from Tridacnids (Bivalvia), Cardiids (Bivalvia), a sponge (Porifera), a soft coral (Anthozoa), and a free-living strain
    • Carlos AA, Baillie BK, Kawachi M, Maruyama T. 1999. Phylogenetic position of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) isolates from Tridacnids (Bivalvia), Cardiids (Bivalvia), a sponge (Porifera), a soft coral (Anthozoa), and a free-living strain. J. Phycol. 35:1054-1062.
    • (1999) J. Phycol , vol.35 , pp. 1054-1062
    • Carlos, A.A.1    Baillie, B.K.2    Kawachi, M.3    Maruyama, T.4
  • 40
    • 0034725436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and population dynamic model of the reef coral Fungia granulosa Klunzinger, 1879 at Eilat, northern Red Sea
    • Chadwick-Furman NE, Goffredo S, Loya Y. 2000. Growth and population dynamic model of the reef coral Fungia granulosa Klunzinger, 1879 at Eilat, northern Red Sea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 249:199-218.
    • (2000) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.249 , pp. 199-218
    • Chadwick-Furman, N.E.1    Goffredo, S.2    Loya, Y.3
  • 41
    • 0346270754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable association of a stress-tolerant zooxanthellae, Symbiodinium clade D, with the low-temperate tolerant coral Oulastrea crispata, (Scleractinia; Faviidae) in subtropical nonreefal coral communities
    • Chen CA, Lam KK, Nakano Y, Tsai WS. 2003. Stable association of a stress-tolerant zooxanthellae, Symbiodinium clade D, with the low-temperate tolerant coral Oulastrea crispata, (Scleractinia; Faviidae) in subtropical nonreefal coral communities. Zool. Stud. 42:540-550.
    • (2003) Zool. Stud , vol.42 , pp. 540-550
    • Chen, C.A.1    Lam, K.K.2    Nakano, Y.3    Tsai, W.S.4
  • 42
    • 68349100297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Impacts Group CIG, WA, University of Washington. Available at
    • Climate Impacts Group (CIG). 2004. Seattle (WA): University of Washington. Available at: http://www.cses.washington.edu/cig/
    • (2004) Seattle
  • 43
    • 0000149975 scopus 로고
    • The effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration rates of hermatypic corals
    • Coles SL, Jokiel PL. 1977. The effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration rates of hermatypic corals. Mar. Biol. 43:217-223.
    • (1977) Mar. Biol , vol.43 , pp. 217-223
    • Coles, S.L.1    Jokiel, P.L.2
  • 44
    • 0002922992 scopus 로고
    • Selectivity in phagocytosis and persistence of symbiotic algae by the scyphistoma stage of the jellyfish Cassiopeia xamachana
    • Colley NJ, Trench RK. 1983. Selectivity in phagocytosis and persistence of symbiotic algae by the scyphistoma stage of the jellyfish Cassiopeia xamachana. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 219:61-82.
    • (1983) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.219 , pp. 61-82
    • Colley, N.J.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 45
    • 68349121721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australia's Great Barrier Reef at risk of mass bleaching in coming months, scientists say
    • Available at
    • Corder M. 2006. Australia's Great Barrier Reef at risk of mass bleaching in coming months, scientists say. Associated Press Writer AP Worldstream, 01-31-2006. Available at: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-118177864.html
    • (2006) Associated Press Writer AP Worldstream, 01-31-2006
    • Corder, M.1
  • 47
    • 33244456577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dale M. 2005. Impact of climate change on UK flooding and future predictions. P. I. Civil. Eng.- Water Manag. 158:135-140.
    • Dale M. 2005. Impact of climate change on UK flooding and future predictions. P. I. Civil. Eng.- Water Manag. 158:135-140.
  • 48
    • 0027330955 scopus 로고
    • Growth trajectories of corallites and ages of polyps in massive colonies of reef-building corals of the genus Porites
    • Darke WM, Barnes DJ. 1993. Growth trajectories of corallites and ages of polyps in massive colonies of reef-building corals of the genus Porites. Mar. Biol. 117:321-326.
    • (1993) Mar. Biol , vol.117 , pp. 321-326
    • Darke, W.M.1    Barnes, D.J.2
  • 49
    • 68349123771 scopus 로고
    • Growth cycle of free-living Gymnodinium microadriaticum from Tridacna maxima
    • Deane EM, Duxbury T, O'Brien RW. 1979. Growth cycle of free-living Gymnodinium microadriaticum from Tridacna maxima. Br. Phycol. J. 14:407-412.
    • (1979) Br. Phycol. J , vol.14 , pp. 407-412
    • Deane, E.M.1    Duxbury, T.2    O'Brien, R.W.3
  • 52
    • 0037389069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral bleaching - how and why?
    • Douglas AE. 2003. Coral bleaching - how and why? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46:385-392.
    • (2003) Mar. Pollut. Bull , vol.46 , pp. 385-392
    • Douglas, A.E.1
  • 53
    • 0346187782 scopus 로고
    • The role of mutation in microbial evolution
    • Carlile JM, Skehel JJ, editors, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p
    • Drake JW. 1974. The role of mutation in microbial evolution. In: Carlile JM, Skehel JJ, editors. Evolution in the Microbial World. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p 41-58.
    • (1974) Evolution in the Microbial World , pp. 41-58
    • Drake, J.W.1
  • 54
    • 44449100119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emanuel K, Sundararajan R, Williams J. (unpublished manuscript). Hurricanes and global warming: results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 89:347-367.
    • Emanuel K, Sundararajan R, Williams J. (unpublished manuscript). Hurricanes and global warming: results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 89:347-367.
  • 55
    • 67649881782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of Europe's changing climate - 2008 indicator-based assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
    • European Environment Agency EEA, Report No. 4/2008. Available at
    • European Environment Agency (EEA). 2008. Impacts of Europe's changing climate - 2008 indicator-based assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, Report No. 4/2008. Available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/ publications/eea-report-2008-4
    • (2008)
  • 56
    • 48449092110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theme section on Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs
    • Fabricius KE. 2008. Theme section on "Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs." Coral Reefs 27:455-457.
    • (2008) Coral Reefs , vol.27 , pp. 455-457
    • Fabricius, K.E.1
  • 57
    • 3242694461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity and diversity of coral endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) from three Palauan reefs with contrasting bleaching, temperature and shading histories
    • Fabricius KE, Mieog JC, Colin PL, Idip D, van Oppen MJH. 2004. Identity and diversity of coral endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) from three Palauan reefs with contrasting bleaching, temperature and shading histories. Mol. Ecol. 13:2445-2458.
    • (2004) Mol. Ecol , vol.13 , pp. 2445-2458
    • Fabricius, K.E.1    Mieog, J.C.2    Colin, P.L.3    Idip, D.4    van Oppen, M.J.H.5
  • 58
    • 0030971705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High temperature induces the synthesis of heat-shock proteins and the elevation of intracellular calcium in the coral Acropora grandis
    • Fang L-S, Huang S-P, Lin K-L.1997. High temperature induces the synthesis of heat-shock proteins and the elevation of intracellular calcium in the coral Acropora grandis. Coral Reefs 16:127-131.
    • (1997) Coral Reefs , vol.16 , pp. 127-131
    • Fang, L.-S.1    Huang, S.-P.2    Lin, K.-L.3
  • 59
    • 68349083626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-line biology book. Maricopa County Govt, Phoenix, Arizona. Available at
    • Farabee MJ. 2000. On-line biology book. Maricopa County Govt., Phoenix, Arizona. Available at: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/ BioBookglossM.html
    • (2000)
    • Farabee, M.J.1
  • 60
    • 12444278286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive bleaching: A general phenomenon
    • Fautin DG, Buddemeier RW. 2004. Adaptive bleaching: a general phenomenon. Hydrobiologia 530:459-467.
    • (2004) Hydrobiologia , vol.530 , pp. 459-467
    • Fautin, D.G.1    Buddemeier, R.W.2
  • 61
    • 68349109761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer coral bleaching event 2004, on Tutuila, Am. Samoa
    • Available at
    • Fenner D. 2004. Summer coral bleaching event 2004, on Tutuila, Am. Samoa. US Army Depot Maintenance work Request (DMWR). Available at: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/pdfs/sam/Fenner2004AS.pdf
    • (2004) US Army Depot Maintenance work Request (DMWR)
    • Fenner, D.1
  • 62
    • 0141816842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does virus-induced lysis contribute significantly to bacterial mortality in the oxygenated sediment layer of shallow oxbow lakes?
    • Fischer UR, Wieltschnig C, Kirschner AKT, Velimirov B. 2003. Does virus-induced lysis contribute significantly to bacterial mortality in the oxygenated sediment layer of shallow oxbow lakes? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5281-5289.
    • (2003) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.69 , pp. 5281-5289
    • Fischer, U.R.1    Wieltschnig, C.2    Kirschner, A.K.T.3    Velimirov, B.4
  • 63
    • 1642298083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taxonomic patterns of bleaching within a South African coral assemblage
    • Floros CD, Samways MJ, Armstrong B. 2004. Taxonomic patterns of bleaching within a South African coral assemblage. Biodiversity Conserv. 13:1175-1194.
    • (2004) Biodiversity Conserv , vol.13 , pp. 1175-1194
    • Floros, C.D.1    Samways, M.J.2    Armstrong, B.3
  • 64
    • 0030115132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic position of yeast-like symbiont of Hamiltonaphis styraci (Homoptera, Aphididae) based on 18S rDNA Sequence
    • Fukatsu T, Ishikawa H. 1996. Phylogenetic position of yeast-like symbiont of Hamiltonaphis styraci (Homoptera, Aphididae) based on 18S rDNA Sequence. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26: 383-388.
    • (1996) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol , vol.26 , pp. 383-388
    • Fukatsu, T.1    Ishikawa, H.2
  • 66
    • 0004013863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pacific Grove CA, Brooks/Cole- Wadsworth
    • Garrison T. 1999. Oceanography. Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole- Wadsworth.
    • (1999) Oceanography
    • Garrison, T.1
  • 67
    • 20444431940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in ice conditions has strong effects on the breeding of marine birds at Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut
    • Gaston AJ, Gilchrist HG, Mallory ML. 2005. Variation in ice conditions has strong effects on the breeding of marine birds at Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut. Ecography. 28:331-344.
    • (2005) Ecography , vol.28 , pp. 331-344
    • Gaston, A.J.1    Gilchrist, H.G.2    Mallory, M.L.3
  • 70
    • 9244249222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus and bacteria dynamics of a coastal sediment: Implication for benthic carbon cycling
    • Glud RN, Middelboe M. 2004. Virus and bacteria dynamics of a coastal sediment: implication for benthic carbon cycling, Limnol. Oceanogr. 49: 2073-2081.
    • (2004) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.49 , pp. 2073-2081
    • Glud, R.N.1    Middelboe, M.2
  • 71
    • 0021060692 scopus 로고
    • Extensive "bleaching" and death of reef corals on the Pacific coast of Panama
    • Glynn PW. 1983. Extensive "bleaching" and death of reef corals on the Pacific coast of Panama. Env. Conserv. 10:149-154.
    • (1983) Env. Conserv , vol.10 , pp. 149-154
    • Glynn, P.W.1
  • 72
    • 0021556328 scopus 로고
    • Widespread coral mortality and the 1982-83 El Nino warming event
    • Glynn PW. 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982-83 El Nino warming event. Env. Conserv. 11:133-146.
    • (1984) Env. Conserv , vol.11 , pp. 133-146
    • Glynn, P.W.1
  • 73
    • 0000088640 scopus 로고
    • The physiology of skeleton formation in corals. II. Calcium deposition in hermatypic corals under various conditions in the reef
    • Goreau TF, Goreau NI. 1959. The physiology of skeleton formation in corals. II. Calcium deposition in hermatypic corals under various conditions in the reef. Biol. Bull. 117:239-250.
    • (1959) Biol. Bull , vol.117 , pp. 239-250
    • Goreau, T.F.1    Goreau, N.I.2
  • 74
    • 0007935097 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of labeled carbon in reef-building corals with and without zooxanthellae
    • Goreau TF, Goreau NI. 1960. Distribution of labeled carbon in reef-building corals with and without zooxanthellae. Science 131:668-669.
    • (1960) Science , vol.131 , pp. 668-669
    • Goreau, T.F.1    Goreau, N.I.2
  • 75
    • 0000054075 scopus 로고
    • Reef corals: Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
    • Goreau TF, Goreau NI, Yonge CM. 1971. Reef corals: Autotrophs or heterotrophs? Biol. Bull. 141:247-260.
    • (1971) Biol. Bull , vol.141 , pp. 247-260
    • Goreau, T.F.1    Goreau, N.I.2    Yonge, C.M.3
  • 76
    • 0028164806 scopus 로고
    • Coral bleaching and ocean "hot spots
    • Goreau TJ, Hayes RL. 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean "hot spots". AMBIO. 23:176-180.
    • (1994) AMBIO , vol.23 , pp. 176-180
    • Goreau, T.J.1    Hayes, R.L.2
  • 77
    • 44349121682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global coral reef bleaching and sea surface temperature trends from satellite-derived hotspot analysis
    • Goreau TJ, Hayes RL. 2005. Global coral reef bleaching and sea surface temperature trends from satellite-derived hotspot analysis. World Resour. Rev. 17:254-293.
    • (2005) World Resour. Rev , vol.17 , pp. 254-293
    • Goreau, T.J.1    Hayes, R.L.2
  • 78
    • 68349087050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goreau, TJ, Hayes, RL. 2007. Effects of rising seawater temperature on coral reefs. In: Safran P, editor, Fisheries and Aquaculture. In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris: Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). http://www.eolss.net
    • Goreau, TJ, Hayes, RL. 2007. Effects of rising seawater temperature on coral reefs. In: Safran P, editor, Fisheries and Aquaculture. In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris: Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). http://www.eolss.net
  • 79
    • 46849101114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional patterns of sea surface temperature rise: Implications for global ocean circulation change and the future of coral reefs and fisheries
    • Goreau TJ, Hayes RL, McAlllister D. 2005. Regional patterns of sea surface temperature rise: implications for global ocean circulation change and the future of coral reefs and fisheries. World Resour. Rev. 17:350-370.
    • (2005) World Resour. Rev , vol.17 , pp. 350-370
    • Goreau, T.J.1    Hayes, R.L.2    McAlllister, D.3
  • 80
    • 0034035819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation of Coral Reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event
    • Goreau T, McClanahan T, Hayes R, Strong A. 2001. Conservation of Coral Reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. Conserv. Biol. 14:5-15.
    • (2001) Conserv. Biol , vol.14 , pp. 5-15
    • Goreau, T.1    McClanahan, T.2    Hayes, R.3    Strong, A.4
  • 81
    • 0020402387 scopus 로고
    • Exaptation: A missing term in the science of form
    • Gould SJ, Vrba ES. 1982. Exaptation: a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiol. 8:4-15.
    • (1982) Paleobiol , vol.8 , pp. 4-15
    • Gould, S.J.1    Vrba, E.S.2
  • 82
    • 33749599545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Most corals may not change their symbionts
    • Goulet TL. 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 321:1-7.
    • (2006) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.321 , pp. 1-7
    • Goulet, T.L.1
  • 83
    • 15444372743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetic identity of dinoglagellates symbionts in Caribbean octocorals
    • Goulet TL, Coffroth M. 2004. The genetic identity of dinoglagellates symbionts in Caribbean octocorals. Coral Reefs 23:465-472.
    • (2004) Coral Reefs , vol.23 , pp. 465-472
    • Goulet, T.L.1    Coffroth, M.2
  • 84
    • 44649105613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbiont specificity and bleaching susceptibility among soft corals in the 1998 Great Barrier Reef mass coral bleaching event
    • Goulet TL, LaJeunesse and Fabricius KE. 2008. Symbiont specificity and bleaching susceptibility among soft corals in the 1998 Great Barrier Reef mass coral bleaching event. Mar. Biol. 154:795-804.
    • (2008) Mar. Biol , vol.154 , pp. 795-804
    • Goulet, T.L.1    LaJeunesse2    Fabricius, K.E.3
  • 85
    • 33646382859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals
    • Grottoli AG, Rodrigues LJ, Palardy JE. 2006. Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals. Nature 440:1186-1189.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.440 , pp. 1186-1189
    • Grottoli, A.G.1    Rodrigues, L.J.2    Palardy, J.E.3
  • 86
    • 34247135858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the reef-building coral Acropora hemprichii as an indicator of reef condition
    • Guzner B, Novoplansky A, Chadwick NE. 2007. Population dynamics of the reef-building coral Acropora hemprichii as an indicator of reef condition. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 333:143-150.
    • (2007) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.333 , pp. 143-150
    • Guzner, B.1    Novoplansky, A.2    Chadwick, N.E.3
  • 87
    • 0001193405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive strategies of modular organisms: Comparative studies of reef-building corals
    • Hall VR, Hughes TP. 1996. Reproductive strategies of modular organisms: comparative studies of reef-building corals. Ecology 77:950-963.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 950-963
    • Hall, V.R.1    Hughes, T.P.2
  • 94
    • 0346816541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viriobenthos production and virioplankton sorptive scavenging by suspended sediment particles in coastal and pelagic waters
    • Hewson I, Fuhrman JA. 2003. Viriobenthos production and virioplankton sorptive scavenging by suspended sediment particles in coastal and pelagic waters. Microbial Ecology 46:337-347.
    • (2003) Microbial Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 337-347
    • Hewson, I.1    Fuhrman, J.A.2
  • 96
    • 0033398116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs
    • Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Mar. Freshw. Res. 50:839-866.
    • (1999) Mar. Freshw. Res , vol.50 , pp. 839-866
    • Hoegh-Guldberg, O.1
  • 97
    • 68349103320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2007. Likely ecological impacts of global warming and climate change on the Great Barrier Reef by 2050 and beyond. Report prepared for an objections hearing in the Queensland Land and Resources Tribunal, Tribunal reference numbers: AML 207/2006 and ENO 208/2006. 57 p. Available at: http://www.envlaw.com.au/newlands6.pdf
    • Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2007. Likely ecological impacts of global warming and climate change on the Great Barrier Reef by 2050 and beyond. Report prepared for an objections hearing in the Queensland Land and Resources Tribunal, Tribunal reference numbers: AML 207/2006 and ENO 208/2006. 57 p. Available at: http://www.envlaw.com.au/newlands6.pdf
  • 101
    • 0000564407 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics and life histories of foliaceous corals
    • Hughes TP, Jackson JBC. 1985. Population dynamics and life histories of foliaceous corals. Ecol. Mono. 55:141-166.
    • (1985) Ecol. Mono , vol.55 , pp. 141-166
    • Hughes, T.P.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2
  • 102
    • 0031690035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaos in the Pacific's coral reef bleaching cycle
    • Huppert A, Stone L. 1998. Chaos in the Pacific's coral reef bleaching cycle. Amer. Nat. 152: 447-459.
    • (1998) Amer. Nat , vol.152 , pp. 447-459
    • Huppert, A.1    Stone, L.2
  • 103
    • 33745888064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Links between annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability
    • Huybers P, Curry W. 2006. Links between annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability. Nature 441:329-332.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.441 , pp. 329-332
    • Huybers, P.1    Curry, W.2
  • 104
    • 4243106038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different algal symbionts explain the vertical distribution of dominant reef corals in the eastern Pacific
    • Iglesias-Prieto R, Beltr V, LaJeunesse T, Reyes-Bonilla H, Thom P. 2004. Different algal symbionts explain the vertical distribution of dominant reef corals in the eastern Pacific. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 271:1751-1763.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.271 , pp. 1751-1763
    • Iglesias-Prieto, R.1    Beltr, V.2    LaJeunesse, T.3    Reyes-Bonilla, H.4    Thom, P.5
  • 105
    • 0038610460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, Houghton JT, editor. Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press, 881pp
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. Climate Change 2001: the scientific basis. Houghton JT, editor. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, 881pp.
    • (2001) Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis
  • 106
    • 68349104431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2002. Climate change and biodiversity. In: Gitay H, Suarez A, Watson R, Dokden D, editors. Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Technical Paper V, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Geneva, Switzerland (ISBN 9291691047).
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2002. Climate change and biodiversity. In: Gitay H, Suarez A, Watson R, Dokden D, editors. Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Technical Paper V, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Geneva, Switzerland (ISBN 9291691047).
  • 108
    • 68349091620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2008. Climate Change and Water. In: Bates BC, Kunczewicz ZW, Wu S, Palutikof JP, editors, Tech. Paper Intergov. Panel Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2008. Climate Change and Water. In: Bates BC, Kunczewicz ZW, Wu S, Palutikof JP, editors, Tech. Paper Intergov. Panel Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.
  • 110
    • 0030815982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation and control of intracellular algae (=zooxanthellae) in hard corals
    • Jones R, Yellowlees D. 1997. Regulation and control of intracellular algae (=zooxanthellae) in hard corals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352:457-468.
    • (1997) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.352 , pp. 457-468
    • Jones, R.1    Yellowlees, D.2
  • 112
    • 68349105134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichen bioindication of biodiversity, air quality, and climate: Baseline results from monitoring in Washington, Oregon, and California. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Portland, Oregon
    • PNW-GTR-737. 124 p. Available at
    • Jovan S. 2008. Lichen bioindication of biodiversity, air quality, and climate: Baseline results from monitoring in Washington, Oregon, and California. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-737. 124 p. Available at: http://www. fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw-gtr737.pdf
    • (2008) General Technical Report
    • Jovan, S.1
  • 113
    • 40149087861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of colony size and age on resource allocation between growth and reproduction in the corals Goniastrea aspera and Favites chinensis
    • Kai S, Sakai K. 2008. Effect of colony size and age on resource allocation between growth and reproduction in the corals Goniastrea aspera and Favites chinensis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 354:133-139.
    • (2008) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.354 , pp. 133-139
    • Kai, S.1    Sakai, K.2
  • 115
    • 68349107038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The POSEIDON (Pacific Ocean Study of the Environment and Interactions between the Deep Ocean and National Seas)
    • Korea. 47 p. Available at
    • Kim W-S. 2007. The POSEIDON (Pacific Ocean Study of the Environment and Interactions between the Deep Ocean and National Seas). Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI), Ansan, Korea. 47 p. Available at: http://www.kordi.re.kr/uploaded-data/project/2007/2007-2-5.pdf.
    • (2007) Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI), Ansan
    • Kim, W.-S.1
  • 116
    • 0001814576 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fertilization on a coral reef environment- primary productivity of the pseudo-atoll reef at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef
    • Cameron AM, Campbell BM, Cribb AB, Endean R, Jell JS, Jones OA, Mather P, Talbot FH editors, Brisbane, Australia
    • nd Int. Coral Reef Symp., The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, Australia, 1:49-66.
    • (1974) nd Int. Coral Reef Symp., The Great Barrier Reef Committee , vol.1 , pp. 49-66
    • Kinsey, D.W.1
  • 117
    • 0035101399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adaptive bleaching hypothesis: Experimental tests of critical assumptions
    • Kinzie RA III, Takayama M, Santos SR, Coffroth MA. 2001. The adaptive bleaching hypothesis: experimental tests of critical assumptions. Biol. Bull. 200:51-58.
    • (2001) Biol. Bull , vol.200 , pp. 51-58
    • Kinzie III, R.A.1    Takayama, M.2    Santos, S.R.3    Coffroth, M.A.4
  • 119
    • 0346948563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of coral reef health indicators for the western Atlantic: Results of the AGRRA program (1997-2000)
    • Kramer PA. 2003. Synthesis of coral reef health indicators for the western Atlantic: results of the AGRRA program (1997-2000). Atoll Res. Bull. 496:1-57.
    • (2003) Atoll Res. Bull , vol.496 , pp. 1-57
    • Kramer, P.A.1
  • 120
    • 38849107767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkages between phenology, pollution, photosynthesis, and reproduction in deciduous forest understory plants. Ecol
    • Kudo G, Ida TY, Tani T. 2008. Linkages between phenology, pollution, photosynthesis, and reproduction in deciduous forest understory plants. Ecol. 89:321-331.
    • (2008) , vol.89 , pp. 321-331
    • Kudo, G.1    Ida, T.Y.2    Tani, T.3
  • 122
    • 0034761933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating the biodiversity, ecology, and phylogeny of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium using the ITS region: In search of a species level marker
    • LaJeunesse TC. 2001. Investigating the biodiversity, ecology, and phylogeny of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium using the ITS region: in search of a species level marker. J. Phycol. 37:866-880.
    • (2001) J. Phycol , vol.37 , pp. 866-880
    • LaJeunesse, T.C.1
  • 123
    • 0036944045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and community structure of symbiotic dinoflagellates from Caribbean coral reefs
    • LaJeunesse TC. 2002. Diversity and community structure of symbiotic dinoflagellates from Caribbean coral reefs. Mar. Biol. 141:387-400.
    • (2002) Mar. Biol , vol.141 , pp. 387-400
    • LaJeunesse, T.C.1
  • 124
    • 14544306214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species radiations of symbiotic dinoflagellates in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific since the Miocene-Pliocene transition
    • LaJeunesse T. 2005. Species radiations of symbiotic dinoflagellates in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific since the Miocene-Pliocene transition. Mol. Bio. Evol. 22:570-581.
    • (2005) Mol. Bio. Evol , vol.22 , pp. 570-581
    • LaJeunesse, T.1
  • 125
    • 0141540390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low symbiont diversity in southern Great Barrier Reef corals, relative to those in the Caribbean
    • LaJeunesse T, Loh W, vanWoesik R, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Schmidt G, Fitt W. 2003. Low symbiont diversity in southern Great Barrier Reef corals, relative to those in the Caribbean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48:2046-2054.
    • (2003) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.48 , pp. 2046-2054
    • LaJeunesse, T.1    Loh, W.2    vanWoesik, R.3    Hoegh-Guldberg, O.4    Schmidt, G.5    Fitt, W.6
  • 126
    • 11244352230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High diversity and host specificity observed among symbiotic dinoflagellates in reef coral communities from Hawaii
    • LaJeunesse T, Thornhill D, Cox E, Stanton F, Fitt W, Schmidt G. 2004. High diversity and host specificity observed among symbiotic dinoflagellates in reef coral communities from Hawaii. Coral Reefs. 23:596-603.
    • (2004) Coral Reefs , vol.23 , pp. 596-603
    • LaJeunesse, T.1    Thornhill, D.2    Cox, E.3    Stanton, F.4    Fitt, W.5    Schmidt, G.6
  • 127
    • 0033752956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogeography of two species of Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt)
    • LaJeunesse TC, Trench RK. 2000. Biogeography of two species of Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt). Biol. Bull. 199:126-134.
    • (2000) Biol. Bull , vol.199 , pp. 126-134
    • LaJeunesse, T.C.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 128
    • 68349088211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • editors. Monaco: Marine Cyanobacteria. Musée Océanographic. p
    • Larkum AWD. 1999. The cyanobacteria of coral reefs. In: Charpy L, Larkum AWD, editors. Monaco: Marine Cyanobacteria. Musée Océanographic. p 149-167.
    • (1999) The cyanobacteria of coral reefs , pp. 149-167
    • Larkum, A.W.D.1
  • 129
    • 33745029256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of climate change on the reproduction of coastal invertebrates
    • Lawrence AJ, Soame JM. 2004. The effects of climate change on the reproduction of coastal invertebrates. Ibis. 146:29-39.
    • (2004) Ibis , vol.146 , pp. 29-39
    • Lawrence, A.J.1    Soame, J.M.2
  • 130
    • 0042940044 scopus 로고
    • The effect of prolonged "bleaching" on skeletal banding and stable isotopic composition in Montastrea annularis. Preliminary observations
    • Leder JJ, Szmant AM, Swart PK. 1991. The effect of prolonged "bleaching" on skeletal banding and stable isotopic composition in Montastrea annularis. Preliminary observations. Coral Reefs 10:19-27.
    • (1991) Coral Reefs , vol.10 , pp. 19-27
    • Leder, J.J.1    Szmant, A.M.2    Swart, P.K.3
  • 132
    • 68349116287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, Mauritzen C, Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M. 2007. Historical overview of Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge (UK) and New York: Cambridge University Press, p 127.
    • Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, Mauritzen C, Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M. 2007. Historical overview of Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge (UK) and New York: Cambridge University Press, p 127.
  • 133
    • 0000511732 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructure and motility of dinophyceans symbiotic with larger, imperforated foraminifera
    • Leutenegger S. 1977. Ultrastructure and motility of dinophyceans symbiotic with larger, imperforated foraminifera. Mar. Biol. 44:157-164.
    • (1977) Mar. Biol , vol.44 , pp. 157-164
    • Leutenegger, S.1
  • 134
    • 1642399827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of reproductive isolation among sympatric broadcast-spawning corals of the Montastraea annularis species complex
    • Levitan DR, Fukami H, Jara J, Kline D, McGovern TM, McGhee KE, Swanson CA, Knowlton N. 2004. Mechanisms of reproductive isolation among sympatric broadcast-spawning corals of the Montastraea annularis species complex. Evolution 58:308-323.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 308-323
    • Levitan, D.R.1    Fukami, H.2    Jara, J.3    Kline, D.4    McGovern, T.M.5    McGhee, K.E.6    Swanson, C.A.7    Knowlton, N.8
  • 135
    • 0036182580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the annual mean screen temperature empirically
    • Linacre E, Geerts B. 2002. Estimating the annual mean screen temperature empirically. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 71:43-61.
    • (2002) Theor. Appl. Climatol , vol.71 , pp. 43-61
    • Linacre, E.1    Geerts, B.2
  • 136
    • 50049117183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for sampling free-living Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae) and their distribution and abundance at Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef)
    • Littman RA, van Oppen JH, Willis BL. 2008. Methods for sampling free-living Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae) and their distribution and abundance at Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 364:48-53.
    • (2008) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.364 , pp. 48-53
    • Littman, R.A.1    van Oppen, J.H.2    Willis, B.L.3
  • 137
    • 0344395567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High deleterious genomic mutation rate in stationary phase of Escherichia coli
    • Loewe L, Textor V, Scherer S. 2003. High deleterious genomic mutation rate in stationary phase of Escherichia coli. Science 302:1558-1560.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 1558-1560
    • Loewe, L.1    Textor, V.2    Scherer, S.3
  • 138
    • 0035814009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variability of the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the wide ranging coral species, Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus, in the Indo-West Pacific
    • Loh WKW, Toha L, Carter D, Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2001. Genetic variability of the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the wide ranging coral species, Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus, in the Indo-West Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 222:97-107.
    • (2001) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.222 , pp. 97-107
    • Loh, W.K.W.1    Toha, L.2    Carter, D.3    Hoegh-Guldberg, O.4
  • 139
    • 0030620946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several centuries of variation in skeletal extension, density and calcification in massive Porites colonies from the Great Barrier Reef: A proxy for seawater temperature and a background of variability against which to identify unnatural change
    • Lough JM, Barnes DJ. 1997. Several centuries of variation in skeletal extension, density and calcification in massive Porites colonies from the Great Barrier Reef: A proxy for seawater temperature and a background of variability against which to identify unnatural change. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 211:29-67.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.211 , pp. 29-67
    • Lough, J.M.1    Barnes, D.J.2
  • 141
    • 0032560125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries
    • Mann ME, Bradley RS, Hughes MK. 1998. Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 392:779-787.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 779-787
    • Mann, M.E.1    Bradley, R.S.2    Hughes, M.K.3
  • 142
    • 0033864092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: Differential susceptibilities among taxa
    • Marshall PA, Baird AH. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs. 19:155-163.
    • (2000) Coral Reefs , vol.19 , pp. 155-163
    • Marshall, P.A.1    Baird, A.H.2
  • 143
    • 3042789316 scopus 로고
    • Is death from high temperatures due to accumulation of acid in the tissues?
    • Wash
    • Mayor AG. 1917. Is death from high temperatures due to accumulation of acid in the tissues? Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Wash. 3:626-627.
    • (1917) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci , vol.3 , pp. 626-627
    • Mayor, A.G.1
  • 144
    • 0343748391 scopus 로고
    • Toxic effects due to high temperature. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pap
    • Mayor AG. 1918. Toxic effects due to high temperature. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pap. Mar. Biol. 12:175-178.
    • (1918) Mar. Biol , vol.12 , pp. 175-178
    • Mayor, A.G.1
  • 145
    • 38649121371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of climate and seawater temperature variation on coral bleaching and mortality
    • McClanahan TR, Ateweberhan M, Muhando CA, Maina J, Mohammed M. 2007. Effects of climate and seawater temperature variation on coral bleaching and mortality. Ecol. Mono. 77:503-525.
    • (2007) Ecol. Mono , vol.77 , pp. 503-525
    • McClanahan, T.R.1    Ateweberhan, M.2    Muhando, C.A.3    Maina, J.4    Mohammed, M.5
  • 147
    • 0032408314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of larval release by Porites astreoides in the northern Florida Keys
    • McGuire MP. 1998. Timing of larval release by Porites astreoides in the northern Florida Keys. Coral Reefs 17:369-375.
    • (1998) Coral Reefs , vol.17 , pp. 369-375
    • McGuire, M.P.1
  • 148
    • 70349687842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McLennan DA. 2008. The concept of co-option: Why evolution often looks miraculous. Evo. Edu. Outreach 1:247-258.
    • McLennan DA. 2008. The concept of co-option: Why evolution often looks miraculous. Evo. Edu. Outreach 1:247-258.
  • 149
    • 0028083793 scopus 로고
    • Small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence analyses and a reconstruction of the inferred phylogeny among symbiotic dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta)
    • McNally KL, Govind NS, Thome PE, Trench RK. 1994. Small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence analyses and a reconstruction of the inferred phylogeny among symbiotic dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta). J Phycol 30:316-329.
    • (1994) J Phycol , vol.30 , pp. 316-329
    • McNally, K.L.1    Govind, N.S.2    Thome, P.E.3    Trench, R.K.4
  • 151
    • 25144518202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteria as bioindicators in wetlands: Bioassessment in the Bonneville Basin of Utah, USA
    • Merkley M, Rader RB, McArthur JV, Eggett D. 2004. Bacteria as bioindicators in wetlands: Bioassessment in the Bonneville Basin of Utah, USA. Wetlands 24:600-607.
    • (2004) Wetlands , vol.24 , pp. 600-607
    • Merkley, M.1    Rader, R.B.2    McArthur, J.V.3    Eggett, D.4
  • 153
    • 0035120980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of bleaching on the soft coral Lobophytum compactum. I. Fecundity, fertilisation and offspring viability
    • Michalek-Wagner K, Willis BL. 2001. Impacts of bleaching on the soft coral Lobophytum compactum. I. Fecundity, fertilisation and offspring viability. Coral Reefs 19:231-239.
    • (2001) Coral Reefs , vol.19 , pp. 231-239
    • Michalek-Wagner, K.1    Willis, B.L.2
  • 154
    • 36148929365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Great Barrier Reef: Implications for symbiont shuffling
    • Mieog JC, van Oppen MJH, Cantin NE, Stam WT, Olsen JL. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Great Barrier Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. Coral Reef. 26:449-457.
    • (2007) Coral Reef , vol.26 , pp. 449-457
    • Mieog, J.C.1    van Oppen, M.J.H.2    Cantin, N.E.3    Stam, W.T.4    Olsen, J.L.5
  • 156
    • 14144250538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly variable Northern hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data
    • Moberg A, Sonechkin DM, Holmgren K, Datsenko NM, Wibjörn K. 2005. Highly variable Northern hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433:613-617.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.433 , pp. 613-617
    • Moberg, A.1    Sonechkin, D.M.2    Holmgren, K.3    Datsenko, N.M.4    Wibjörn, K.5
  • 157
    • 68349113917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moran L. 2007. Mutation rates. Sandwalk blog, Moran L, Dept. Biochemistry, Univ. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Available at: http://sandwalk. blogspot.com/2007/07/mutation-rates.html
    • Moran L. 2007. Mutation rates. "Sandwalk" blog, Moran L, Dept. Biochemistry, Univ. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Available at: http://sandwalk. blogspot.com/2007/07/mutation-rates.html
  • 159
    • 35348891077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predominance of Clade D Symbiodinium in shallow-water, reef-building corals off Kish and Larak Islands (Persian Gulf, Iran)
    • Mostafavi PG, Fatemi SMR, Shahhosseiny MH, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Loh WKW. 2007. Predominance of Clade D Symbiodinium in shallow-water, reef-building corals off Kish and Larak Islands (Persian Gulf, Iran). Mar. Biol. 153:25-34.
    • (2007) Mar. Biol , vol.153 , pp. 25-34
    • Mostafavi, P.G.1    Fatemi, S.M.R.2    Shahhosseiny, M.H.3    Hoegh-Guldberg, O.4    Loh, W.K.W.5
  • 160
    • 1342311333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake
    • Mueller DR, Vincent WF, Jeffries MO. 2003. Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30:2031-2035.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.30 , pp. 2031-2035
    • Mueller, D.R.1    Vincent, W.F.2    Jeffries, M.O.3
  • 161
    • 33846909075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad thermal tolerance of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei (Dinophyta) in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Cnidaria) from northern latitudes
    • Muller-Parker G, Peirce-Cravens J, Bingham BL. 2007. Broad thermal tolerance of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei (Dinophyta) in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Cnidaria) from northern latitudes. J. Phycol. 43:25-31.
    • (2007) J. Phycol , vol.43 , pp. 25-31
    • Muller-Parker, G.1    Peirce-Cravens, J.2    Bingham, B.L.3
  • 162
    • 7244260518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs
    • Munday PL. 2004. Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs. Glob. Change Biol. 10:1642-1647.
    • (2004) Glob. Change Biol , vol.10 , pp. 1642-1647
    • Munday, P.L.1
  • 163
    • 68349103314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Climatic Data Center, National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Available at
    • National Climatic Data Center. 2009. Climate of 2008, December in historical perspective: Temperature rankings and graphics. National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Available at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/ climate/research/2008/dec/glob-dec-pg.gif
    • (2009) Climate of 2008, December in historical perspective: Temperature rankings and graphics
  • 164
    • 68349099073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silver Springs MD, US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Available at
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2009a. Coral health and monitoring program. Silver Springs (MD): US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Available at: http://www.coral.noaa.gov/faq1.shtml
    • (2009) Coral health and monitoring program
  • 165
    • 68349108176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silver Springs MD, US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Available at
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2009b. Satellite imagery revealing hot spots in tropical and sub-tropical oceans. Silver Springs (MD): US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Available at: http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/climo&hot.html
    • (2009) Satellite imagery revealing hot spots in tropical and sub-tropical oceans
  • 166
    • 68349108176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silver Springs MD, US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Available at
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2009c. Satellite imagery revealing hot spots in tropical and sub-tropical oceans. Silver Springs (MD): US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Available at: http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/dhw-retro.html
    • (2009) Satellite imagery revealing hot spots in tropical and sub-tropical oceans
  • 167
    • 68349097580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Prediction Center
    • Camp Springs MD, US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Climate. Available at
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center. 2009. Monthly and annual anomaly products. Camp Springs (MD): US Dept. Commerce, Nat. Oceanic Atmosphere. Admin. Climate. Available at http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/godas-parameter.pl
    • (2009) Monthly and annual anomaly products
  • 168
    • 0003810485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council (NRC, Washington DC, National Academies Press
    • National Research Council (NRC). 2002. Abrupt climate change: inevitable surprises. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
    • (2002) Abrupt climate change: Inevitable surprises
  • 169
    • 68349123768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). 2006. Climate change in the U.S. Northeast: A report of the Northeast climate impacts assessment. Cambridge (MA): UCS Publications, 35 p. Available at: http://www.climatechoices.org/ assets/documents/climatechoices/NECIA-climate-report-final.pdf
    • Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). 2006. Climate change in the U.S. Northeast: A report of the Northeast climate impacts assessment. Cambridge (MA): UCS Publications, 35 p. Available at: http://www.climatechoices.org/ assets/documents/climatechoices/NECIA-climate-report-final.pdf
  • 170
    • 68349104433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). 2007. Annual Report. New York: Nat. Resourc. Def. Counc. Available at: http://www.nrdc.org/about/annual/ report.asp
    • Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). 2007. Annual Report. New York: Nat. Resourc. Def. Counc. Available at: http://www.nrdc.org/about/annual/ report.asp
  • 171
    • 68349105138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obura DO. 1999. Multivariate analysis of bleaching and mortality of corals: Indicators for assessment and management of reefs under stress. Proc. 20th Anniv. Conf. on Adv. Mar. Sci., in Tanzania, June 28-July 1, 1999, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Inst. Mar. Sci. (IMS) W. Indian Ocean Mar. Sci. Assoc. (WIOMSA), Zanzibar, Tanzania. 6p.
    • Obura DO. 1999. Multivariate analysis of bleaching and mortality of corals: Indicators for assessment and management of reefs under stress. Proc. 20th Anniv. Conf. on Adv. Mar. Sci., in Tanzania, June 28-July 1, 1999, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Inst. Mar. Sci. (IMS) W. Indian Ocean Mar. Sci. Assoc. (WIOMSA), Zanzibar, Tanzania. 6p.
  • 172
    • 0035681834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can differential bleaching and mortality among coral species offer useful indicators for assessment and management of reefs under stress?
    • Obura DO. 2001. Can differential bleaching and mortality among coral species offer useful indicators for assessment and management of reefs under stress? Bull. Mar. Sci. 69: 421-442.
    • (2001) Bull. Mar. Sci , vol.69 , pp. 421-442
    • Obura, D.O.1
  • 173
    • 59849083800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reef corals bleach to resist stress
    • Obura DO. 2009. Reef corals bleach to resist stress. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58:206-212.
    • (2009) Mar. Pollut. Bull , vol.58 , pp. 206-212
    • Obura, D.O.1
  • 174
    • 33748994063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change
    • Parmesan C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2006. 37:637-69.
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2006 , vol.37 , pp. 637-669
    • Parmesan, C.1
  • 175
    • 33646510559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-finding behavior and navigation capabilities of symbiotic zooxanthellae
    • Pasternak Z, Blasius B, Abelson A, Achituv Y. 2006. Host-finding behavior and navigation capabilities of symbiotic zooxanthellae. Coral Reefs. 25:201-207.
    • (2006) Coral Reefs , vol.25 , pp. 201-207
    • Pasternak, Z.1    Blasius, B.2    Abelson, A.3    Achituv, Y.4
  • 176
    • 0007851716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and consequences of coral bleaching in Micronesia (Majuro and Guam) in 1992-1994
    • Paulay G, Benayahu Y. 1999. Patterns and consequences of coral bleaching in Micronesia (Majuro and Guam) in 1992-1994. Micronesica. 31:109-124.
    • (1999) Micronesica , vol.31 , pp. 109-124
    • Paulay, G.1    Benayahu, Y.2
  • 177
    • 0035005111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular identification of algal endosymbionts in large miliolid Foraminifera: 2 dinoflagellates
    • Pawlowski J, Holzmann M, Fahrni J, Pochon X, Lee J. 2001. Molecular identification of algal endosymbionts in large miliolid Foraminifera: 2 dinoflagellates. J Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48:368-373.
    • (2001) J Eukaryot. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 368-373
    • Pawlowski, J.1    Holzmann, M.2    Fahrni, J.3    Pochon, X.4    Lee, J.5
  • 178
    • 4244130836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review on coral reef bleaching
    • Available at
    • Pecheux M. 1997. Review on coral reef bleaching (Part 1). Atoll Res. Bull., Available at http:// www.reefbase.org/download/download.aspx?type- 10&docid=9149
    • (1997) Atoll Res. Bull , Issue.PART 1
    • Pecheux, M.1
  • 179
    • 0001342886 scopus 로고
    • On r and K selection
    • Pianka ER. 1970. On r and K selection. Am. Nat. 104:592-597.
    • (1970) Am. Nat , vol.104 , pp. 592-597
    • Pianka, E.R.1
  • 180
    • 11244305473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogeographic partitioning and host specialization among foraminiferan dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium;Dinophyta)
    • Pochon X, LaJeunesse TC, Pawlowski J. 2004. Biogeographic partitioning and host specialization among foraminiferan dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium;Dinophyta) Mar. Biol. 146:17-27.
    • (2004) Mar. Biol , vol.146 , pp. 17-27
    • Pochon, X.1    LaJeunesse, T.C.2    Pawlowski, J.3
  • 181
    • 28844470439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny, evolutionary rates, and divergence timing of the symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium
    • Pochon X, Montoya-Burgos JI, Stadelmann B, Pawlowski J. (2005) Molecular phylogeny, evolutionary rates, and divergence timing of the symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38:20-23.
    • (2005) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol , vol.38 , pp. 20-23
    • Pochon, X.1    Montoya-Burgos, J.I.2    Stadelmann, B.3    Pawlowski, J.4
  • 182
    • 0035688587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High genetic diversity and relative specificity among Symbiodinium-like endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in soritid foraminiferans
    • Pochon X, Pawlowski J, Zaninetti L, Rowan R. 2001. High genetic diversity and relative specificity among Symbiodinium-like endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in soritid foraminiferans. Mar. Biol. 139:1069-1078.
    • (2001) Mar. Biol , vol.139 , pp. 1069-1078
    • Pochon, X.1    Pawlowski, J.2    Zaninetti, L.3    Rowan, R.4
  • 183
    • 68349097581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corals become carbon canaries
    • Pockley P. 2001. Corals become carbon canaries. Australas. Sci. Inc. Search. 22:21-23.
    • (2001) Australas. Sci. Inc. Search , vol.22 , pp. 21-23
    • Pockley, P.1
  • 184
    • 0027036187 scopus 로고
    • Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reef coral populations
    • Porter JW, Meier OW. 1992. Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reef coral populations. Am. Zool. 32:625-640.
    • (1992) Am. Zool , vol.32 , pp. 625-640
    • Porter, J.W.1    Meier, O.W.2
  • 186
    • 5144222334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate flickers and range shifts of reef corals
    • Precht WF, Aronson RB. 2004. Climate flickers and range shifts of reef corals. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2:307-314.
    • (2004) Front. Ecol. Environ , vol.2 , pp. 307-314
    • Precht, W.F.1    Aronson, R.B.2
  • 187
    • 68349096437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sequential increases in sea temperature in the North Atlantic and Bering Sea on plankton and benthic biodiversity, the biological pump
    • Ocean, Orlando, FL (USA, 2-7 Mar, Washington DC, American Geophysical Union
    • Reid PC. 2008. Effects of sequential increases in sea temperature in the North Atlantic and Bering Sea on plankton and benthic biodiversity, the biological pump. Ocean Sciences Meeting: From the Watershed to the Global Ocean, Orlando, FL (USA), 2-7 Mar 2008. Washington (DC): American Geophysical Union.
    • (2008) Ocean Sciences Meeting: From the Watershed to the Global
    • Reid, P.C.1
  • 188
    • 44649164407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In hot water: Zooplankton and climate change
    • Richardson AJ. 2008. In hot water: zooplankton and climate change. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65:279-295.
    • (2008) ICES J. Mar. Sci , vol.65 , pp. 279-295
    • Richardson, A.J.1
  • 189
    • 4644324708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic
    • Richardson AJ, Schoeman DS. 2004. Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic. Science 10:1609-1612.
    • (2004) Science , vol.10 , pp. 1609-1612
    • Richardson, A.J.1    Schoeman, D.S.2
  • 190
    • 68349094108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lighting by number: "Types" of zooxanthellae and what they tell us
    • Riddle D. 2006. Lighting by number: "Types" of zooxanthellae and what they tell us. Advanced Aquarist. 5:6-15.
    • (2006) Advanced Aquarist , vol.5 , pp. 6-15
    • Riddle, D.1
  • 192
    • 35348978335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching
    • Rodrigues LJ, Grottoli AG. 2007. Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52:1874-1882.
    • (2007) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.52 , pp. 1874-1882
    • Rodrigues, L.J.1    Grottoli, A.G.2
  • 193
    • 68349100292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificity of two temperate cnidarion-dinoflagellate associations in the Western Pacific Ocean
    • Center for Biotechnol. Info, GenBank, Bethesda, MD. Available at
    • Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Chang S, Song J. 2002. Specificity of two temperate cnidarion-dinoflagellate associations in the Western Pacific Ocean. GenBank Sequences, Nat. Center for Biotechnol. Info., GenBank, Bethesda, MD. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/28395286?Ordinal pos-1&itool-Entrez. System2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence-ResultsPanel.Sequence-RvDocSum
    • (2002) GenBank Sequences, Nat
    • Rodriguez-Lanetty, M.1    Chang, S.2    Song, J.3
  • 195
    • 17444363018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries
    • Roessig JM, Woodley CM, Cech JJ, Hansen LJ. 2004. Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. 14: 251-275.
    • (2004) Rev. Fish Biol , vol.14 , pp. 251-275
    • Roessig, J.M.1    Woodley, C.M.2    Cech, J.J.3    Hansen, L.J.4
  • 196
    • 0001452304 scopus 로고
    • A molecular genetic classification of zooxanthellae and the evolution of animal-algal symbioses
    • Rowan R, Powers DA. 1991a. A molecular genetic classification of zooxanthellae and the evolution of animal-algal symbioses. Science 251:1348-1351.
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 1348-1351
    • Rowan, R.1    Powers, D.A.2
  • 197
    • 0002394557 scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetic identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zoox-anthellae)
    • Rowan R, Powers DA. 1991b. Molecular genetic identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zoox-anthellae). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 71:65-73.
    • (1991) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.71 , pp. 65-73
    • Rowan, R.1    Powers, D.A.2
  • 198
    • 0026600229 scopus 로고
    • Ribosomal RNA sequences and the diversity of symbiotic dinoflagel-lates (zooxanthellae)
    • Rowan R, Powers DA. 1992. Ribosomal RNA sequences and the diversity of symbiotic dinoflagel-lates (zooxanthellae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3639-3643.
    • (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.89 , pp. 3639-3643
    • Rowan, R.1    Powers, D.A.2
  • 199
    • 33646671484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A shift to parasitism in the jellyfish symbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum
    • Sachs JL, Wilcox TP. 2006. A shift to parasitism in the jellyfish symbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Proc. R. Soc. B. 273:425-429.
    • (2006) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.273 , pp. 425-429
    • Sachs, J.L.1    Wilcox, T.P.2
  • 200
    • 0032465745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of colony size, polyp size, and budding mode on egg production in a colonial coral
    • Sakai K. 1998. Effect of colony size, polyp size, and budding mode on egg production in a colonial coral. Biol. Bull. 195:319-325.
    • (1998) Biol. Bull , vol.195 , pp. 319-325
    • Sakai, K.1
  • 201
    • 0034874061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements
    • Saldarriaga JF, Taylor FJR, Keeling PJ, Cavalier-Smith T. 2001. Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. J. Mol. Evol. 53:204-213.
    • (2001) J. Mol. Evol , vol.53 , pp. 204-213
    • Saldarriaga, J.F.1    Taylor, F.J.R.2    Keeling, P.J.3    Cavalier-Smith, T.4
  • 203
    • 8444229430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of coral communities within the Northern Gulf of Mexico via offshore oil and gas platforms
    • Sammarco PW, Atchison A, Boland GS. 2004. Expansion of coral communities within the Northern Gulf of Mexico via offshore oil and gas platforms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 280: 129-143.
    • (2004) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.280 , pp. 129-143
    • Sammarco, P.W.1    Atchison, A.2    Boland, G.S.3
  • 204
    • 68349092926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sammarco PW, Atchison AD, Brazeau PA, Boland GS. 2005. Geographic expansion of corals in the Gulf of Mexico via offshore platforms: Community characteristics, recruitment, and genetic affinities. Proc. 10th Intl. Coral Reef Symp., Okinawa, Japan, June 28-July 2, 2004. Int. Soc. For Reef Studies, Abstracts, p. 216.
    • Sammarco PW, Atchison AD, Brazeau PA, Boland GS. 2005. Geographic expansion of corals in the Gulf of Mexico via offshore platforms: Community characteristics, recruitment, and genetic affinities. Proc. 10th Intl. Coral Reef Symp., Okinawa, Japan, June 28-July 2, 2004. Int. Soc. For Reef Studies, Abstracts, p. 216.
  • 205
    • 68349118174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sammarco PW, Atchison AD, Brazeau DA, Boland GS, Hartley SB, Lirette A. 2007. Coral distribution, abundance, and genetic affinities on oil/gas platforms in the N. Gulf of Mexico: A preliminary look at the Big Picture. Proc. Minerals Management Service Information Transfer Meeting, New Orleans, Jan. 2007. New Orleans: US Dept. Interior, Minerals Management Service.
    • Sammarco PW, Atchison AD, Brazeau DA, Boland GS, Hartley SB, Lirette A. 2007. Coral distribution, abundance, and genetic affinities on oil/gas platforms in the N. Gulf of Mexico: A preliminary look at the Big Picture. Proc. Minerals Management Service Information Transfer Meeting, New Orleans, Jan. 2007. New Orleans: US Dept. Interior, Minerals Management Service.
  • 206
    • 68349101463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th Int. Coral Reef Symposium, Fort Lauderdale, FL, July 2008, 11th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Secretariat, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), Bethesda, MD, p. 114.
    • th Int. Coral Reef Symposium, Fort Lauderdale, FL, July 2008, 11th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Secretariat, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), Bethesda, MD, p. 114.
  • 208
    • 0037329370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetic evidence that dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal are haploid
    • Santos SR, Coffroth MA. 2003. Molecular genetic evidence that dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal are haploid. Biol. Bull. 204:10-20.
    • (2003) Biol. Bull , vol.204 , pp. 10-20
    • Santos, S.R.1    Coffroth, M.A.2
  • 209
    • 0035983962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates inferred from partial chloroplast large subunit (23S)-rDNA sequences
    • Santos SR, Taylor DJ, Kinzie III RA, Hidaka M, Sakai K, Coffroth MA. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates inferred from partial chloroplast large subunit (23S)-rDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 23:97-111.
    • (2002) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol , vol.23 , pp. 97-111
    • Santos, S.R.1    Taylor, D.J.2    Kinzie III, R.A.3    Hidaka, M.4    Sakai, K.5    Coffroth, M.A.6
  • 210
    • 0018902819 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in Symbiodinium (Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and specificity in its symbiosis with marine invertebrates. I. Isoenzyme and soluble protein patterns of axenic cultures of Symbiodinium microadriaticum
    • Schoenberg DA, Trench RK. 1980a. Genetic variation in Symbiodinium (Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and specificity in its symbiosis with marine invertebrates. I. Isoenzyme and soluble protein patterns of axenic cultures of Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 207:405-427.
    • (1980) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.207 , pp. 405-427
    • Schoenberg, D.A.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 211
    • 0018853271 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in Symbiodinium (Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and specificity in its symbiosis with marine invertebrates. II. Morphological variation in Symbiodinium microadriaticum
    • Schoenberg DA, Trench RK. 1980b. Genetic variation in Symbiodinium (Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and specificity in its symbiosis with marine invertebrates. II. Morphological variation in Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 207:429-444.
    • (1980) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.207 , pp. 429-444
    • Schoenberg, D.A.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 212
    • 0018876579 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in Symbiodinium (Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and specificity in its symbiosis with marine invertebrates. III. Specificity and infectivity of Symbiodinium microadriaticum
    • Schoenberg DA, Trench RK. 1980c. Genetic variation in Symbiodinium (Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and specificity in its symbiosis with marine invertebrates. III. Specificity and infectivity of Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 207:445-460.
    • (1980) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.207 , pp. 445-460
    • Schoenberg, D.A.1    Trench, R.K.2
  • 213
    • 68349088208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science Daily. 1998. Newly declassified submarine data will help study of arctic ice. Jan. 29 article. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/1998/01/980129074316.htm
    • Science Daily. 1998. Newly declassified submarine data will help study of arctic ice. Jan. 29 article. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/1998/01/980129074316.htm
  • 214
    • 68349102154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science Daily. 2007. Global warming forecasts creation, loss of climate zones. Mar. 27 article. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/ 03/070326181452.htm
    • Science Daily. 2007. Global warming forecasts creation, loss of climate zones. Mar. 27 article. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/ 03/070326181452.htm
  • 215
    • 68349099075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science Daily. 2008. Ward Hunt ice shelf, largest in Northern hemisphere, has fractured into three main pieces. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/04/080415205350.htm
    • Science Daily. 2008. Ward Hunt ice shelf, largest in Northern hemisphere, has fractured into three main pieces. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/04/080415205350.htm
  • 216
    • 0034840590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for sexual reproduction in the marine dinoflagellates, Pyrocystis noctiluca and Pyrocystis lunula (Dinophyta)
    • Seo KS, Fritz L. 2001. Evidence for sexual reproduction in the marine dinoflagellates, Pyrocystis noctiluca and Pyrocystis lunula (Dinophyta). J. Phycol. 37:530-535.
    • (2001) J. Phycol , vol.37 , pp. 530-535
    • Seo, K.S.1    Fritz, L.2
  • 217
    • 57349094349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shinn EA. 2008. Corals as bioindicators of climate change. Environ. BioIndic. 3: 149-152.
    • Shinn EA. 2008. Corals as bioindicators of climate change. Environ. BioIndic. 3: 149-152.
  • 218
    • 68349118175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slatkin M, Hindar K, Michalakis Y. 1955. Processes of genetic diversification In: Heywood VH, editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, pp. 213-225.
    • Slatkin M, Hindar K, Michalakis Y. 1955. Processes of genetic diversification In: Heywood VH, editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, pp. 213-225.
  • 219
    • 25144446365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world
    • Smetacek V, Nicol S. 2005. Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature 437:362-368.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 362-368
    • Smetacek, V.1    Nicol, S.2
  • 220
    • 0742320028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated sea-surface temperature, reduced provisioning and reproductive failure of wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) in the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
    • Smithers BV, Peck DR, Krockenberger AK, Congdon BC. 2003. Elevated sea-surface temperature, reduced provisioning and reproductive failure of wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) in the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Freshwater Res., 54:973-977.
    • (2003) Mar. Freshwater Res , vol.54 , pp. 973-977
    • Smithers, B.V.1    Peck, D.R.2    Krockenberger, A.K.3    Congdon, B.C.4
  • 221
    • 43349107756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and the timing, magnitude, and composition of the phytoplankton spring bloom
    • Sommer U, Lengfellner K. 2008. Climate change and the timing, magnitude, and composition of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Glob. Change Biol. 14:1199-1208.
    • (2008) Glob. Change Biol , vol.14 , pp. 1199-1208
    • Sommer, U.1    Lengfellner, K.2
  • 223
    • 33646575002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosymbiosis and the evolution of modern coral reefs
    • Stanley GD. 2006. Photosymbiosis and the evolution of modern coral reefs. Science 312:857-858.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 857-858
    • Stanley, G.D.1
  • 224
    • 33748182761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary history of Symbiodinium and scleractinian hosts - Symbiosis, diversity, and the effect of climate change
    • Stat M, Carter D, Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2006. The evolutionary history of Symbiodinium and scleractinian hosts - Symbiosis, diversity, and the effect of climate change. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 8:23-43.
    • (2006) Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst , vol.8 , pp. 23-43
    • Stat, M.1    Carter, D.2    Hoegh-Guldberg, O.3
  • 225
    • 48249144429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional diversity in coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis
    • Stat M, Morris E, Gates RD. 2008. Functional diversity in coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105:9256-9261.
    • (2008) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci , vol.105 , pp. 9256-9261
    • Stat, M.1    Morris, E.2    Gates, R.D.3
  • 226
    • 34249745876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A world without corals
    • Stone R. 2007. A world without corals. Science 316:679.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 679
    • Stone, R.1
  • 228
    • 11844278543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic and necrotic stages of cell death activity: Bleaching of soft and scleractinian corals
    • Strychar KB, Coates MC, Sammarco PW, Piva TJ. 2004a. Apoptotic and necrotic stages of cell death activity: Bleaching of soft and scleractinian corals. Phycologia 43:768-777.
    • (2004) Phycologia , vol.43 , pp. 768-777
    • Strychar, K.B.1    Coates, M.C.2    Sammarco, P.W.3    Piva, T.J.4
  • 229
    • 2042526050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bleaching as a pathogenic response in scleractinian corals, evidenced by high concentrations of apoptotic and necrotic zooxanthellae
    • Strychar KB, Coates MC, Sammarco PW, Piva TJ. 2004b. Bleaching as a pathogenic response in scleractinian corals, evidenced by high concentrations of apoptotic and necrotic zooxanthellae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 304:99-121.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.304 , pp. 99-121
    • Strychar, K.B.1    Coates, M.C.2    Sammarco, P.W.3    Piva, T.J.4
  • 230
    • 2342484550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of Symbiodinium from bleached scleractinian corals: Acropora hyacinthus, Favites complanata and Porites solida
    • Strychar KB, Coates MC, Sammarco PW. 2004c. Loss of Symbiodinium from bleached scleractinian corals: Acropora hyacinthus, Favites complanata and Porites solida. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 55:135-144.
    • (2004) J. Mar. Freshwat. Res , vol.55 , pp. 135-144
    • Strychar, K.B.1    Coates, M.C.2    Sammarco, P.W.3
  • 231
    • 20344398463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium; zooxanthellae) from bleached soft corals Sarcophyton, Sinularia, and Xenia
    • Strychar KB, Coates MC, Scott PW, Piva TJ, Sammarco PW. 2005. Loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium; zooxanthellae) from bleached soft corals Sarcophyton, Sinularia, and Xenia. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 320:159-177.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.320 , pp. 159-177
    • Strychar, K.B.1    Coates, M.C.2    Scott, P.W.3    Piva, T.J.4    Sammarco, P.W.5
  • 232
    • 58549091643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exaptation in corals to high seawater temperatures: Low concentrations of apoptotic and necrotic cells in host coral tissue under bleaching conditions
    • Strychar KB, Sammarco PW. 2009. Exaptation in corals to high seawater temperatures: Low concentrations of apoptotic and necrotic cells in host coral tissue under bleaching conditions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 369:31-42.
    • (2009) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.369 , pp. 31-42
    • Strychar, K.B.1    Sammarco, P.W.2
  • 234
    • 68349120506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sullivan K. 2003. WWF reports coral bleaching underway in U.S. Territory of American Samoa. Mar. 21, 2003. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2003/WWFPresitem 10716.html
    • Sullivan K. 2003. WWF reports coral bleaching underway in U.S. Territory of American Samoa. Mar. 21, 2003. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2003/WWFPresitem 10716.html
  • 235
    • 34250137938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of feeding frequency and symbiosis with zooxanthellae on nitrogen metabolism and respiration of the coral Astrangia danae
    • Szmant-Froelich A, Pilson MEQ. 2004. Effects of feeding frequency and symbiosis with zooxanthellae on nitrogen metabolism and respiration of the coral Astrangia danae. Mar. Biol. 81:153-162.
    • (2004) Mar. Biol , vol.81 , pp. 153-162
    • Szmant-Froelich, A.1    Pilson, M.E.Q.2
  • 236
    • 22444450760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli mutator Delta polA is defective in base mismatch correction: The nature of in vivo DNA replication errors
    • TagoY, Imai M, Ihara M, Atofuji H, Nagata Y, Yamamoto K. 2005. Escherichia coli mutator Delta polA is defective in base mismatch correction: the nature of in vivo DNA replication errors. J. Mol. Biol. 351:299-308.
    • (2005) J. Mol. Biol , vol.351 , pp. 299-308
    • Tago, Y.1    Imai, M.2    Ihara, M.3    Atofuji, H.4    Nagata, Y.5    Yamamoto, K.6
  • 237
    • 33751017381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals
    • Thornhill D, Fitt W, Schmidt G. 2006. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. Coral Reefs. 25:515-519.
    • (2006) Coral Reefs , vol.25 , pp. 515-519
    • Thornhill, D.1    Fitt, W.2    Schmidt, G.3
  • 238
    • 31844439796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiyear seasonal genotypic survey of coral-algal symbioses reveals prevalent stability or post-bleaching reversion
    • Thornhill D, LaJeunesse T, Kemp D, Fitt W, Schmidt G. 2005. Multiyear seasonal genotypic survey of coral-algal symbioses reveals prevalent stability or post-bleaching reversion. Mar. Biol. 148:711-722.
    • (2005) Mar. Biol , vol.148 , pp. 711-722
    • Thornhill, D.1    LaJeunesse, T.2    Kemp, D.3    Fitt, W.4    Schmidt, G.5
  • 239
    • 0002426269 scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity as a component of biodiversity
    • Heywood VH, editor, Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press. pp
    • Thorpe JP, Smartt J. 1995. Genetic diversity as a component of biodiversity. In: Heywood VH, editor. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. pp. 57-88.
    • (1995) Global Biodiversity Assessment , pp. 57-88
    • Thorpe, J.P.1    Smartt, J.2
  • 240
    • 0031932815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation and proliferation of zooxanthellae in planulae of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata
    • Titlyanov EA, Titlyanova TV, Loya Y, Yamazato K. 1997. Degradation and proliferation of zooxanthellae in planulae of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata. Mar. Biol. 130:471-477.
    • (1997) Mar. Biol , vol.130 , pp. 471-477
    • Titlyanov, E.A.1    Titlyanova, T.V.2    Loya, Y.3    Yamazato, K.4
  • 241
    • 68349092924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online textbook of bacteriology
    • Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Available at
    • Todar K. 2008. Online textbook of bacteriology: Streptococcus pneumonia. Univ. Wisconsin., Madison, Wisconsin. Available at: http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/S.pneumoniae.html
    • (2008) Streptococcus pneumonia
    • Todar, K.1
  • 242
    • 0035543261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repopulation of zooxanthellae in the Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following experimental and disease associated bleaching
    • Toller WW, Rowan R, Knowlton N. 2001a. Repopulation of zooxanthellae in the Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following experimental and disease associated bleaching. Biol. Bull. 201:360-373.
    • (2001) Biol. Bull , vol.201 , pp. 360-373
    • Toller, W.W.1    Rowan, R.2    Knowlton, N.3
  • 243
    • 0035543253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zooxanthellae of the Montastraea annularis species complex: Patterns of distribution of four taxa of Symbiodinium on different reefs and across depths
    • Toller WW, Rowan R, Knowlton N. 2001b. Zooxanthellae of the Montastraea annularis species complex: Patterns of distribution of four taxa of Symbiodinium on different reefs and across depths. Biol. Bull. 201:348-59.
    • (2001) Biol. Bull , vol.201 , pp. 348-359
    • Toller, W.W.1    Rowan, R.2    Knowlton, N.3
  • 245
    • 0028580006 scopus 로고
    • Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific
    • Trenberth KE, Hurrell JW. 1994. Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics. 9:303-319.
    • (1994) Climate Dynamics , vol.9 , pp. 303-319
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Hurrell, J.W.2
  • 246
    • 0033680357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of some currently used invalid names of dinoflagellates
    • Trench RK. 2000. Validation of some currently used invalid names of dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 36:972.
    • (2000) J. Phycol , vol.36 , pp. 972
    • Trench, R.K.1
  • 247
    • 84986848005 scopus 로고
    • Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal, Symbiodinium goreauii sp. nov., Symbiodinium kawagutii sp. nov. and Symbiodinium pilosum sp. nov. - gymnodinioid dinoflagellate symbionts of marine invertebrates
    • Trench RK, Blank RJ. 1987. Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal, Symbiodinium goreauii sp. nov., Symbiodinium kawagutii sp. nov. and Symbiodinium pilosum sp. nov. - gymnodinioid dinoflagellate symbionts of marine invertebrates. J. Phycol. 23:469-481.
    • (1987) J. Phycol , vol.23 , pp. 469-481
    • Trench, R.K.1    Blank, R.J.2
  • 248
    • 68349087046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trumper K, Ravilious C, Dickson B. 2008. Carbon in drylands: desertification, climate change and carbon finance. A UNEP-UNDP-UNCCD technical note for discussions at CRIC 7, Istanbul, Turkey. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya. 12p.
    • Trumper K, Ravilious C, Dickson B. 2008. Carbon in drylands: desertification, climate change and carbon finance. A UNEP-UNDP-UNCCD technical note for discussions at CRIC 7, Istanbul, Turkey. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya. 12p.
  • 249
    • 33745588547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in bleaching sensitivity of two coral species across a latitudinal gradient on the Great Barrier Reef: The role of zooxanthellae
    • Ulstrup KE, Berkelmans R, Ralph PJ, van Oppen MJH. 2006. Variation in bleaching sensitivity of two coral species across a latitudinal gradient on the Great Barrier Reef: the role of zooxanthellae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 314:135-148.
    • (2006) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , vol.314 , pp. 135-148
    • Ulstrup, K.E.1    Berkelmans, R.2    Ralph, P.J.3    van Oppen, M.J.H.4
  • 251
    • 68349085887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migratory species and climate change: Impacts of a changing environment on wild animals
    • United Nations Environment Programme UNEP
    • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2008. Migratory species and climate change: Impacts of a changing environment on wild animals. Bonn (Germany): UNEP / CMS Secretariat. pp 68.
    • (2008) Bonn (Germany): UNEP / CMS Secretariat , pp. 68
  • 252
    • 68349099076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee Climate Change Working Group. 2006. Potential climate change impacts on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Annex 4. Paris: UNESCO.
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee Climate Change Working Group. 2006. Potential climate change impacts on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Annex 4. Paris: UNESCO.
  • 253
    • 68349084754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Climate Change Science Program. 2008. Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate. Washington (DC): Department of Commerce, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, 164 pp.
    • US Climate Change Science Program. 2008. Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate. Washington (DC): Department of Commerce, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, 164 pp.
  • 254
    • 0037091235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polar ice sheets and global sea level: How well can we predict the future?
    • Van der Veen CJ. 2001. Polar ice sheets and global sea level: how well can we predict the future? Glob. Planet. Change 32:165-194.
    • (2001) Glob. Planet. Change , vol.32 , pp. 165-194
    • Van der Veen, C.J.1
  • 255
    • 21244467534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of algal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) in tropical octocorals: The roles of geography and host relationships
    • van Oppen MJH, Mieog JC, Sánchez CA, Fabricius KE. 2005. Diversity of algal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) in tropical octocorals: The roles of geography and host relationships. Mol. Ecol. 14:2403-2417.
    • (2005) Mol. Ecol , vol.14 , pp. 2403-2417
    • van Oppen, M.J.H.1    Mieog, J.C.2    Sánchez, C.A.3    Fabricius, K.E.4
  • 256
    • 0035823175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of coral-dinoflagellate associations in Acropora: Significance of local availability and physiology of Symbiodinium strains and host-symbiont selectivity
    • van Oppen MJH, Palstra EP, Piquet AMT, Miller D. 2001. Patterns of coral-dinoflagellate associations in Acropora: significance of local availability and physiology of Symbiodinium strains and host-symbiont selectivity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 268:1759-1767.
    • (2001) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.268 , pp. 1759-1767
    • van Oppen, M.J.H.1    Palstra, E.P.2    Piquet, A.M.T.3    Miller, D.4
  • 257
    • 0345767200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-latitude Acropora cervicornis thickets off Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
    • Vargas-Angel B, Thomas JD, Hoke SM. 2003. High-latitude Acropora cervicornis thickets off Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. Coral Reefs. 22:465-474.
    • (2003) Coral Reefs , vol.22 , pp. 465-474
    • Vargas-Angel, B.1    Thomas, J.D.2    Hoke, S.M.3
  • 258
    • 58149095490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of time and place: Patterns in abundance of Symbiodinium clades A and B in the tropical sea anemone Condylactis gigantean
    • Venn AA, Loram JE, Trapido-Rosenthal HGT, Joyce DA, Douglas AE. 2008. Importance of time and place: patterns in abundance of Symbiodinium clades A and B in the tropical sea anemone Condylactis gigantean. Biol. Bull. 215:243-252.
    • (2008) Biol. Bull , vol.215 , pp. 243-252
    • Venn, A.A.1    Loram, J.E.2    Trapido-Rosenthal, H.G.T.3    Joyce, D.A.4    Douglas, A.E.5
  • 259
    • 0036616010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status, trends and the future of the marine pelagic ecosystem
    • Verity PG, Smetacek V, Smayda TJ. 2002. Status, trends and the future of the marine pelagic ecosystem. Environ. Conserv. 29:207-237.
    • (2002) Environ. Conserv , vol.29 , pp. 207-237
    • Verity, P.G.1    Smetacek, V.2    Smayda, T.J.3
  • 261
    • 0035048457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice-shelf collapse, climate change, and habitat loss in the Canadian high arctic
    • Vincent WF, Gibson JAE, Jeffries MO. 2001. Ice-shelf collapse, climate change, and habitat loss in the Canadian high arctic. Polar Rec. 37:133-142.
    • (2001) Polar Rec , vol.37 , pp. 133-142
    • Vincent, W.F.1    Gibson, J.A.E.2    Jeffries, M.O.3
  • 262
    • 33644616937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular diversity of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) in scleractinian corals of Kenya
    • Visram S, Douglas AE. 2006. Molecular diversity of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) in scleractinian corals of Kenya. Coral Reefs. 25:172-176.
    • (2006) Coral Reefs , vol.25 , pp. 172-176
    • Visram, S.1    Douglas, A.E.2
  • 263
    • 31344434339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction
    • Visser ME, Both C, Lambrechts MM. 2004. Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction. Adv. Ecol. Res. 35:89-110.
    • (2004) Adv. Ecol. Res , vol.35 , pp. 89-110
    • Visser, M.E.1    Both, C.2    Lambrechts, M.M.3
  • 264
    • 33746899012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecological distribution and comparative photobiology of symbiotic dinoflagellates from coral reefs in Belize: Potential implications for coral bleaching
    • Warner M, LaJeunesse T, Robinson J, Thur R. 2006. The ecological distribution and comparative photobiology of symbiotic dinoflagellates from coral reefs in Belize: Potential implications for coral bleaching. Limnol. Oceanog. 51:1887-1897.
    • (2006) Limnol. Oceanog , vol.51 , pp. 1887-1897
    • Warner, M.1    LaJeunesse, T.2    Robinson, J.3    Thur, R.4
  • 265
    • 33646228386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status and progress in coral reef disease research
    • Weil E, Smith G, Gil-Agudelo DL. 2006. Status and progress in coral reef disease research. Dis. Aquat. Org. 69:1-7.
    • (2006) Dis. Aquat. Org , vol.69 , pp. 1-7
    • Weil, E.1    Smith, G.2    Gil-Agudelo, D.L.3
  • 267
    • 0002809723 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific differentiation
    • Hillis DM, Moritz C, editors, Sunderland MA, Sinauer. pp
    • Weir BS. 1990. Intraspecific differentiation. In: Hillis DM, Moritz C, editors. Molecular systematics. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer. pp. 373-410.
    • (1990) Molecular systematics , pp. 373-410
    • Weir, B.S.1
  • 268
    • 0020897301 scopus 로고
    • Temporal patterns of cell division in natu-ralpopulations of endosymbiotic algae
    • Wilkerson F, Parker P, Muller G, Muscatine L. 1983. Temporal patterns of cell division in natu-ralpopulations of endosymbiotic algae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28:1009-1014.
    • (1983) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.28 , pp. 1009-1014
    • Wilkerson, F.1    Parker, P.2    Muller, G.3    Muscatine, L.4
  • 269
    • 0002668662 scopus 로고
    • Mitotic Index of symbiotic algae in Caribbean reef corals
    • Wilkerson FP, Kobayashi D, Muscatine L. 1988. Mitotic Index of symbiotic algae in Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs 7:29-36.
    • (1988) Coral Reefs , vol.7 , pp. 29-36
    • Wilkerson, F.P.1    Kobayashi, D.2    Muscatine, L.3
  • 270
    • 0025603465 scopus 로고
    • The world-wide coral reef bleaching cycle and related sources of mortality
    • Williams EH, Bunkley-Williams L. 1990. The world-wide coral reef bleaching cycle and related sources of mortality. Atoll Res. Bull. 33:1-71.
    • (1990) Atoll Res. Bull , vol.33 , pp. 1-71
    • Williams, E.H.1    Bunkley-Williams, L.2
  • 271
    • 0035298023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freshwater and heat changes in the North and South Pacific Oceans between the 1960s and 1985-94
    • Wong APS, Bindoff NL, Church JA. 2001. Freshwater and heat changes in the North and South Pacific Oceans between the 1960s and 1985-94. J. Clim. 14:1613-1633.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , pp. 1613-1633
    • Wong, A.P.S.1    Bindoff, N.L.2    Church, J.A.3
  • 272
    • 68349110909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2007. The scope of science for the international polar year 2007-2008. Int. Polar Yr. (IPY) International Programme Office, British Antarctic Survey WMO/TD-No. 1364. Int. Council for Sci. (ICSU)/World Meteorol. Org. (WMO) Joint Committee for IPY 2007-2008, High Cross, Cambridge, UK. 82p.
    • World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2007. The scope of science for the international polar year 2007-2008. Int. Polar Yr. (IPY) International Programme Office, British Antarctic Survey WMO/TD-No. 1364. Int. Council for Sci. (ICSU)/World Meteorol. Org. (WMO) Joint Committee for IPY 2007-2008, High Cross, Cambridge, UK. 82p.
  • 273
    • 0348227678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motility of zooxanthellae isolated from the Red Sea soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens (Cnidaria)
    • Yacobovitch T, Benayahu Y, Weis VM. 2004. Motility of zooxanthellae isolated from the Red Sea soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens (Cnidaria). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 298:35-48.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol , vol.298 , pp. 35-48
    • Yacobovitch, T.1    Benayahu, Y.2    Weis, V.M.3
  • 275
    • 33646509232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of Acropora palmata at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, northwestern Gulf of Mexico
    • Zimmer B, Precht W, Hickerson E, Sinclair J. 2006. Discovery of Acropora palmata at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs. 25:192-192.
    • (2006) Coral Reefs , vol.25 , pp. 192-192
    • Zimmer, B.1    Precht, W.2    Hickerson, E.3    Sinclair, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.