Advances in sedation for critically ill patients

Minerva Anestesiologica

Volumn 75, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 385-391

  Morandi, A ^a,b,c   Watson, P L ^a   Trabucchi, M ^c,d   Ely, E Wesley ^a,e  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Poliambulanza Hospital   (Italy)

^c GERIATRIC RESEARCH GROUP   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^e VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC)   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Benzodiazepines; Conscious sedation; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Intensive care unit; Propofol

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; LORAZEPAM; NARCOTIC AGENT; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT;

ANXIETY; AROUSAL; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BISPECTRAL INDEX; BRADYCARDIA; BREATHING; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DEATH; DEEP SEDATION; DELIRIUM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FUTUROLOGY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LENGTH OF STAY; MEMORY; MONITORING; MOTIVATION; NONREM SLEEP; NOTE; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; REM SLEEP; SEDATION; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP PATTERN; SLOW BRAIN WAVE; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; INTENSIVE CARE; REVIEW;

CONSCIOUS SEDATION; CRITICAL CARE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS;

EID: 68049143180     PISSN: 03759393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Note

References (52)

1. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET et al.; Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), American College of Chest Physicians. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002;30:119-41. Erratum in: Crit Care Med 2002;30:726.
2. Grounds RM, Lalor JM, Lumley J, Royston D, Morgan M. Propofol infusion for sedation in the intensive care unit: preliminary report. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;294:397-400.
3. Ostermann ME, Keenan SP, Seiferling RA, Sibbald W. Sedation in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2000;283:1451-9.
4. Hall RI, Sandham D, Cardinal P, Tweeddale M, Moher D, Wang X et al.; Study Investigators. Propofol vs midazolam for ICU sedation: a Canadian multicenter randomized trial. Chest 2001;119:1151-9.
5. Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE, Vinayak A, Campbell-Bright S, Levitt J et al. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1326-32.
6. Maze M, Scarfini C, Cavaliere F. New agents for sedation in the intensive care unit. Ctit Care Clin 2001;17:881-97.
7. Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:2644-53.
8. Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J 1974;2:656-9.
9. Riker RR, Picard JT, Fraser GL. Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1325-9.
10. Sessler CN, Grap MJ, Brophy GM. Multidisciplinary management of sedation and analgesia in critical care. Sem Respir Crit Care Med 2001;22:211-25.
11. Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1338-44.
12. Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003;289:2983-91.
13. Sigl JC, Chamoun NG. An introduction to bispectral analysis for the electroencephalogram. J Clin Monit 1994;10: 392-404.
14. Wolter S, Friedel C, Bohler K, Hartmann U, Kox WJ, Hensel M. Presence of 14Hz spindle oscillations in the human EEG during deep anesthesia. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117: 157-68.
15. Watson PL, Shintani A, Tyson R, Pandharipande P, Pun B, Ely EW Presence of EEG Burst Suppression in Critically ill Patients is Associated with Increased Mortality. Criti Care Med. In press 2008.
16. De Deyne C, Struys M, Decruyenaere J, Creupelandt J, Hoste E, Colardyn F. Use of continuous bispectral EEG monitoring to assess depth of sedation in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:1294-8.
17. Simmons LE, Riker R, Prato M, Fraser G. Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the bispectral index and the sedation-agitation scale. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1499-504.
18. Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the sedation-agitation scale with the bispectral index and visual analog scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:853-8.
19. Weatherburn C, Endacott R, Tynan P, Bailey M. The impact of bispectral index monitoring on sedation administration in mechanically ventilated patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007;35:204-8.
20. Hall JB, Wood LD. Liberation of the patient from mechanical ventilation. JAMA 1987:257:1621-8.
21. Marelich GP, Murin S, Battistella F, Inciardi J, VierraT, Roby M. Protocol weaning of mechanical ventilation in medical and surgical patients by respiratory care practitioners and nurses: effect on weaning time and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2000; 118:459-67.
22. MacIntyre NR, Cook DJ, Ely EW Jr, Epstein SK, Fink JB, Heffner JE et al.; American College of Chest Physicians; American Association for Respiratory Care; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 2001;120(6 Suppl):375S-95S.
23. Lellouche F, Mancebo J, Jolliet P, Roeseler J, Schortgen F, Dojat M et al. A multicenter randomized trial of computer-driven protocolized weaning from mechanical ventifation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:894-900.
24. Kollef MH, Shapiro SD, Silver P, St John RE, Prentice D, Sauer S et al. A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1997;25:567-74.
25. Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, Alia I, Solsona JF, Valverdù I et al. A comparison of four mediods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332:345-50.
26. Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT et al. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1864-9.
27. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 1471-7.
28. Tanios MA, Devlin JW, Epstein SK. Perceived barriers to implementing strategy of daily interruption of sedative in the intensive care unit for critically ill patients. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005;2:A793.
29. Mehta S, Burry L, Fischer S, Martinez-Motta JC, Hallett D, Bowman D et al.; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Canadian survey of the use of sedatives, analgesics, and neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34:374-80.
30. Martin J, Franck M, Sigel S, Weiss M, Spies CD. Changes in sedation management in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow up survey. Crit Care 2007;11:R124.
31. Devlin JW, Tanios MA, Epstein SK. Intensive care unit sedation: waking up clinicians to the gap between research and practice. Crit Care Med 2006;34:556-7.
32. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:126-34.
33. Silber MH, Ancoli-Israel S, Bonnet MH, Chokroverty S, Grigg-Damberger MM, Hirshkowitz M et al. The visual scoring of sleep in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2007;3:121-31. Erratum in: J Clin Sleep Med 2007;3:table of contents.
34. Freedman NS, Kotzer N, Schwab RJ. Patient perception of sleep quality and etiology of sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999:159:1155-62.
35. Cooper AB, Thornley KS, Young GB, Slutsky AS, Stewart TE, Hanly PJ. Sleep in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest 2000; 117:809-18.
36. Bourne RS, Mills GH. Sleep disruption in critically ill patients - pharmacological considerations. Anaesthesia 2004;59:374-84.
37. Mihic SJ, Harris RA. GABA and the GABAA receptor. Alcohol Health Res World 1997;21:127-31.
38. Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:66-73.
39. Ely EW, Gautam S, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, SperoffT et al. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:1892-900.
40. Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, Shintani AK, Speroff T, Stiles RA et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2004;32:955-62.
41. Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, SperoffT, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004;291:1753-62.
42. Dubois MJ, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors. Intensive Care Med 2001 ;27:1297-304.
43. Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Hart RP, Hopkins RO, Ely EW. The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev 2004;14:87-98.
44. Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Girard TD, Thomason JWW, Pun BT, Dunn J et al. Delirium as a risk factor for long term cognitive impairment in mechanically ventilated ICU survivors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A22.
45. Marcantonio ER, Juarez G, Goldman L, Mangione CM, Ludwig LE, Lind L et al. The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA 1994;272: 1518-22.
46. Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, Pun BT, Wilkinson GR, Dittus RS et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 2006;104:21-6.
47. Pandharipande P, Costabile S, Cotton B, Morris J, Frizzell J, Fraley M. Prevalence of delirium in surgical ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2005;33(12 Suppl):A45.
48. Van Der Mast RC. Pathophysiology of delirium. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1998;11:138-45.
49. Maldonado JR, van der Starre PJ, Wysong, A. Post-operative sedation and the incidence of ICU delirium in cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology 2005;99:A465.
50. Ibacache ME, Munoz HR, Brandes V, Morales AL. Single-dose dexmedetomidine reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Anesth Analg 2004;98:60-3, table.
51. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Kessler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B et al.; Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1368-77.
52. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8.