The relationship between the lizard eye and associated bony features: A cautionary note for interpreting fossil activity patterns

Anatomical Record

Volumn 292, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 798-812

  Hall, Margaret I ^a  

^a MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Lepidosaur; Orbit; Photopic; Sclerotic ring; Scotopic; Vision

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL ANATOMY; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY; EYE; FOSSIL ANIMAL; LIZARD; NIGHT VISION; NONHUMAN; ORBIT; PHOTOPIC VISION; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; COLOR VISION; EYE; FOSSILS; LIGHT; LIZARDS; PHYLOGENY; SKULL;

ANIMALIA; DINOSAURIA; SQUAMATA;

EID: 67651173152     PISSN: 19328486     EISSN: 19328494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ar.20889     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Brooke MdL, Hanley S, Laughlin SB. 1999. The scaling of eye size and body mass in birds. Proc R Soc Lond B 266:405-412.
2. Carranza S, Arnold EN, Mateo JA, Geniez P. 2002. Relationships and evolution of the North African geckos, Geckonia and Tarentola (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 23:244-256.
3. Cartmill M. 1970. The orbits of arboreal mammals: a reassessment of the arboreal theory of primate evolution. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
4. Chapple DG. 2003. Ecology, life-history, and behavior in the Australian scincid genus Egernia, with comments on the evolution of complex sociality in lizards. Herpetol Monogr 17:145-180.
5. Cogger HG. 1994. Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
6. Cogger HG, Zweifel RG. 1992. Encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians. New York: Academic Press.
7. Columbre AJ, Crelin ES. 1957. The role of the developing eye in the morphogenesis of the avian skull. Am J Phys Anthropol 16:25-37.
8. Donnellan SC, Hutchinson MN, Saint KM. 1999. Molecular evidence for the phylogeny of Australian gekkonid lizards. Biol J Linn Soc 67:97-118.
9. Endler JA. 1993. The color of light in forests and its implications. Ecol Monogr 63:1-27.
10. Fellers G, Drost CA. 1991. Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California. Herpetol Monogr 5:28-78.
11. Felsenstein J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1-15.
12. Fernandez MS, Archuby F, Talevi M, Ebner R. 2005. Ichthyosaurian eyes: paleobiological information content in the sclerotic ring of Caypullisaurus (Ichthyosauria, Ophthalmosauria). J Vert Paleontol 25:330-337.
13. Fitzgerald LA, Cook JA, Aquino AL. 1999. Molecular phylogenetics and conservation of Tupinambis (Sauria: Teiidae). Copeia 1999:894-905.
14. Franz-Odendaal TA. 2008. Scleral ossicles of teleostei: evolutionary and developmental trends. Anat Rec 291:161-168.
15. Franz-Odendaal TA, Hall BK. 2006. Skeletal elements within teleost eyes and a discussion of their homology. J Morphol 267:1326-1337.
16. Franz-Odendaal TA, Vickaryous MK. 2006. Skeletal elements in the vertebrate eye and adnexa: morphological and developmental perspectives. Dev Dyn 235:1244-1255.
17. Frost D, Janies D, Mouton PLFN, Titus T. 2001. A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of the girdled lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata). Am Mus Nov 3310:1-10.
18. Fu J. 1998. Toward the phylogeny of the family Lacertidae: implications from mitochondrial DNA 12S and 16S gene sequences (Reptilia: Squamata). Mel Phylogenet Evol 9:118-130.
19. Green SB, Salkind NJ, Akey Tm. 2000. Using SPSS for windows: analyzing and understanding data. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
20. Greer AE 1989. The biology and evolution of australian lizards. Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty and Sons.
21. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. 1998. Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
22. Han D, Zhou K, Bauer AM. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from C-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota. Biol J Linn Soc 83:353-368.
23. Hall MI. 2004. A new approach for inferring activity pattern in avians using the orbit and sclerotic ring. J Vert Paleontol 24(Supp 3):67A.
24. Hall MI. 2005. The roles of function and phylogeny in the morphology of the diapsid visual system. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
25. Hall MI. 2008a. Comparative analysis of the size and shape of the lizard eye. Zoology 111:62-75.
26. Hall MI. 2008b. The anatomical relationships between the avian eye, orbit, and sclerotic ring: implications for inferring activity patterns in extinct birds. J Anat 212:781-794.
27. Hall MI, Heesy CP, Carrano MT. 2007. Inferring binocular visual field overlap in non-avian dinosaurs based on an extant avian scaling model. J Integr Comp Biol 46(Suppl 1):e204.
28. Hall MI, Ross CF. 2007. Eye shape and activity pattern in birds. J Zool 271:437-444.
29. Hanken J. 1983. Miniaturization and its effects on cranial morphology in plethodontid salamanders, genus Thorius (Amphibia, Plethodontidae). II. The fate of the brain and sense organs and their role in skull morphogenesis and evolution. J Morphol 177:255-268.
30. Hanken J, Thorgood P. 1993. Evolution and development of the vertebrate skull: the role of pattern formation. TREE 8:9-15.
31. Harvey PH, Pagel MD. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Heesy CP, Ross CF. 2001. Evolution of activity patterns and chromatic vision in primates: morphometrics, genetics and cladistics. J Hum Evol 40:111-149.
33. Heesy CP, Ross CF. 2004. Mosaic evolution of activity pattern, diet, and colar vision in haplerhine primates. In: CF Ross, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins: new visions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p 665-698.
34. Howland HC, Merola S, Basarab JR. 2004. The allometry and scaling of the size of vertebrate eyes. Vis Res 44:2043-2065.
35. Hughes A. 1977. The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style: comparative optics and retinal organisation. In: Crescitelli F, editor. The visual system in vertebrates. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p 613-756.
36. Humphries S, Ruxton GD. 2002. Why did some icthyosaurs have such large eyes? J Exp Biol 205:439-441
37. Kay RF, Cartmill M. 1977. Cranial morphology and adaptations of Palaechthon nacimienti and other Paromomyidae (Plesiadapoidea, Primates), with a description of a new genus and species. J Hum Evol 6:19-35.
38. Kay RF, Kirk EC. 2000. Osteological evidence for the evolution of activity pattern and visual acuity in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 113:235-262.
39. Kiltie RA. 2000. Scaling of visual acuity with body size in mammals and birds. Funct Ecol 14:226-234.
40. Kirk EC. 2004. Comparative morphology of the eye in primates. Anat Rec A 281:1095-1103.
41. Kirk EC. 2006. Effects of activity pattern on eye size and orbital aperture size in primatos. J Hum Evol 51:159-170.
42. Land MF, Nilsson D-E. 2002. Animal eyes. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Lee MSY. 1998. Convergent evolution and character evolution in burrowing reptiles: toward a resolution of squamate relationships. Biol J Linnean Soc 65:369-453.
44. Lee MSY, Reeder TW, Slowinski JB, Lawson R. 2004. Resolving reptile relationships: molecular and morphological markers. In: Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ, editors. Assembling the tree of life. New York: Oxford University Press. p 451-467.
45. Macey JR, Schulte JA, II, Larson A, Tuniyev BS, Orlov N, Papenfuss TJ. 1999. Molecular phylogenetics, tRNA evolution, and historical biogeography in Anguid lizards and related taxonomic families. Mol Phylogenet Evol 12:250-272.
46. Maddison WP, Maddison DR. 2003. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.05. Available at: http:// mesquiteproject.org.
47. Martin GR. 1982. An owl's eye: schematic optics and visual performance in Strix aluco. J Comp Physiol 145:341-349.
48. Martin GR. 1985. Eye. In: King AS, McLelland J, editors. Form and function in birds, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. p 311-373.
49. Martin GR. 1990. Birds by night. San Diego: Academic Press.
50. Mattison C. 1989. Lizards of the world. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
51. Metzger KA, Herrel A. 2005. Correlations between lizard cranial shape and diet: a quantitative, phylogenetically informed analysis. Biol J Linn Soc 86:433-466.
52. Moss ML, Young RW. 1960. A functional approach to craniology. Am J Phys Anthropol 18:281-292.
53. Motani R, Rothschild BM, Wahl W, Jr. 1999. Large eyeballs in diving ichthyosaurs. Nature 402:747.
54. Nunn CL, Barton RA. 2001. Comparative methods for studying primate adaptation and allometry. Evol Anthropol 10:81-98.
55. Odierna G, Canapa A, Andreone F, Aprea G, Barucca M, Capriglione T, elmo E. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis of Cordyliformes (Reptilia: Squamata): comparison of molecular and karyological data. Mel Phylogenet Evol 23:37-42.
56. Pianka ER, Vitt LJ. 2003. Lizards: windows to the evolution of diversity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
57. Plotnick RE. 1989. Application of bootstrap methods to reduced major axis line fitting. Syst Zool 38:144-153.
58. Proctor NS, Lynch PJ. 1993. Manual of ornithology: avian structure and function. New Haven: Yale University Press.
59. Purvis A, Rambaut A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput Appl Biosci 11:247-251.
60. Rayner JMV. 1985. Linear relations in biomechanics: the statistics of scaling functions. J Zool Lond 206:415-439.
61. Reeder TW, Cole CJ, Dessauer HC. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): a test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins. Am Mus Nov 3365:1-61.
62. Ricker WE. 1984. Computation and uses of central trend lines. Can J Zool 62:1897-1905.
63. Rinehart L, Lucas S, Heckert A, Hunt A. 2004. Vision characteristics of Coelophysis bauri based on sclerotic ring, orbit, and skull morphology. J Vert Paleo 24(Supp 3):104A.
64. Ritland S. 1982. The allometry of the vertebrate eye. Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago.
65. Röll B. 2001. Gecko vision - retinal organization, foveae, and implications for binocular vision. Vis Res 41:2043-2056.
66. Romer AS. 1956. Osteology of the reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Ross CF. 2000. Into the light: the origin of Anthropoidea. Annu Rev Anthropol 29:147-194.
68. Ross CF, Hall MI, Heesy CP. 2007. Were basal primates nocturnal? Evidence from eye size and shape. In: Ravosa M, Dagosto M, editors. Primate origins and adaptations. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p 257-277.
69. Rowe MP. 2000. Inferring the retinal anatomy and visual capacities of extinct vertebrates. Palaeontol Electron 3:43.
70. Schmitz L. 2008. Inference of diel activity pattern suggests complex temporal resource and habitat partitioning among Mesozoic archosaurs. J Vert Paleo 28(Suppl 3):137A.
71. Schmitz L, Motani R, Milner A. 2007. Diel activity pattern of Archaeopteryx. J Vert Paleo 27(Suppl 3):1423.
72. Schulte JA, II, Macey R, Larson A, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Molecular tests of phylogenetic taxonomies: a general procedure and example using four subfamilies of the lizard family Iguanidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 10:367-376.
73. Schulte JA, II, Valladares JP, Larson A. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships within Iguanidae inferred using molecular and morphological data and a phylogenetic taxonomy of Ignanian lizards. Herpetologica 59:399-419.
74. Schultz AH. 1940. The size of the orbit and of the eye in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 26:389-408.
75. Smith HM. 1946. Handbook of lizards: lizards of the United States and of Canada. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
76. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. 1995. Biometry, 3rd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.
77. Taylor WOG. 1939. Effect of enucleation of one eye in childhood on the subsequent development of the face. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 59:361-371.
78. Thorogood P. 1988. The developmental specification of the vertebrate skull. Development 103(Suppl):141-153.
79. Tonneyckmuller I. 1974. Growth of eyes and orbits in chicken embryo. VIII. Development of skull in embryos of 12-17 days with artificially induced bilatera micropthalmia. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 12:145-158.
80. Townsend T, Larson A. 2002. Molecular phylogenetics and mitochondrial genomic evolution in the Chamaeleonidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Mol Phylogenet Evol 23:22-36.
81. Underwood G. 1970. The eye. In: Gans C, Parsons TS, editors. Biology of the reptilia, Vol. 2: Morphology B. London: Academic Press. p 1-97.
82. Vanlimborgh J, Tonneyckmuller I. 1976. Experimental studies on relationships between eye growth and skull growth. Ophthalmologica 173:317-325.
83. Vicario S, Caccone A, Gauthier J. 2003. Xantusiid "night" lizards: a puzzling phylogenetic problem revisitod using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mtDNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:243-261.
84. Walls GL. 1942. The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. New York: Hafner.
85. Werner YL. 1969. Eye size in geckos of various ecological types. Israel J 2001 18:291-316.
86. Werner YL, Seifan T. 2006. Eye size in geckos: asymmetry, allometry, sexual dimorphism, and behavioral correlates. J Morph 267: 1486-1600.
87. Whiting AS, Bauer AM, Sites JW. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships and limb loss in sub-Saharan African scincine lizards (Squamata: Scincidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 29:582-598.
88. Wiens JJ, Hollingsworth BD. 2000. War of the iguanas: conflicting molecular and morphological phylogenies and long-branch attraction in Iguanid lizards. Syst Biol 49:143-159.
89. Witmer LM. 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason JJ, editor. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 19-33.