The use of X-ray scattering techniques to quantify the orientation and distribution of collagen in the corneal stroma

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 369-392

  Meek, Keith M ^a   Boote, Craig ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN FIBRIL;

ASTIGMATISM; BIOMECHANICS; BIREFRINGENCE; CATARACT; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CORNEA DISEASE; CORNEA EDEMA; CORNEA INJURY; CORNEA STROMA; CORNEA SURGERY; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EYE DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; KERATOCONUS; NONHUMAN; OCULOGRAPHY; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RADIATION DOSE DISTRIBUTION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION SCATTERING; RADIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; REFRACTION ERROR; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; TISSUE STRUCTURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; X RAY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

ANIMALS; COLLAGEN; CORNEA; CORNEAL DISEASES; CORNEAL STROMA; HUMANS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 67651166582     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Abahussin, M., 2008. Study of Corneal Ultrastructure in Normal and Post-LASIK Human Eyes. PhD thesis. Cardiff University, UK.
2. Adachi E., and Hayashi T. In vitro formation of hybrid fibrils of type I collagen and type V collagen. Limited growth of type I collagen into thick fibrils by type V collagen. Connect. Tissue Res. 14 (1986) 257-266
3. Aghamohammadzadeh H., Newton R.H., and Meek K.M. X-ray scattering used to map the preferred collagen orientation in the human cornea and limbus. Structure 12 (2004) 249-256
4. Akhtar S., Bron A.J., Salvi S.M., Hawksworth N.R., Tuft S.J., and Meek K.M. Ultrastructural analysis of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans in keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol. 86 (2008) 764-772
5. Aldave A.J., Yellore V.S., Salem A.K., Yoo G.L., Rayner S.A., Yang H., Tang G.Y., Piconell Y., and Rabinowitz Y.S. No vsx1 gene mutations associated with keratoconus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 2820-2822
6. Alstrué V., Calvo B., Pena E., and Doblaré M. Biomechanical modelling of refractive corneal surgery. Trans. ASME 128 (2006) 150-160
7. Altan-Yaycioglu R., Pelit A., Evyapan O., and Akova Y.A. Astigmatism induced by oblique clear corneal incision: right versus left eyes. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 42 (2007) 557-561
8. Anderson K., El-Sheikh A., and Newson T. Application of structural analysis to the mechanical behaviour of the cornea. J. R. Soc. Interface 1 (2004) 3-15
9. Aspden R.M., and Hukins D.W.L. Determination of the directions of preferred orientation and the orientation distribution function of collagen fibrils in connective tissues from high-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 12 (1979) 306-311
10. Barequet I.S., Yu E., Vitale S., Cassard S., Azar D.T., and Stark W.J. Astigmatism outcomes of horizontal temporal versus nasal clear corneal incision cataract surgery. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 30 (2004) 418-423
11. Bigi A., and Roveri N. Fibre diffraction: collagen. In: Ebashi S., Koch M., and Rubenstein E. (Eds). Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation vol. 4 (1991), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 199-239
12. Bigi A., Burghammer M., Flaconi R., Koch M.H., Panzavolta H., and Riekel C. Twisted plywood pattern of collagen fibrils in teleost scales: an X-ray diffraction investigation. J. Struct. Biol. 136 (2001) 137-143
13. Birk D.E., Fitch J.F., Babiarz J.P., Doane K.J., and Linsenmayer T.F. Collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro: interaction of types I and V collagen regulates fibril diameter. J. Cell Sci. 95 (1990) 649-657
14. Bisceglia L., Ciaschetti M., De Bonis P., Campo P.A.P., Pizzicoli C., Scala C., Grifa M., Ciavarella P., Noci N.D., Vaira F., Macaluso C., and Zelante L. Vsx1 mutational analysis in a series of italian patients affected by keratoconus: detection of a novel mutation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 39-45
15. Blochberger T.C., Vergnes J.-P., Hempel J., and Hassell J.R. cDNA to chick lumican (corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan) reveals homology to the small interstitial proteoglycan gene family and expression in muscle and intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 347-352
16. Boote C., Dennis S., and Meek K.M. Collagen organisation in adult and foetal marmoset cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) E-abstract 882
17. Boote C., Dennis S., Newton R.H., Puri H., and Meek K.M. Collagen fibrils appear more closely packed in the prepupillary cornea: optical and biomechanical implications. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 2941-2948
18. Boote C., Dennis S., and Meek K.M. Spatial mapping of collagen fibril organisation in primate cornea - an X-ray diffraction investigation. J. Struct. Biol. 146 (2004) 359-367
19. Boote C., Dennis S., Huang Y., Quantock A.J., and Meek K.M. Lamellar orientation in human cornea in relation to mechanical properties. J. Struct. Biol. 149 (2005) 1-6
20. Boote C., Hayes S., Abahussin M., and Meek K.M. Mapping collagen organization in the human cornea: left and right eyes are structurally distinct. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 901-908
21. Boote C., Dennis S., Jones S., Quantock A.J., Hocking P.M., Inglehearn C.F., Ali M., and Meek K.M. Collagen organization in the chicken cornea and structural alterations in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) phenotype-an X-ray diffraction study. J. Struct. Biol. 161 (2008) 1-8
22. Boote C., Hayes S., Young R.D., Kamma-Lorger C.S., Hocking P.M., Elsheikh A., Inglehearn C.F., Ali M., and Meek K.M. Ultrastructural changes in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick cornea. J. Struct. Biol. 166 (2009) 195-204
23. Borasio E., Mehta J.S., and Maurino V. Torque and flattening effects of clear corneal temporal and on-axis incisions for phacoemulsification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 32 (2006) 2030-2038
24. Borcherding M.S., Blacik L.J., Sittig R.A., Bizzell J.U., Breen M., and Weinstein H.G. Proteoglycans and collagen fibre organization in human corneoscleral tissue. Exp. Eye Res. 21 (1975) 59-70
25. Born M., and Wolf E. Principles of Optics. sixth ed. (1980), Pergamon Press, New York
26. Boyce B.L., Jones R.E., Nguyen T.D., and Grazier J.M. Stress-controlled viscoelastic tensile response of bovine cornea. J. Biomech. 40 (2007) 2367-2376
27. Boyce B.L., Grazier J.M., Jones R.E., and Nguyen T.D. Full-field deformation of bovine cornea under constrained inflation conditions. Biomaterials 29 (2008) 3896-3904
28. Bueno J.M., and Vargas-Martin F. Measurements of the corneal birefringence with a liquid-crystal imaging polariscope. Appl. Opt. 41 (2002) 116-124
29. Chow R.L., Snow B., Novak J., Looser J., Freund C., Vidgen D., Ploder L., and McInnes R.R. Vsx1, a rapidly evolving paired-like homeobox gene expressed in cone bipolar cells. Mech. Dev. 109 (2001) 315-322
30. Chow R.L., Volgyi B., Szilard R.K., Ng D., McKerlie C., Bloomfield S.A., Birch D.G., and McInnes R.R. Control of late off-center cone bipolar cell differentiation and visual signalling by the homeobox gene Vsx1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 1754-1759
31. Connon C.J., and Meek K.M. Organization of corneal collagen fibrils during the healing of trephined wounds in rabbits. Wound Repair Regen. 11 (2003) 71-78
32. Corpuz L.M., Funderburgh J.L., Funderburgh M.L., Bottomley G.S., Prakash S., and Conrad G.W. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of keratocan. Bovine corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan 37A. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 9759-9763
33. Crabb R.A.B., Chau E.P., Evans M.C., Barocas V.H., and Hubel A. Biomechanical and microstructural characteristics of a collagen film-based corneal stroma equivalent. Tissue Eng. 12 (2006) 1565-1575
34. Crouch J.R., Merriam J.C., and Crouch E.R. Finite element model of cornea deformation. Med. Image Comput. Comput. Assist. Interv. 3750 (2005) 591-598
35. Curtis R., Baker J.R., Curtis P.E., and Johnston A. An inherited retinopathy in commercial breeding chickens. Avian Pathol. 17 (1988) 87-99
36. Dawson D., Kramer T.R., Grossniklaus H.E., Waring III G.O., and Edelhauser H.F. Histological, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescent evaluation of human laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis corneal wounds. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123 (2005) 741-756
37. Dawson D.G., Bradley Randleman J., Grossniklaus H.E., O'Brien T.P., Dubovy S.R., Schmack I., Stulting R.D., and Edelhauser H.F. Corneal ectasia after excimer laser keratorefractive surgery: histopathology, ultrastructure, and pathophysiology. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 2181-2191
38. Daxer A., and Fratzl P. Collagen fibril orientation in the human corneal stroma and its implications in keratoconus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38 (1997) 121-129
39. Daxer A., Misof K., Grabner B., Ettl A., and Fratzl P. Collagen fibrils in the human corneal stroma: structure and ageing. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998) 644-648
40. Donohue D.J., Stoyanow B.J., McCally R.A., and Farrell R.A. Numerical modelling of the cornea's lamellar structure and birefringence properties. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12 (1995) 1425-1438
41. Dunnington E.A., and Siegel P.B. Age and body weight at sexual maturity in female white leghorn chickens. Poult. Sci. 63 (1984) 828-830
42. El-Shabrawi Y., Kublin C.L., and Cintron C. mRNA levels of alpha1(VI) collagen, alpha1(XII) collagen, and beta ig in rabbit cornea during normal development and healing. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998) 36-44
43. Elsheikh A., Brown M., Alhasso D., Rama P., Campanelli M., and Garway-Heath D. Experimental assessment of corneal anisotropy. J. Refract. Surg. 24 (2008) 178-187
44. Elsheikh A., Alhasso D., and Rama P. Biomechanical properties of human and porcine corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 86 (2008) 783-790
45. Elsheikh A., Ross S., Alhasso D., and Rama P. Numerical study of the effect of corneal layered structure on ocular biomechanics. Curr. Eye Res. 34 (2009) 26-35
46. Elsheikh A., and Alhasso D. Mechanical anisotropy of porcine cornea and correlation with stromal microstructure. Exp. Eye Res. 88 (2009) 1084-1091
47. Farid M., Morishige N., Lam L., Wahlert A., Steinert R.F., and Jester J.V. Detection of corneal fibrosis by imaging second harmonic-generated signals in rabbit corneas treated with mitomycin C after excimer laser surface ablation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 4377-4383
48. Fraser R.D., MacRae T.P., Miller A., and Suzuki E. Molecular conformation and packing in collagen fibrils. J. Mol. Biol. 167 (1983) 497-521
49. Fratzl P., and Daxer A. Structural transformation of collagen fibrils in corneal stroma during drying. An X-ray scattering study. Biophys. J. 64 (1993) 1210-1214
50. Freund D.E., McCally R.L., Farrell R.A., Cristol S.M., L'Hernault N.L., and Edelhauser H.F. Ultrastructure in anterior and posterior stroma of perfused human and rabbit corneas: relation to transparency. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) 1508-1523
51. Fullwood N.J., and Meek K.M. A synchroton X-ray study of the changes occurring in the corneal stroma during processing for electron microscopy. J. Microsc. 169 (1993) 53-60
52. Fullwood N.J., Troilo D., Wallman J., and Meek K.M. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and histochemical studies of normal and myopic chick eyes. Tissue Cell 25 (1993) 73-85
53. Fullwood N.J., and Meek K.M. An ultrastructural, time-resolved study of freezing in the corneal stroma. J. Mol. Biol. 236 (1994) 749-758
54. Funderburgh J.L., Corpuz L.M., Roth M.R., Funderburgh M.L., Tasheva E.S., and Conrad G.W. Mimecan, the 25-kDa corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan, is a product of the gene producing osteoglycin. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 28089-28095
55. Funderburgh J.L., Hevelone N.D., Roth M.R., Funderburgh M.L., Rodrigues M.R., Nirankari V.S., and Conrad G.W. Decorin and biglycan of normal and pathologic human corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998) 1957-1964
56. Gefen A., Shalom R., Elad D., and Mandel Y. Biomechanical analysis of the keratoconic cornea. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2 (2009) 224-236
57. Glasser A., Troilo D., and Howland H.C. The mechanism of corneal accommodation in chicks. Vis. Res. 34 (1994) 1549-1566
58. Goodfellow J.M., Elliott G.F., and Woolgar A.E. X-ray diffraction studies of the corneal stroma. J. Mol. Biol. 119 (1978) 237-252
59. Götzinger E., Pircher M., Dejaco-Ruhswurm I., Kaminski S., Skorpik C., and Hitzenberger C.K. Imaging of birefringent properties of keratoconus corneas by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 3551-3558
60. Guo X., Hutcheon A.E., Melotti S.A., Zieske J.D., Trinkaus-Randall V., and Ruberti J.W. Morphologic characterization of organized extracellular matrix deposition by ascorbic acid-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 4050-4060
61. Hamada R., Giraud J.P., Graf B., and Pouliquen Y. Analytical and statistical study of the lamellae, keratocytes and collagen fibrils of the central region of the normal human cornea. Arch. Ophtalmol. Rev. Gen. Ophtalmol. 32 (1972) 563-570
62. Hayes S., Boote C., Huang Y., and Meek K.M. The relationship between surface corneal topography and stromal collagen organisation in normal and keratoconus corneas. Fibre Diffr. Rev. 14 (2006) 15-21
63. Hayes S., Boote C., Sheppard J., Abahussin M., Quantock A.J., Purslow C., Assiri A., Lewis J., and Meek K.M. A comparative study of fibrillar collagen arrangement in the corneas of primates and other mammals. Anat. Rec. 290 (2007) 1542-1550
64. Hayes S., Boote C., Tuft S.J., Quantock A.J., and Meek K.M. A study of corneal thickness, shape and collagen organisation in keratoconus using videokeratography and X-ray scattering techniques. Exp. Eye Res. 84 (2007) 423-434
65. Heon E., Greenberg A., Kopp K.K., Rootman D., Vincent A.L., Billingsley G., Priston M., Dorval K.M., Chow R.L., McInnes R.R., Heathcote G., Westall C., Sutphin J.E., Semina E., Bremner R., and Stone E.M. VSX1: a gene for posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoconus. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (2002) 1029-1036
66. His W. Bieträge zur normalen und pathologischen Histologie der Cornea (1856), Sweighauser, Basel
67. Hitzenberger C.K., Götzinger E., and Pircher M. Birefringence properties of the human cornea measured with polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography. Bull. Soc. Belge Ophtalmol. 302 (2006) 153-168
68. Hogan M.J., and Alvarado J. Ultrastructure of the deep corneolimbal region. Doc. Ophthalmol. 26 (1969) 9-30
69. Inglehearn C.F., Morrice D.R., Lester D.H., Robertson G.W., Mohamed M.D., Simmons I., Downey L.M., Thaung C., Bridges L.R., Paton I.R., Smith J., Peterson-Jones S., Hocking P.M., and Burt D.W. Genetic, ophthalmic, morphometric and histopathological analysis of the retinopathy globe enlarged (rge) chicken. Mol. Vis. 9 (2003) 295-300
70. Jakus M.A. The fine structure of the human cornea. In: Smelser G.K. (Ed). The Structure of the Eye (1961), Academic Press, New York and London
71. Jaronski J.W., and Kasprzak H.T. Linear birefringence measurements of the in vitro human cornea. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 23 (2003) 361-369
72. Jaycock P.D., Lobo L., Ibrahim J., Tyrer J., and Marshall J. Interferometric technique to measure biomechanical changes in the cornea induced by refractive surgery. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31 (2005) 175-184
73. Johnson, L.W., 1998. Mechanical and Microstructural Analysis of the Human Cornea. PhD thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA.
74. Kamma-Lorger, C.S., 2007. The Healing of LASIK Flaps. PhD thesis. Cardiff University, UK.
75. Kamma-Lorger C.S., Boote C., Young R.D., Hayes S., Quantock A.J., and Meek K.M. Depth profile study of molecular collagen structure in normal human cornea. Acta Ophthalmol. 86 (2008) S243
76. Kamma-Lorger C.S., Hayes S., Boote C., Burghammer M., Boulton M.E., and Meek K.M. Effects on collagen orientation in the cornea after trephine injury. Mol. Vis. 15 (2009) 378-385
77. Kampmeier J., Radt B., Birngruber R., and Brinkmann R. Thermal and biomechanical parameters of porcine cornea. Cornea 19 (2000) 355-363
78. Kaplan D., and Bettelheim F.A. On the birefringence of bovine cornea. Exp. Eye Res. 13 (1972) 219-226
79. Keene D.R., Lunstrum G.P., Morris N.P., Stoddard D.W., and Burgeson R.E. Two type XII-like collagens localize to the surface of banded collagen fibrils. J. Cell Biol. 113 (1991) 971-978
80. Kenney M.C., Brown D.J., and Rajeev B. The elusive causes of keratoconus: a working hypothesis. CLAO J. 26 (2000) 10-13
81. Kirby M.C., Aspden R.M., and Hukins D.W.L. Determination of the orientation distribution function for collagen fibrils in a connective tissue site from a high-angle X-ray diffraction pattern. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 21 (1988) 929-934
82. Knighton R.W., and Huang X.R. Linear birefringence of the central human cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) 82-86
83. Kohnen T., Dick B., and Jacobi J.W. Comparison of induced astigmatism after temporal, clear corneal tunnel incisions of different sizes. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 21 (1995) 417-424
84. Kohnen S., Neuber R., and Kohnen T. Effect of temporal and nasal unsutured limbal tunnel incisions on induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 28 (2002) 821-825
85. Kokott W. Úber mechanisch-funktionelle strukturen des auges. Albrecht Graefes Arch. Ophthalmol. 138 (1938) 424-485
86. Komai Y., and Ushiki T. The three-dimensional organization of collagen fibrils in the human cornea and sclera. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32 (1991) 2244-2258
87. Krafchak C.M., Pawar H., Moroi S.E., Sugar A., Lichter P.R., Mackey D.A., Mian S., Nairus T., Elner V., Schteingart M.T., Downs C.A., Kijek T.G., Johnson J.M., Trager E.H., Rozsa F.W., Mandal M.N.A., Epstein M.P., Vollrath D., Ayyagari R., Boehnke M., and Richards J.E. Mutations in TCF8 cause posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy and ectopic expression of COL4A3 by corneal endothelial cells. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (2005) 694-708
88. Lanchares E., Calvo B., Cristóbal J.A., and Doblaré M. Finite element simulation of arcuates for astigmatism correction. J. Biomech. 41 (2008) 797-805
89. Levy N.S. Mapping Collagen Organisation in the Human Cornea (2006). http://www.iovs.org/cgi/eletters/47/3/901 IOVS on-line:
90. Li W., Vergnes J.-P., Cornuet P.K., and Hassell J.R. cDNA clone to chick corneal chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan reveals identity to decorin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296 (1992) 190-197
91. Li L., and Tighe B. The anisotropic material constitutive models for the human cornea. J. Struct. Biol. 153 (2006) 223-230
92. Linsenmayer T.F., Fitch J.M., Gordon M.K., Cai C.X., Igoe F., Marchant J.K., and Birk D.E. Development and roles of collagenous matrices in the embryonic avian cornea. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 17 (1998) 231-265
93. Löpping B., and Weale R.A. Changes in corneal curvature following ocular convergence. Vis. Res. 5 (1965) 207-215
94. Lucio A., and Smith R.L. Architecture of the corneal stroma of the hen. Acta Anat. 120 (1984) 196-201
95. Marchini M., Morocutti M., Ruggeri A., Koch M.H.J., Bigi A., and Roveri N. Differences in the fibril structure of corneal and tendon collagen. An electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction investigation. Connect. Tissue Res. 15 (1986) 269-281
96. Marin-Amat M. Les variations physiologiques de la courbure de la corneépendant de vie. Leur importance et transcendance dans la refraction oculaire. Bull. Soc. Belge Ophthalmol. Mol. 113 (1956) 251-293
97. Marshall G.E., Konstas A.G.P., and Lee W.R. Immunogold fine structural localization of extracellular matrix components in aged human cornea. I. Types I-IV collagen and laminin. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 229 (1991) 157-163
98. Marshall G.E., Konstas A.G.P., and Lee W.R. Immunogold fine structural localization of extracellular matrix components in aged human cornea. II. Collagen types V and VI. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 229 (1991) 164-171
99. Matteini P., Ratto F., Rossi F., Cicchi R., Stringari C., Kapsokalyvas D., Pavone F.S., and Pini R. Photothermally-induced disordered patterns of corneal collagen revealed by SHG imaging. Opt. Express 17 (2009) 4868-4878
100. Maurice D.M. The cornea and sclera. In: Davson H. (Ed). The Eye (1969), Academic Press, New York
101. McCally R.L., and Farrell R.A. Structural implications of small-angle light scattering from cornea. Exp. Eye Res. 34 (1982) 99-113
102. Meek K.M., Elliott G.F., Sayers Z., Whitburn S.B., and Koch M.H.J. Interpretation of the meridional X-ray diffraction pattern from collagen fibrils in corneal stroma. J. Mol. Biol. 149 (1981) 477-488
103. Meek K.M., Elliott G.F., Sayers Z., and Whitburn S.B. The distribution of electron density in corneal collagen fibrils. Curr. Eye Res. 81 (1981) 281-284
104. Meek K.M., Elliott G.F., Hughes R.A., and Nave C. The axial electron density in collagen fibrils from human corneal stroma. Curr. Eye Res. 2 (1983) 471-477
105. Meek K.M., and Holmes D.F. Interpretation of the electron microscopical appearance of collagen fibrils from corneal stroma. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5 (1983) 17-25
106. Meek K.M., Scott J.E., and Nave C. An X-ray diffraction analysis of rat-tail tendons treated with cupromeronic blue. J. Microsc. 139 (1985) 205-219
107. Meek K.M., Blamires T., Elliott G.F., Gyi T., and Nave C. The organisation of collagen fibrils in the human corneal stroma: a synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Curr. Eye Res. 6 (1987) 841-846
108. Meek K.M., Quantock A.J., Elliott G.F., Ridgway A.E.A., Tullo A.B., Bron A.J., and Thonar E.J.-M.A. Macular corneal dystrophy: the macromolecular structure of the stroma observed using electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Exp. Eye Res. 49 (1989) 941-958
109. Meek K.M., Fullwood N.J., Cooke P.H., Elliott G.F., Maurice D.M., Quantock A.J., Wall R.S., and Worthington C.R. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of the cornea with implications for stromal hydration. Biophys. J. 60 (1991) 467-474
110. Meek K.M., and Leonard D.W. The ultrastructure of the corneal stroma: a comparative study. Biophys. J. 64 (1993) 273-280
111. Meek K.M., and Newton R.H. Organisation of collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma in relation to mechanical properties and surgical practice. J. Refract. Surg. 15 (1999) 695-699
112. Meek K.M., and Fullwood N.J. Corneal and scleral collagens - a microscopist's perspective. Micron 32 (2001) 261-272
113. Meek K.M., and Quantock A.J. The use of X-ray scattering techniques to determine corneal ultrastructure. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20 (2001) 95-137
114. Meek K.M., and Boote C. The organization of collagen in the corneal stroma. Exp. Eye Res. 78 (2004) 503-512
115. Meek K.M., Tuft S.J., Huang Y., Gill P.S., Hayes S., Newton R.H., and Bron A.J. Changes in collagen orientation and distribution in keratoconus corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 1948-1956
116. Meek K.M., Hayes S., and Boote C. The effect of swelling on the lamellar arrangement of the corneal stroma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) E-abstract 2183
117. Meek K.M. The cornea and sclera. In: Fratzl P. (Ed). Collagen. Structure and Biomechanics (2008), Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, New York 360-396
118. Meek, K., Quantock, A., Boote, C., Kamma-Lorger, C., Young, R., Marshall, J., Burghammer, M., Riekel, C., Daya, S., Abahussin, M., 2008. Three-dimensional organisation of collagen in the corneal stroma and the effects of penetrating trephination. XVIII International. Congress for Eye Research. Abstracts co-37, p. 90.
119. Misson G.P. Circular polarization biomicroscopy: a method for determining human corneal stromal lamellar organization in vivo. Ophthal. Physiol. 27 (2007) 256-264
120. Montiani-Ferreira F., Li T., Kiupel M., Howland H., Hocking P., Curtis R., and Peterson-Jones S. Clinical features of the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick phenotype. Vis. Res. 43 (2003) 2009-2018
121. Montiani-Ferreira F., Cardoso F., and Petersen-Jones S. Postnatal development of of central corneal thickness in chicks of Gallus gallus domesticus. Vet. Ophthalmol. 7 (2004) 37-39
122. Morishige N., Petroll W.M., Nishida T., Kenney M.C., and Jester J.V. Noninvasive corneal stromal collagen imaging using two-photon-generated second-harmonic signals. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 32 (2006) 1784-1791
123. Morishige N., Wahlert A.J., Kenney M.C., Brown D.J., Kawamoto K., Chikama T., Nishida T., and Jester J.V. Second-harmonic imaging microscopy of normal human and keratoconus cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 1087-1094
124. Morishige N., Yamada N., Teranishi S., Chikama T.I., Nishida T., and Takahara A. Detection of subepithelial fibrosis associated with corneal stromal edema by second harmonic generation imaging microscopy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2009) (E-pub)
125. Myrowitz E.H., Kouzis A.C., and O'Brien T.P. High interocular corneal symmetry in average simulated keratometry, central corneal thickness, and posterior elevation. Opt. Vis. Sci. 82 (2005) 428-431
126. Navarro R., Palos F., Lanchares E., Calvo B., and Cristóbal J.A. Lower- and higher-order aberrations predicted by an optomechanical model of arcuate keratotomy for astigmatism. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 35 (2009) 158-165
127. Newsome D.A., Gross J., and Hassell J.R. Human corneal stroma contains three distinct collagens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 22 (1982) 376-381
128. Newton R.H., and Meek K.M. Circum-corneal annulus of collagen fibrils in the human limbus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998) 1125-1134
129. Newton R.H., and Meek K.M. The integration of the corneal and limbal fibrils in the human eye. Biophys. J. 75 (1998) 2508-2512
130. Nguyen T.D., Jones R.E., and Boyce B.L. A nonlinear anisotropic model for the tensile behaviour of the corneal stroma. J. Biomech. Eng. 130 4 (2008) 1-10 041020
131. Orgel J.P., Wess T.J., and Miller A. The in situ conformation and axial location of the intermolecular cross-linked non-helical telopeptides of type I collagen. Structure 8 (2000) 137-142
132. Palka B.P., Tanioka H., Sotozono C., Yagi N., Boote C., Young R.D., Meek K.M., and Quantock A.J. Reduced collagen interfibrillar spacing in macular corneal dystrophy occurs predominantly in deep stromal layers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) E-Abstract 3926
133. Pandolfi A., and Manganiello F. A model for the human cornea; constitutive formulation and numerical analysis. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 5 (2006) 237-246
134. Pandolfi A., and Holzapfel G.A. Three-dimensional modelling and computational analysis of the human cornea considering distributed collagen fibril orientations. J. Biomech. Eng 130 (2008) 061006
135. Pandolfi A., Fotia G., and Manganiello F. Finite element simulations of laser refractive corneal surgery. Eng. Comput. 25 (2009) 15-24
136. Pinsky P.D., and Datye D.V. A microstructurally based finite element model of the incised human cornea. J. Biomech. 24 (1991) 907-922
137. Pinsky P.M., van der Heide D., and Chernyak D. Computational modelling of mechanical anisotropy in the cornea and sclera. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31 (2005) 136-145
138. Polack F.M. Morphology of the cornea. I. Study with silver stains. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 51 (1961) 179-184
139. Polack F. Contribution of electron microscopy to the study of corneal pathology. Surv. Ophthalmol. 20 (1976) 375-414
140. Poole K., Khairy K., Friedrichs J., Franz C., Cisneros D.A., Howard J., and Mueller D. Molecular-scale topographic cues induce the orientation and directional movement of fibroblasts on two-dimensional collagen surfaces. J. Mol. Biol. 349 (2005) 380-386
141. Purslow P.P., Wess T.J., and Hukins D.W. Collagen orientation and molecular spacing during creep and stress-relaxation in soft connective tissues. J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 135-142
142. Quantock A.J., Meek K.M., Ridgway A.E.A., Bron A.J., and Thonar E.J.-M.A. Macular corneal dystrophy: reduction in both corneal thickness and collagen interfibrillar spacing. Curr. Eye Res. 9 (1990) 393-398
143. Quantock A.J., Meek K.M., Brittain P., Ridgway A.E.A., and Thonar E.J.-M.A. Alteration of the stromal architecture and depletion of keratan sulphate proteoglycans in oedematous human corneas: histological, immunochemical and X-ray diffraction evidence. Tissue Cell 23 (1991) 593-606
144. Quantock A.J., Meek K.M., Fullwood N.J., and Zabel R.W. Scheie's syndrome: the architecture of corneal collagen and distribution of corneal proteoglycans. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 28 (1993) 266-272
145. Quantock A.J., Kratz-Owens K.L., Leonard D.W., Meek K.M., and Schanzlin D.J. Remodelling of the corneal stroma following lamellar keratoplasty: a synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Cornea 13 (1994) 20-27
146. Quantock A.J., Boote C., Seigler V., and Meek K.M. Collagen organization in the secondary chick cornea during development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 130-136
147. Quantock A.J., Dennis S., Adachi W., Kinoshita S., Boote C., Meek K.M., Matsushima Y., and Tachibana M. Annulus of collagen fibrils in mouse cornea and structural matrix alterations in a murine-specific keratopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 1906-1911
148. Quantock A.J., Boote C., Young R.D., Hayes S., Tanioka H., Kawasaki S., Ohta N., Iida T., Yagi N., Kinoshita S., and Meek K.M. Small-angle fibre diffraction studies of corneal matrix structure: a depth-profiled investigation of the human eye-bank cornea. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40 (2007) S335-S340
149. Quantock A.J., and Young R.D. Development of the corneal stroma, and the collagen-proteoglycan associations that help define its structure and function. Dev. Dyn. 237 (2008) 2607-2621
150. Radner W., Zehetmayer M., Aufreiter R., and Mallinger R. Interlacing and cross-angle distribution of collagen lamellae in the human cornea. Cornea 17 (1998) 537-543
151. Radner W., Zehetmayer M., Skorpik C.H., and Mallinger R. Altered organization of collagen in the apex of keratoconus corneas. Ophthal. Res. 30 (1998) 327-332
152. Rawe I.M., Meek K.M., Leonard D.W., Takahashi T., and Cintron C. Structure of corneal scar tissue: an X-ray diffraction study. Biophys. J. 67 (1994) 1743-1768
153. Rebouças Martins S.A., Campos M.Q., Vidal B.C., Berto A.G.A., Aguiar J.A.K., and Michelacci Y.M. Proteoglycan synthesis by human corneal explants submitted to in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Mol. Vis. 13 (2007) 142-150
154. Ruberti J., Zieske J., and Trinkaus-Randall V. Corneal Tissue Replacement. Principles of Tissue Engineering (2007), R. Lanza, R. Langer, J. Vacanti, Elsevier/Academic Press (Chapter 68)
155. Ruberti J., and Zieske J. Prelude to corneal tissue engineering - gaining control of collagen organization. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 27 (2008) 549-577
156. Saltzmann M. The Anatomy and Histology of The Human Eye (1912), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
157. Sayers Z., Whitburn S.B., Koch M.H.J., Meek K.M., and Elliott G.F. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of corneal stroma. J. Mol. Biol. 160 (1982) 593-607
158. Semina E.V., Mintz-Hittner H.A., and Murray J.C. Isolation and characterization of a novel human paired-like homeodomain-hontaining transcription factor gene, vsx1, expressed in ocular tissues. Genomics 63 (2000) 289-293
159. Schwalbe G. Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane, Erlangen: Edward Besold. Arch. Mikr. Anat. 6 (1870) 261
160. Scott J.E., and Haigh M. 'Small'-proteoglycan collagen interactions. Keratan sulphate proteoglycan associates with rabbit corneal collagen fibrils at the 'a' and 'c' bands. Biosci. Rep. 5 (1985) 71-81
161. Sheppard, J., 2009. The Role of the Visual System Homeobox Gene 1 (VSX1) in Keratoconus and Mouse Development. Ph.D. thesis. Cardiff University, UK.
162. Shin T.J., Vito R.P., Johnson L.W., and McCarey B.E. The distribution of strain in the human cornea. J. Biomech. 30 (1997) 497-503
163. Smolek M.K. Interlamellar cohesive strength in the vertical meridian of human eyebank corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34 (1993) 2962-2969
164. Smolek M.K., Klyce S.D., and Sarver E.J. Inattention to nonsuperimposable midline symmetry causes wavefront analysis error. Arch. Ophthalmol. 120 (2006) 439-447
165. Song J., Lee Y.G., Houston J., Petroll W.M., Chakravarti S., Cavanagh H.D., and Jester J.V. Neonatal corneal stromal development in the normal and lumican-deficient mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 548-557
166. Soriano E.S., Campos M.S., and Michelacci Y.M. Effect of epithelial debridement on glycosaminoglycan synthesis by human corneal explants. Clin. Chem. Acta 295 (2000) 41-62
167. Srodka W., and Isklander D.R. Optically inspired biomechanical model of the human eyeball. J. Biomed. Opt 13 (2008) 044034
168. Srodka W., and Pierscionek B.K. Effect of material properties of the eyeball coat in optical image stability. J. Biomed. Opt 13 (2008) 054013
169. Tachibana M., Adachi W., Kinoshita S., Kobatashi Y., Honma Y., Hiai H., and Matsushima Y. Androgen-dependent hereditary mouse keratoconus: linkage to an MHC region. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) 51-57
170. Teixeira A.I., Nealey P.F., and Murphy C.J. Responses of human keratocytes to micro and nanostructured substrates. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 71A (2004) 369-376
171. Tejedor J., and Pérez-Rodríguez J.A. Astigmatic changes induced by 2.8-mm corneal incisions for cataract surgery. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50 (2009) 989-994
172. Teng S.W., Tan H.Y., Peng J.L., Lin H.H., Kim K.H., Lo W., Sun Y., Lin W.C., Lin S.J., Jee S.H., So P.T., and Dong C.Y. Multiphoton autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging of the ex vivo porcine eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 1216-1224
173. Thompson Jr. R.W., Price M.O., Bowers P.J., and Price Jr. F.W. Long-term graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 110 (2003) 1396-1402
174. Torbet J., Malbouyres M., Builles N., Justin V., Roulet M., Damour O., Oldberg A., Ruggiero F., and Hulmes D.J.S. Orthogonal scaffold of magnetically aligned collagen lamellae for corneal stroma reconstruction. Biomaterials 28 (2007) 4268-4276
175. Van Blokland G.J., and Verhelst S.C. Corneal polarisation in the living human eye explained with a biaxial model. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4 (1987) 82-90
176. Velinsky S.A., and Bryant M.R. On the computer-aided and optimal design of keratorefractive surgery. Refract. Corneal Surg. 8 (1992) 173-182
177. Virchow H. Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde vol. 1 (1910), Engelmann, Leipzig
178. Vrana N.E., Elsheikh A., Builles N., Damour O., and Hasirci V. Effect of human corneal keratocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells on the mechanical properties of micropatterned collagen films. Biomaterials 28 (2007) 4303-4310
179. Wang L., Dai E., Koch D.D., and Nathoo A. Optical aberrations of the human anterior cornea. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29 (2003) 1514-1521
180. Weale R.A. A Biography of the Eye (1982), H.K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London
181. Weinreb R.N., Bowd C., and Zangwill L.M. Scanning laser polarimetry in monkey eyes using variable corneal polarization. J. Glaucoma 11 (2002) 378-384
182. Wiener O. Allgemeine Sätze über die Dielektrizitätskonstanten der Mischkörper. Abh. Sachs. Ges. Akad. Wiss., Math. Phys. Kl 6 32 (1912) 574-584
183. Williams K.A., Brereton H.M., and Coster D.J. Prospects for genetic modulation of corneal graft survival. Eye (2008) (Dec 19th E-pub ahead of print)
184. Woodhead-Galloway J., Hukins D.W.L., Knight D.P., Machin P.A., and Weiss J.B. Molecular packing in elastoidin spicules. J. Mol. Biol. 118 (1978) 567-578
185. Worthington C.R., and Inouye H. X-ray diffraction study of the cornea. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 7 (1985) 2-8
186. Wray L.S., and Orwin E.J. Recreating the microenvironment of the native cornea for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng. Part A 15 (2009) 1-10
187. Zhan Q., Burrows R., and Cintron C. Localization of type XII collagen in normal and healing rabbit cornea by in situ hybridization. Exp. Eye Res. 60 (1995) 551-561
188. Zimmerman D.R., Trueb B., Winterhalter K.H., Wotmer R., and Fischer R.W. Type VI collagen is a major component of the human cornea. FEBS Lett. 197 (1986) 55-58