Development and etiology of disruptive and delinquent behavior

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue , 2009, Pages 291-310

  Loeber, Rolf ^a   Burke, Jeffrey D ^a   Pardini, Dustin A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Conduct problems; Delinquency; Development; Oppositional behavior; Psychopathic features

Indexed keywords

ANGER; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; COMMUNITY; CONDUCT DISORDER; DELINQUENCY; DEPRESSION; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISEASE COURSE; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; EMOTION; EXPOSURE; FAMILY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; PEER GROUP; PREDICTION; PROPHYLAXIS; PSYCHOPATHY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL; TEMPERAMENT; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD; CONDUCT DISORDER; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; MENTAL DISORDERS; PARENTING; RISK FACTORS; TEMPERAMENT; VIOLENCE;

EID: 67651165387     PISSN: 15485943     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153631     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
2. Angold A, Costello EJ. 2000. The epidemiology of disorders of conduct: nosological issues and comorbidity. In Conduct Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence, ed. J Hill, pp. 126-168 Port Chester, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press
3. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. 1999. Comorbidity. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 40:57-87
4. Arthur MW, Hawkins JD, Pollard JA, Catalano RF, Baglioni AJ Jr. 2002. Measuring risk and protective factors for substance use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors: the Communities That Care Youth Survey. Eval. Rev. 26:575-601
5. Atzaba-Poria N, Pike A, Deater-Deckard K. 2004. Do risk factors for problem behavior act in a cumulative manner? An examination of ethnic minority and majority children through an ecological perspective. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45:707-718 (Pubitemid 38559437)
6. Bachman JG, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. 1978. Youth in Transition: Adolescence to Adulthood - Change and Stability in the Lives of Young Men. Vol.6. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Res. Cent.
7. Barry TD, Barry CT, Deming AM, Lochman JE. 2008. Stability of psychopathic characteristics in childhood. Criminal Justice Behav. 35:244-262
8. Baving L, Laucht M, Schmidt MH. 2000. Oppositional children differ from healthy children in frontal brain activation. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 28:267-275 (Pubitemid 30415969)
9. Baving L, Rellum T, Laucht M, Schmidt MH. 2006. Children with oppositional-defiant disorder display deviant attentional processing independent of ADHD symptoms. J. Neural Transmitters 113:685-693 (Pubitemid 43673607)
10. Blair RJ. 2004. The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain Cognit. 55:198-208
11. Blair RJR, Peschardt KS, Budhani S, Mitchell DGV, Pine DS. 2006. The development of psychopathy. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 47:262-275
12. Boccaccini MT, Epstein M, Poythress N, Douglas KS, Campbell J, et al. 2007. Self-report measures of child and adolescent psychopathy as predictors of offending in four samples of justice-involved youth. Assessment 14:361-374
13. Broidy LM, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE, Bates JE, Brame B, et al. 2003. Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Dev. Psychol. 39:222-245 (Pubitemid 37189423)
14. Burke JD. 2009. Relationship between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder and their continuity with antisocial behaviors: evidence from longitudinal clinical studies. In Externalizing Disorders of Childhood: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V, ed. D Shaffer, E Leibenluft, LA Rohde. Arlington, VA: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. In press
15. Burke JD, Loeber R, Birmaher B. 2002. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, Part II. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 41:1275-1293 (Pubitemid 38338019)
16. Burke JD, Loeber R, Lahey BB. 2007. Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 36:334-346
17. Burke JD, Loeber R, Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ. 2005. Developmental transitions among affective and behavioural disorders in adolescent boys. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 46:1200-1210 (Pubitemid 44202678)
18. Burke JD, Pardini DA, Loeber R. 2008. Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 36:679-692
19. Burns GL. 2000. Problem of item overlap between the psychopathy screening device and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder rating scales. Psychol. Assess. 4:447-450
20. Bushway SD, Thornberry TP, Krohn MD. 2003. Desistance as a developmental process: a comparison of static and dynamic approaches. J. Quant. Criminol. 19:129-153 (Pubitemid 36425099)
21. Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. 1996. The social development model: a theory of antisocial behavior. In Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories, ed. JD Hawkins, pp. 149-197 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
22. Clinard MB, Quinney R. 1973. Criminal Behavior Systems: A Typology. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston, 2nd ed.
23. Connor DF. 2002. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Research and Treatment. New York: Guilford
24. Cullen FT, Wright JP, Blevins KR. 2006. Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory - Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol.15. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction
25. Dadds MR, Fraser J, Frost A, Hawes DJ. 2005. Disentangling the underlying dimensions of psychopathy and conduct problems in childhood: a community study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 73:400-410 (Pubitemid 40885090)
26. Dadds MR, Masry YE, Wimalaweera M, Guastella AJ. 2008. Reduced eye gaze explains "fear blindness" in childhood psychopathic traits. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 47:455-463
27. Dadds MR, Perry Y, Hawes DJ, Merz S, Riddell AC, et al. 2006. Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy. Br. J. Psychiatry 189:280-281 (Pubitemid 44343476)
28. Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. 1998. Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: group and individual differences. Dev. Psychopathol. 10:469-493 (Pubitemid 128433133)
29. Dodge KA, Pettit GS. 2003. A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Dev. Psychol. 39:349-371
30. Eaves L, Rutter M, Silberg JL, Shillady L, Maes H, Pickles A. 2000. Genetic and environmental causes of covariation in interview assessments of disruptive behavior in child and adolescent twins. Behav. Genet. 30:321-334 (Pubitemid 32106122)
31. Edwards G, Barkley RA, Laneri M, Fletcher K, Metevia L. 2001. Parent-adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 29:557-572 (Pubitemid 33745789)
32. Elliott DS. 1997. Blueprints for Violence Prevention. Vols. 1-11. Boulder, CO: Cent. Study Prev. Violence, Inst. Behav. Sci., Univ. Colorado
33. Elliott DS, Huizinga D, Ageton SS. 1985. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
34. Elliott DS, Tolan PH. 1999. Youth violence, prevention, intervention and social policy: An overview. In Youth Violence, Prevention, Intervention and Social Policy, ed. DJ Flannery, CR Huff, pp. 2-47. Washington DC/London: Clin. Pract.
35. Farrington DP. 1991. Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood. Psychologist 4:389-394
36. Farrington DP. 1994. Early developmental prevention of juvenile delinquency. Criminal Behav. Ment. Health 4:209-227
37. Farrington DP. 1996. The explanation and prevention of youthful offending. In Delinquency Crime, ed. JD Hawkins, pp. 68-148. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
38. Farrington DP. 1997. Human development and criminal careers. In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, ed. M Maguire, R Morgan, R Reiner, pp. 511-584 Oxford, UK: Clarendon. 2nd ed.
39. Farrington DP. 2005. Childhood origins of antisocial behavior. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 12:177-190
40. Farrington DP. 2009. Conduct disorder, aggression and delinquency. In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, RM Lerner, L Steinberg. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 3rd ed. In press
41. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ. 2000. Educational, psychosocial, and sexual outcomes of girls with conduct problems in early adolescence. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 41:779-792
42. Frick PJ, Bodin SD, Barry CT. 2000. Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychol. Assess. 12:382-393
43. Frick PJ, Kimonis ER, Dandreaux DM, Farell JM. 2003. The 4-year stability of psychopathic traits in non-referred youth. Behav. Sci. Law 21:713-736
44. Frick PJ, Lahey BB, Christ MA, Loeber R, Green S. 1991. History of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 20:445-452
45. Fung MT, Raine A, Loeber R, Lynam DR, Steinhauer SR, et al. 2005. Reduced electrodermal activity in psychopathy-prone adolescents. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 114:187-196 (Pubitemid 40663760)
46. Gardner FEM. 1992. Parent-child interaction and conduct disorder. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 4:135-163
47. Glenn AL, Raine A, Venables PH, Mednick SA. 2007. Early temperamental and psychophysiological precursors of adult psychopathic personality. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116:508-518 (Pubitemid 47444687)
48. Gorman-Smith D, Loeber R. 2005. Are developmental pathways in disruptive behaviors the same for girls and boys? J. Child Fam. Stud. 14:15-27 (Pubitemid 41201680)
49. Gottfredson MR, Hirschi T. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
50. Greene RW, Biederman J, Zerwas S, Monuteaux M, Goring JC, Faraone SV. 2002. Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159:1214-1224 (Pubitemid 34743264)
51. Greene RW, Doyle AE. 2000. Toward a transactional conceptualization of oppositional defiant disorder: implications for treatment and assessment. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2:129-148
52. Hagekull B. 1994. Infant temperament and early childhood functioning: possible relations to the five-factor model. In The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood, ed. CF Halverson, GA Kohnstamm, RP Martin, pp. 227-240 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
53. Hare RD, Neumann CS. 2008. Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 4:217-246
54. Hart SD, Watt KA, Vincent GM. 2002. Commentary on Seagrave and Grisso: impressions of the state of the art. Law Hum. Behav. 26:241-245
55. Hawes DJ, Dadds MR. 2007. Stability and malleability of callous-unemotional traits during treatment for childhood conduct problems. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 36:347-355
56. Hawkins JD, Herrenkohl T, Farrington DP, Brewer D, Catalano RF, et al. 1998. A review of predictors of youth violence. In Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, ed. R Loeber, DP Farrington, pp. 106-146 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
57. Howell JC. 2003. Diffusing research into practice using the comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders. Youth Violence Juvenile Justice 1:219-245
58. Hudziak JJ, Derks EM, Althoff RR, Rettew DC, Boomsma DI. 2005. The genetic and environmental contributions to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as measured by the Connors' Rating Scales-Revised. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:1614-1620
59. Huh D, Tristan J, Wade E, Stice E. 2006. Does problem behavior elicit poor parenting? A prospective study of adolescent girls. J. Adolesc. Res. 21:185-204
60. Kalb LM, Loeber R. 2003. Child disobedience and noncompliance: a review. Pediatrics 111:641-652
61. Kandel E, Mednick SA, Kirkegaard-Sorensen L, Hutchings B, Knop J, et al. 1988. IQ as a protective factor for subjects at high risk for antisocial behavior. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 56:224-226
62. Keenan K, Shaw DS. 2003. Starting at the beginning: exploring the etiology of antisocial behavior in the first years of life. In The Causes of Conduct Disorder and Serious Delinquency, ed. BB Lahey, TE Moffitt, A Caspi, pp. 153-181 New York: Guilford
63. Keenan K, Wakschlag LS. 2004. Are oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms normative behaviors in preschoolers? A comparison of referred and nonreferred children. Am. J. Psychiatry 161:356-358 (Pubitemid 38419287)
64. Kelley BT, Loeber R, Keenan K, DeLamatre M. 1997. Developmental Pathways in Boys' Disruptive Delinquent Behavior. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. Justice, Off. Justice Prog., Off. Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prev.
65. Kiehl KA. 2006. A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Res. 142:107-128
66. Kochanska G. 1997. Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: from toddlerhood to age 5. Dev. Psychol. 33:228-240
67. Kolko DJ, Bukstein OG, Dorn LD, Pardini D, Hart JA, Holden BA. 2009. Comparison of multimodal community vs. clinic-based treatment of children with early-onset ODD or CD: a clinical trial with three-year follow-up. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. In press
68. Kuhne M, Schachar R, Tannock R. 1997. Impact of comorbid oppositional or conduct problems on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 36:1715-1725 (Pubitemid 27512326)
69. Lacourse E, Dupéré V, Loeber R. 2008. Developmental trajectories of violence and theft. In Violence and Serious Theft: Development and Prediction from Childhood to Adulthood, ed. R Loeber, DP Farrington, M Stouthamer-Loeber, HR White, pp. 231-269 New York: Routledge
70. Lacourse E, Nagin D, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Claes M. 2003. Developmental trajectories of boys' delinquent group membership and facilitation of violent behaviors during adolescence. Dev. Psychopathol. 15:183-197
71. Lahey BB, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. 2003. Causes of Conduct Disorder and Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Guilford
72. Larsson H, Andershed H, Lichtenstein P. 2006. A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 115:221-230
73. Le Blanc M, Fréchette M. 1989. Male Criminal Activity from Childhood to Adulthood: Multilevel and Developmental Perspectives. New York: Springer-Verlag
74. Liberman A, ed. 2008. The Yield of Recent Longitudinal Research on Crime and Delinquency. New York: Springer
75. Lipsey MW, Derzon JH. 1998. Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: a synthesis of longitudinal research. In Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, ed. R Loeber, DP Farrington, pp. 86-105. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage
76. Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB, Winters A, Zera M. 2000. Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, Part I. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 39:1468-1484
77. Loeber R, Burke JD, Pardini DA. 2009a. Perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and psychopathic features. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. In press
78. Loeber R, Dishion T. 1983. Early predictors of male delinquency: a review. Psychol. Bull. 9468-9499
79. Loeber R, Farrington DP. 1998. Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
80. Loeber R, Farrington DP. 2001. Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Service Needs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
81. Loeber R, Farrington DP. 2004. Verschillende oorzaken van delinquentie tussen etnische en national groepen? Longitudinale analyses van criminaliteit onder jonge mannen in Pittsburgh and London [Are between-race and between-country causes of delinquency the same? Longitudinal analyses of young males in Pittsburgh and London]. Tijdschr. voor Criminol. 46:330-346
82. Loeber R, Farrington DP, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Van Kammen WB. 1998. Multiple risk factors for multi-problem boys: co-occurrence of delinquency, substance use, attention deficit, conduct problems, physical aggression, covert behavior, depressed mood, and shy/withdrawn behavior. In New Perspectives on Adolescent Risk Behavior, ed. R Jessor, pp. 90-149. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
83. Loeber R, Farrington DP, Stouthamer-Loeber M, White HR. 2008. Violence and Serious Theft: Development and Prediction from Childhood to Adulthood. New York: Routledge
84. Loeber R, Keenan K, Zhang Q. 1997. Boys' experimentation and persistence in developmental pathways toward serious delinquency. J. Child Fam. Stud. 6:321-357 (Pubitemid 127131793)
85. Loeber R, Pardini DA. 2008. Neurobiology and the development of violence: common assumptions and controversies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363:2491-2503 (Pubitemid 351915142)
86. Loeber R, Pardini DA, Homish DL, Wei EH, Crawford AM, et al. 2005. The prediction of violence and homicide in young men. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 73:1074-1088 (Pubitemid 43161106)
87. Loeber R, Pardini DA, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Hipwell AE, Sembower M. 2009b. Are there stable factors in girls' externalizing behaviors in middle childhood? J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. In press
88. Loeber R, Pardini DA, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Raine A. 2007. Do cognitive, physiological and psycho-social risk and promotive factors predict desistance from delinquency in males? Dev. Psychopathol. 19:867-887 (Pubitemid 47316379)
89. Loeber R, Schmaling KB. 1985. Empirical evidence for overt and covert patterns of antisocial conduct problems: a meta-analysis. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 13:337-353 (Pubitemid 15053691)
90. Loeber R, Slot NW, Stouthamer-Loeber M. 2006. A three-dimensional, cumulative developmental model of serious delinquency. In The Explanation of Crime: Contexts and Mechanisms, ed. P-OH Wikström, R Sampson, pp 153-194 London: Cambridge Univ. Press
91. Loeber R, Wei E, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Huizinga D, Thornberry T. 1999. Behavioral antecedents to serious and violent offending: joint analysis from the Denver Youth Survey, Pittsburgh Youth Study, and The Rochester Youth Development Study. Stud. Crime Crime Prev. 8:245-263
92. Loeber R, Wung P, Keenan K, Giroux B, Stouthamer-Loeber M, et al. 1993. Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Dev. Psychopathol. 5:101-132
93. Lombroso C. 1912. Crime and insanity in the twenty-first century. J. Criminal Law Criminol. 3:57-61
94. Loney BR, Taylor J, Butler MA, Iacono WG. 2007. Adolescent psychopathy features: 6-year temporal stability and the prediction of externalizing symptoms during the transition to adulthood. Aggressive Behav. 33:242-252
95. Lósel F, Bender D. 2003. Protective factors and resilience. In Early Prevention of Adult Anti-Social Behavior, ed. DP Farrington, J Coid, pp. 130-204. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
96. Lynam DR, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M. 2007. Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116:155-165 (Pubitemid 46328605)
97. Marsh AA, Blair RJ. 2008. Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: a meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32:454-465 (Pubitemid 351173329)
98. Marsh AA, Finger EC, Mitchell DGV, Reid ME, Sims C, et al. 2008. Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 165:712-720 (Pubitemid 351810540)
99. Maughan B. 2000. Conduct disorder in context. In Conduct Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence, ed. J Hill, pp. 169-201. Port Chester, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press
100. Maughan B, Pickles A, Rowe R, Costello EJ, Angold A. 2000. Developmental trajectories of aggressive and nonaggressive conduct problems. J. Quant. Criminol. 16:199-221
101. Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R, Meltzer H. 2004. Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45:609-621 (Pubitemid 38380137)
102. McCord J, Widom CS, Crowell NA. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. (Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control.)Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
103. McMahon RJ, Forehand RL. 2003. Helping the Noncompliant Child: Family-Based Treatment for Oppositional Behavior. New York: Guilford. 2nd ed.
104. Moffitt TE. 1993. Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychol. Rev. 100:674-701
105. Moffitt TE. 2006. Life-course-persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In Developmental Psychopathology, ed. D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen, pp. 570-598 Wiley: New York. 2nd ed.
106. Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, Kim-Cohen J, Koenen KC, et al. 2008. Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discipl. 49:3-33
107. Nagin DS, Land KC. 1993. Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity: specification and estimation of a nonparametric, mixed Poisson model. Criminology 31:327-362
108. Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. 2001. Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: a group-based method. Psychol. Methods 6:18-34
109. Nock MK, Kazdin AE, Hiripi E, Kessler RC. 2007. Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. J. Child Psychol Psychiatry 48:703-713 (Pubitemid 46978050)
110. Obradović J, Pardini D, Long JL, Loeber R. 2007. Measuring interpersonal callousness in boys from childhood to adolescence: an examination of longitudinal invariance and temporal stability. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 36:276-292
111. Pardini DA. 2008a. Novel insights into longstanding theories of bidirectional parent-child influences: introduction to the special section. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 36:627-631
112. Pardini DA. 2008b. Empirically supported treatments for conduct disorders in children and adolescents. In Best Practices in the Behavioral Management of Health from Preconception to Adolescence, ed. JA Trafton, WP Gordon, pp. 290-321. Los Altos, CA: Inst. Brain Potential
113. Pardini DA, Lochman JE, Powell N. 2007. The development of callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior in children: Are there shared and/or unique predictors? J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 36:319-333
114. Pardini DA, Loeber R. 2007. Interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy in children and adolescents: advancing a developmental perspective-introduction to special section. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 36:269-275
115. Pardini DA, Loeber R. 2008. Interpersonal callousness trajectories across adolescence: early social influences and adult outcomes. Criminal Justice Behav. 35:173-196
116. Pardini DA, Obradović J, Loeber R. 2006. Interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and conduct problems as precursors to delinquency persistence in boys: a comparison of three grade-based cohorts. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 35:46-59 (Pubitemid 43221335)
117. Patterson GR. 1982. A Social Learning Approach, Volume 3: Coercive Family Process. Eugene, OR: Castalia Publ.
118. Patterson GR, Crosby L, Vuchinich S. 1992. Predicting risk for early police arrest. J. Quant. Criminol. 8:335-355
119. Piquero AP. 2008. Taking stock of developmental trajectories of criminal activity over the life course. In The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research, ed. A Liberman, pp. 23-78. New York: Springer
120. Pollard JA, Hawkins JD, Arthur MW. 1999. Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Soc. Work Res. 23:145-158
121. Raine A. 1993. The Psychopathology of Crime. San Diego, CA: Academic
122. Rand A. 1987. Transitional life events and desistance from delinquency and crime. In From Boy to Man: From Delinquency to Crime, ed. M Wolfgang, T Thornberry, R Figlio, pp. 134-162 Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago Press
123. Rey JM, Bashir MR, Schwarz M, Richards IN, Plapp JM, Stewart GW. 1988. Oppositional disorder: fact or fiction? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 27:157-162 (Pubitemid 18089201)
124. Robins LN. 1966. Deviant Children Grown Up: A Sociological and Psychiatric Study of Sociopathic Personality. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins
125. Roebuck JB. 1966. Criminal Typology. Springfield, IL: Thomas
126. Rowe R, Maughan B, Eley TC. 2006. Links between antisocial behavior and depressed mood: the role of life events and attributional style. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 34:293-302 (Pubitemid 43972991)
127. Rutter M. 1985. Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 147:598-611 (Pubitemid 16175701)
128. Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitemore K. 1970. Health, Education, and Behavior. London: Longman
129. Saltaris C. 2002. Psychopathology in juvenile offenders: Can temperament and attachment be considered as robust developmental precursors? Clin. Psychol. Rev. 22:729-752 (Pubitemid 34606935)
130. Sameroff AJ, Bartko WT, Baldwin A, Baldwin C, Seifer R. 1998. Family and social influences on the development of child competence. In Families, Risk, and Competence, ed. M Lewis, C Feiring, pp. 161-185 Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
131. Sampson RJ, Laub JH. 1990. Crime and deviance over the life course: the salience of adult social bonds. Am. Sociol. Rev. 55:609-627
132. Sanson A, Hemphill SA, Smart D. 2004. Connections between temperament and social development: a review. Soc. Dev. 12:142-170 (Pubitemid 38213601)
133. Sanson A, Prior M. 1999. Temperament and behavioral precursors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders, ed. HC Quay, AE Hogan, pp. 397-417. New York: Kluwer Acad./Plenum
134. Shaw DS, Owens EB, Giovannelli J, Winslow EB. 2001. Infant and toddler pathways leading to early externalizing disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 40:36-43 (Pubitemid 32047226)
135. Sherman LW, Gottfredson D, MacKenzie D, Eck J, Reuter P, Bushway S. 1996. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What is Promising. A Report to the United States Congress. Maryland: Dept. Criminol. Crim. Justice
136. Smith C, Lizotte AJ, Thornberry TP, Krohn MD. 1995. Resilient youth: identifying factors that prevent high-risk youth from engaging in delinquency and drug use. In Current Perspectives in Aging and the Life Cycle, vol.4: Delinquency and Disrepute in the Life Course, ed. J Hagan, pp. 217-247 Greenwich, CT: JAI
137. Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R, Farrington DP, Zhang Q, Van Kammen WB, Maguin E. 1993. The double edge of protective and risk factors for delinquency: inter-relations and developmental patterns. Dev. Psychopathol. 5:683-701
138. Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R, Wei E, Farrington DP, Wikstrom PO. 2002. Risk and promotive effects in the explanation of persistent serious delinquency in boys. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 70:111-123 (Pubitemid 34150978)
139. Stouthamer-Loeber M, Wei E, Loeber R, Masten AS. 2004. Desistance from persistent serious delinquency in the transition to adulthood. Dev. Psychopathol. 16:897-918
140. Thornberry TB, Krohn MD, eds. 2003. Taking Stock of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies. New York: Kluwer Acad./Plenum
141. Tolan PH, Gorman-Smith D, Loeber R. 2000. Developmental timing of onsets of disruptive behaviors and later delinquency of inner-city youth. J. Child Fam. Stud. 9:203-230
142. Van Der Laan AM, Blom M. 2006. Jeugddelinquentie: Risico's en bescherming [Juvenile delinquency: Risks and protection] (WODC reeks Onderzoek en Beleid, No. 245). The Hague: Boom Juridische Uitgever
143. Van Goozen SHM, Matthys W, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gispen-de Wied C, Wiegant VM, Engeland HV. 1998. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity during stress in oppositional-defiant disorder boys and normal controls. Biol. Psychiatry 43:531-539 (Pubitemid 28161299)
144. Viding E, Blair RJ, Moffitt TE, Plomin R. 2005. Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discipl. 46:592-597 (Pubitemid 40778961)
145. Wakschlag LS, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Carter AS, Hill C, Danis B, et al. 2007. A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 48:976-987 (Pubitemid 47525028)
146. West D. 1982. Delinquency: Its Roots, Careers and Prospects. London: Heinemann
147. Wikström PO, Loeber R. 2000. Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male juvenile serious offending, risk and protective factors, and neighborhood context. Criminology 38:1109-1141 (Pubitemid 33224813)
148. Wilson JQ, Herrnstein RJ. 1985. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon & Schuster