Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence?

Social Work Research

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 145-158

  Pollard, John A ^a   Hawkins, J David ^b   Arthur, Michael W ^b  

^a Developmental Research and Program   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Assets; Delinquency; Drug use; Protective factor; Risk factor

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000004471     PISSN: 10705309     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/swr/23.3.145     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Benard, B. (1993, September). Resiliency paradigm validates craft knowledge. Western Center News, pp. 6-7.
2. Benson, P. L. (1997). All kids are our kids: What communities must do to raise caring and responsible children and adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3. Bradley, R. H., Whiteside, L., Mundfrom, D. J., Casey, P. H., Kelleher, K. J., & Pope, S. K. (1994). Early indications of resilience and their relation to experiences in the home environments of low birthweight, premature children living in poverty. Child Development, 65, 346-360.
4. Bry, B. H., McKeon, P., & Pandina, R. (1982). Extent of drug use as a function of number of risk factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 273-279.
5. Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149-197). New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. Coie, J. D., Watt, N. F., West, S. G., Hawkins, J. D., Asarnow, J. R., Markman, H. J., Ramey, S. L., Shure, M. B., & Long, B. (1993). The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist, 48, 1013-1022.
7. Developmental Research and Programs. (1996). Communities That Care planning kit. Seattle, WA: Author.
8. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1997). Crime in the United States 1996. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
9. Fraser, M. W. (1997). The ecology of childhood: A multisystems perspective. In M. W. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood, An ecological perspective (pp. 1-9). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
10. Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In J. E. Stevenson (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology (pp. 213-233). New York: Pergamon Press.
11. Hawkins, J. D., Arthur, M. W., & Catalano, R. F. (1995). Preventing substance abuse. In M. Tonry & D. Farrington (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research: Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention (Vol. 19, pp. 343-427). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Hawkins, J. D., Arthur, M. W., & Catalano, R. F. (1997, July). Social Development Research Group contract number 277-94-1014. Final Report. Six-state consortium for prevention needs assessment studies: Alcohol and other drugs.
13. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
14. Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (1985). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 73-97.
15. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
16. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, D. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1997, December). Drug use among American teens shows some signs of leveling after a long rise. News Release from Monitoring the Future, National High School Senior Survey, University of Michigan News and Information Services, Ann Arbor.
17. Kirby, L. D., & Fraser, M. W. (1997). Risk and resilience in childhood. In M. W. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood, An ecological perspective (pp. 10-33). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
18. Kolvin, I., Miller, F.W.J., Fleeting, M., & Kolvin, P. A. (1988). Social and parenting factors affecting criminal-offense rates: Findings from the Newcastle thousand family study (1947-1980). British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 80-90.
19. Landerman, R., George, L. K., Campbell, R. T., & Blazer, D. G. (1989). Alternative models of the stress buffering hypothesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 625-642.
20. Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1-41.
21. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M. S., Van Kammen, W., & Farrington, D. P. (1991). Initiation, escalation, and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 36-82.
22. Maguin, E., & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 20, pp. 145-264). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23. Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
24. Newcomb, M. D. (1995). Identifying high-risk youth: Prevalence and patterns of adolescent drug abuse. In E. Rahdert, D. Czechowicz, & I. Amsel (Eds.), Adolescent drug abuse: Clinical assessment and therapeutic intervention (pp. 7-38). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
25. Newcomb, M. D., & Felix-Ortiz, M. (1992). Multiple protective and risk factors for drug use and abuse: Cross-sectional and prospective findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 564-577.
26. Newcomb, M. D., Maddahian, E., Skager, R., & Bentler, P. M. (1987). Substance abuse and psychosocial risk factors among teenagers: Associations with sex, age, ethnicity, and type of school. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 13, 413-433.
27. O'Donovan, A. (1994). Six-state consortium for prevention needs assessment studies: Alcohol and other drugs: Contract number 277-94-1014. Contract proposal funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
28. Osgood, D. W., Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1988). The generality of deviance in late adolescence and early adulthood. American Sociological Review, 53, 81-93.
29. Pollard, J. A., Catalano, R. F., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. W. (1998). Development of a school based survey measuring risk and protective factors predictive of substance abuse, delinquency, and other problem behaviors in adolescent populations. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington, Social Development Research Group.
30. Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Social competence in children (Vol. 3). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
31. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611.
32. Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Matsen, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
33. Sameroff, A. J., & Fiese, B. H. (1990). Transactional regulation and early intervention. In S. J. Meisels & J. P. Shonkoff (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention. (pp. 119-149). New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
35. Shah, B. V., Barnwell, B. G., & Beiler, G. S. (1997). SUDAAN user's manual. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
36. Smith, C., Lizotte, A. J., Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (1995). Resilient youth: Identifying factors that prevent high-risk youth from engaging in delinquency and drug use. In J. Hagan (Ed.), Delinquency in the life course (pp. 217-247). Greenwich, CT: Jai.
37. Tolan, P. H. (1996). How resilient is the concept of resilience? Community Psychologist, 29, 12-15.
38. Wasserman, G. A., & Miller, L. (1997). The prevention of serious and violent youth offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 197-247). Report by the OJJDP Study Group, prepared for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
39. Werner, E. E. (1994). Overcoming the odds. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 131-136.
40. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
41. Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 28-54.