메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 88-121

Health and fitness benefits of functional electrical stimulation-evoked leg exercise for spinal cord-injured individuals: A position review

Author keywords

Exercise; Functional electrical stimulation; Position review; Spinal cord injury; Systematic technique

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC EXERCISE; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMISTRY; BONE DENSITY; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CLINICAL TRIAL; EXERCISE; FITNESS; FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HEALTH; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; LEG EXERCISE; LIMB; METABOLISM; MORPHOLOGY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; POSITION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 67651122086     PISSN: 10820744     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1310/sci1404-88     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (214)
  • 1
    • 0004469238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts and methods in neuromodulation and functional electrical stimulation: An introduction
    • Holsheimer J. Concepts and methods in neuromodulation and functional electrical stimulation: An introduction. Neuromodulation. 1998;1(2):57-61. (Pubitemid 128655340)
    • (1998) Neuromodulation , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 57-61
    • Holsheimer, J.1
  • 2
    • 0030831031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation
    • Rushton DN. Functional electrical stimulation. Physiol Meas. 1997;18(4):241-275.
    • (1997) Physiol Meas , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 241-275
    • Rushton, D.N.1
  • 3
    • 0023355909 scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation: Current status and future prospects of applications to the neuromuscular system in spinal cord injury
    • Peckham PH. Functional electrical stimulation: Current status and future prospects of applications to the neuromuscular system in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1987;25(3):279-288.
    • (1987) Paraplegia , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 279-288
    • Peckham, P.H.1
  • 4
    • 44449107554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walking performance, medical outcomes and patient training in FES of innervated muscles for ambulation by thoracic-level complete paraplegics
    • DOI 10.1179/174313208X281136, Neuromyology
    • Graupe D, Cerrel-Bazo H, Kern H, Carraro U. Walking performance, medical outcomes and patient training in FES of innervated muscles for ambulation by thoracic-level complete paraplegics. Neurol Res. 2008;30(2):123-130. (Pubitemid 351768830)
    • (2008) Neurological Research , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-130
    • Graupe, D.1    Cerrel-Bazo, H.2    Kern, H.3    Carraro, U.4
  • 5
    • 33750395549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation: Neurophysiological basis and application
    • Petrofsky JS. Electrical stimulation: Neurophysiological basis and application. Basic Appl Myol. 2004;14(4):205-213.
    • (2004) Basic Appl Myol , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 205-213
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1
  • 7
    • 49749093827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and biomechanical responses during functional electrical stimulation leg exercise: Health and fitness benefits
    • Davis GM, Hamzaid NA, Fornusek C. Cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and biomechanical responses during functional electrical stimulation leg exercise: Health and fitness benefits. Artificial Organs. 2008;32(8):625-629.
    • (2008) Artificial Organs , vol.32 , Issue.8 , pp. 625-629
    • Davis, G.M.1    Hamzaid, N.A.2    Fornusek, C.3
  • 8
    • 84965737134 scopus 로고
    • Physiology of functional electrical stimulation-induced exercise: Basic science perspective
    • Glaser RM. Physiology of functional electrical stimulation-induced exercise: Basic science perspective. J Neuro Rehabil. 1991;5(1&2):49-61.
    • (1991) J Neuro Rehabil , vol.5 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 49-61
    • Glaser, R.M.1
  • 9
    • 0028328891 scopus 로고
    • Functional neuromuscular stimulation exercise conditioning of spinal cord injured patients
    • Glaser RM. Functional neuromuscular stimulation. Exercise conditioning of spinal cord injured patients. Int J Sports Med. 1994;15(3):142-148. (Pubitemid 24116327)
    • (1994) International Journal of Sports Medicine , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 142-148
    • Glaser, R.M.1
  • 10
    • 0029565255 scopus 로고
    • Functional and therapeutic benefits of electrical stimulation after spinal injury
    • Andrews BJ, Wheeler GD. Functional and therapeutic benefits of electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Neurol. 1995; 8(6):461-466. (Pubitemid 26039806)
    • (1995) Current Opinion in Neurology , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 461-466
    • Andrews, B.J.1    Wheeler, G.D.2
  • 11
    • 0032440481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of electrical stimulation exercise training: Effects on health, fitness, and function
    • Janssen TWJ, Glaser RM, Shuster DB. Clinical efficacy of electrical stimulation exercise training: Effects on health, fitness, and function. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 1998; 3(3):33-49.
    • (1998) Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 33-49
    • Janssen, T.W.J.1    Glaser, R.M.2    Shuster, D.B.3
  • 12
    • 0034018402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord control of movement: Implications for locomotor rehabilitation following spinal cord injury
    • Field-Fote EC. Spinal cord control of movement: Implications for locomotor rehabilitation following spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2000;80(5):477-484. (Pubitemid 30263574)
    • (2000) Physical Therapy , vol.80 , Issue.5 , pp. 477-484
    • Field-Fote, E.C.1
  • 13
    • 0036921870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometer exercise for spinal cord injured patients
    • Wilder RP, Jones EV, Wind TC, Edlich RF. Functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometer exercise for spinal cord injured patients. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2002;12(3):161-174.
    • (2002) J Long Term Eff Med Implants , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 161-174
    • Wilder, R.P.1    Jones, E.V.2    Wind, T.C.3    Edlich, R.F.4
  • 14
    • 22944446038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury
    • Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press
    • Janssen TWJ, Glaser RM. Electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury. In: Biomedical Aspects of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press; 1999,
    • (1999) Biomedical Aspects of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion
    • Janssen, T.W.J.1    Glaser, R.M.2
  • 15
    • 0021149358 scopus 로고
    • Lower extremity functional neurimuscular stimulation in cases of spinal cord injury
    • Cybulski GR, Penn RD, Jaeger RJ. Lower extremity functional neurimuscular stimulation in cases of spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 1984;15(1):132-146.
    • (1984) Neurosurgery , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 132-146
    • Cybulski, G.R.1    Penn, R.D.2    Jaeger, R.J.3
  • 17
    • 0031873336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle atrophy is prevented in patients with acute spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation
    • Baldi JC, Jackson RD, Moraille R, Mysiw WJ. Muscle atrophy is prevented in patients with acute spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(7):463-469.
    • (1998) Spinal Cord , vol.36 , Issue.7 , pp. 463-469
    • Baldi, J.C.1    Jackson, R.D.2    Moraille, R.3    Mysiw, W.J.4
  • 18
    • 20644450782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle fiber regeneration in human permanent lower motoneuron denervation: Relevance to safety and effectiveness of FES-training, which induces muscle recovery in SCI subjects
    • Carraro U, Rossini K, Mayr W, Kern H. Muscle fiber regeneration in human permanent lower motoneuron denervation: Relevance to safety and effectiveness of FES-training, which induces muscle recovery in SCI subjects. Artificial Organs. 2005;29(3):187-191.
    • (2005) Artificial Organs , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-191
    • Carraro, U.1    Rossini, K.2    Mayr, W.3    Kern, H.4
  • 19
    • 33645564511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle biopsies show that FES of denervated muscles reverses human muscle degeneration from permanent spinal motoneuron lesion
    • Kern H, Rossini K, Carraro U, Mayr W, Vogelauer M, Hoellwarth U, et al. Muscle biopsies show that FES of denervated muscles reverses human muscle degeneration from permanent spinal motoneuron lesion. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(3):43-53.
    • (2005) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 43-53
    • Kern, H.1    Rossini, K.2    Carraro, U.3    Mayr, W.4    Vogelauer, M.5    Hoellwarth, U.6
  • 20
    • 45449120035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of functional electrical stimulation in denervated thigh muscles of paraplegic patients mapped with T-2 imaging
    • Meyerspeer M, Mandl T, Reichel M, Mayr W, Hofer C, Kern H, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation in denervated thigh muscles of paraplegic patients mapped with T-2 imaging. Magn Reson Mat Phys Biol Med. 2008;21(3):219-226.
    • (2008) Magn Reson Mat Phys Biol Med , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 219-226
    • Meyerspeer, M.1    Mandl, T.2    Reichel, M.3    Mayr, W.4    Hofer, C.5    Kern, H.6
  • 21
    • 0347991917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of load during electrical stimulation training in spinal cord injury
    • Crameri RM, Cooper P, Sinclair PJ, Bryant G, Weston A. Effect of load during electrical stimulation training in spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29(1):104-111.
    • (2004) Muscle Nerve , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 104-111
    • Crameri, R.M.1    Cooper, P.2    Sinclair, P.J.3    Bryant, G.4    Weston, A.5
  • 22
    • 0036241290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training by low-frequency stimulation of tibialis anterior in spinal cord-injured men
    • Harridge SDR, Andersen JL, Hartkopp A, et al. Training by low-frequency stimulation of tibialis anterior in spinal cord-injured men. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(5):685-694.
    • (2002) Muscle Nerve , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 685-694
    • Harridge, S.D.R.1    Andersen, J.L.2    Hartkopp, A.3
  • 23
    • 0037354515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in fibre properties in paralysed human quadriceps muscles and effects of training
    • Gerrits HL, Hopman MT, Offringa C, et al. Variability in fibre properties in paralysed human quadriceps muscles and effects of training. Pflugers Arch. 2003;445(6):734-740.
    • (2003) Pflugers Arch , vol.445 , Issue.6 , pp. 734-740
    • Gerrits, H.L.1    Hopman, M.T.2    Offringa, C.3
  • 24
    • 4444228961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longterm denervation in humans causes degeneration of both contractile and excitation contraction coupling apparatus, which is reversible by functional electrical stimulation (FES): A role for myofiber regeneration?
    • Kern H, Boncompagni S, Rossini K, et al. Longterm denervation in humans causes degeneration of both contractile and excitation contraction coupling apparatus, which is reversible by functional electrical stimulation (FES): A role for myofiber regeneration? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004;63(9):919-931.
    • (2004) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.63 , Issue.9 , pp. 919-931
    • Kern, H.1    Boncompagni, S.2    Rossini, K.3
  • 25
    • 33645881367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of functional electric stimulation cycle ergometry training on lower limb musculature in acute SCI individuals
    • Demchak TJ, Linderman JK, Mysiw WJ, Jackson R, Suun J, Devor ST. Effects of functional electric stimulation cycle ergometry training on lower limb musculature in acute SCI individuals. J Sports Sci Med. 2005;4(3):263-271.
    • (2005) J Sports Sci Med , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 263-271
    • Demchak, T.J.1    Linderman, J.K.2    Mysiw, W.J.3    Jackson, R.4    Suun, J.5    Devor, S.T.6
  • 26
    • 21344473191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in skeletal muscle size and glucose tolerance with electrically stimulated resistance training in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury
    • Mahoney ET, Bickel CS, Elder C, et al. Changes in skeletal muscle size and glucose tolerance with electrically stimulated resistance training in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(7):1502-1504.
    • (2005) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.86 , Issue.7 , pp. 1502-1504
    • Mahoney, E.T.1    Bickel, C.S.2    Elder, C.3
  • 27
    • 0026575960 scopus 로고
    • Influence of electrical-stimulation on the morphological and metabolic properties of paralyzed muscle
    • Martin TP, Stein RB, Hoeppner PH, Reid DC. Influence of electrical-stimulation on the morphological and metabolic properties of paralyzed muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72(4):1401-1406.
    • (1992) J Appl Physiol , vol.72 , Issue.4 , pp. 1401-1406
    • Martin, T.P.1    Stein, R.B.2    Hoeppner, P.H.3    Reid, D.C.4
  • 28
    • 0030992037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertrophy and transformation of muscle fibers in paraplegic patients
    • Neumayer C, Happak W, Kern H, Gruber H. Hypertrophy and transformation of muscle fibers in paraplegic patients. Artificial Organs. 1997;21(3):188-190.
    • (1997) Artificial Organs , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 188-190
    • Neumayer, C.1    Happak, W.2    Kern, H.3    Gruber, H.4
  • 29
    • 0030907415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation in paraplegic spastic patients
    • Kern H. Functional electrical stimulation in paraplegic spastic patients. Artificial Organs. 1997;21(3):195-196.
    • (1997) Artificial Organs , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 195-196
    • Kern, H.1
  • 30
    • 0036777127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effets de la stimulation electrique de la jambe sur l ' adaptabilite du muscle squelettique dans les atteintes de la moelle epiniere
    • Crameri RM, Weston A, Climstein M, Sutton JR, Davis GM. Effects of electrical stimulation-induced leg training on skeletal muscle adaptability in spinal cord injury [Effets de la stimulation electrique de la jambe sur l ' adaptabilite du muscle squelettique dans les atteintes de la moelle epiniere]. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002;12(5):316-322.
    • (2002) Scand J Med Sci Sports , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 316-322
    • Crameri, R.M.1    Weston, A.2    Climstein, M.3    Sutton, J.R.4    Davis, G.M.5
  • 31
    • 0036214764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of training on contractile properties of paralyzed quadriceps muscle
    • Gerrits HL, Hopman MTE, Sargeant AJ, Jones DA, De Haan A. Effects of training on contractile properties of paralyzed quadriceps muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(4):559-567.
    • (2002) Muscle Nerve , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 559-567
    • Gerrits, H.L.1    Hopman, M.T.E.2    Sargeant, A.J.3    Jones, D.A.4    De Haan, A.5
  • 33
    • 0023187015 scopus 로고
    • Effect of anaerobic and aerobic exercise promoted by computer regulated functional electrical stimulation (FES) on muscle size, strength and histology in paraplegic males
    • Pacy PJ, Evans RH, Halliday D. Effect of anaerobic and aerobic exercise promoted by computer regulated functional electrical stimulation (FES) on muscle size, strength and histology in paraplegic males. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1987;11(2):75-79.
    • (1987) Prosthet Orthot Int , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 75-79
    • Pacy, P.J.1    Evans, R.H.2    Halliday, D.3
  • 35
    • 0029878972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: Effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES)
    • Andersen JL, Mohr T, Biering-Sorensen F, Galbo H, Kjaer M. Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: Effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES). Pflugers Arch. 1996;431(4):513-518.
    • (1996) Pflugers Arch , vol.431 , Issue.4 , pp. 513-518
    • Andersen, J.L.1    Mohr, T.2    Biering-Sorensen, F.3    Galbo, H.4    Kjaer, M.5
  • 36
    • 0032905510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histochemical changes in muscle of individuals with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated exercise training
    • Chilibeck PD, Jeon J, Weiss C, Bell G, Burnham R. Histochemical changes in muscle of individuals with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated exercise training. Spinal Cord. 1999;37(4):264-268.
    • (1999) Spinal Cord , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 264-268
    • Chilibeck, P.D.1    Jeon, J.2    Weiss, C.3    Bell, G.4    Burnham, R.5
  • 37
    • 0031034783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals
    • Mohr T, Andersen JL, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(1):1-16.
    • (1997) Spinal Cord , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-16
    • Mohr, T.1    Andersen, J.L.2    Biering-Sorensen, F.3
  • 38
    • 67651082756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and morphology in decentralised muslces in tetraplegic persons with long standing spinal cord injuries before and after electrically stimulated leg cycling
    • Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press
    • Hjeltnes N, Aksnes AK, Lannem A, et al. Metabolism and morphology in decentralised muslces in tetraplegic persons with long standing spinal cord injuries before and after electrically stimulated leg cycling. In: Biomedical Aspects of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press; 1999,
    • (1999) Biomedical Aspects of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion
    • Hjeltnes, N.1    Aksnes, A.K.2    Lannem, A.3
  • 39
    • 0036181450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of functional electrical stimulation training for six months on body composition and spasticity in motor complete tetraplegic spinal cord-injured individuals
    • Skold C, Lonn L, Harms-Ringdahl K, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation training for six months on body composition and spasticity in motor complete tetraplegic spinal cord-injured individuals. J Rehabil Med. 2002;34(1):25-32.
    • (2002) J Rehabil Med , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-32
    • Skold, C.1    Lonn, L.2    Harms-Ringdahl, K.3
  • 40
    • 0032787122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing muscle mass in spinal cord injured persons with a functional electrical stimulation exercise program
    • Scremin AM, Kurta L, Gentili A, et al. Increasing muscle mass in spinal cord injured persons with a functional electrical stimulation exercise program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(12):1531-1536.
    • (1999) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.80 , Issue.12 , pp. 1531-1536
    • Scremin, A.M.1    Kurta, L.2    Gentili, A.3
  • 43
    • 0028341344 scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal effects of an electrical stimulation induced cycling programme in the spinal injured
    • Sloan KE, Bremner LA, Byrne J, Day RE, Scull ER. Musculoskeletal effects of an electrical stimulation induced cycling programme in the spinal injured. Paraplegia. 1994;32(6):407-415.
    • (1994) Paraplegia , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 407-415
    • Sloan, K.E.1    Bremner, L.A.2    Byrne, J.3    Day, R.E.4    Scull, E.R.5
  • 45
    • 0028061668 scopus 로고
    • Human skeletal-muscle adaptation in response to chronic low-frequency electrical-stimulation
    • Theriault R, Theriault G, Simoneau JA. Human skeletal-muscle adaptation in response to chronic low-frequency electrical-stimulation. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77(4):1885-1889.
    • (1994) J Appl Physiol , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 1885-1889
    • Theriault, R.1    Theriault, G.2    Simoneau, J.A.3
  • 46
    • 0023713950 scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation of computerized functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: A multicenter pilot study
    • Ragnarsson KT, Pollack S, O'Daniel W Jr, Edgar R, Petrofsky J, Nash MS. Clinical evaluation of computerized functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: A multicenter pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(9):672-677.
    • (1988) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.69 , Issue.9 , pp. 672-677
    • Ragnarsson, K.T.1    Pollack, S.2    O'Daniel Jr., W.3    Edgar, R.4    Petrofsky, J.5    Nash, M.S.6
  • 47
    • 0023696362 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced exercises in spinal cord-injured individuals
    • Ragnarsson KT. Physiologic effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced exercises in spinal cord-injured individuals. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(233):53-63.
    • (1988) Clin Orthop Relat Res , Issue.233 , pp. 53-63
    • Ragnarsson, K.T.1
  • 48
    • 0033675432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FES cycling may promote recovery of leg function after incomplete spinal cord injury
    • Donaldson N, Perkins TA, Fitzwater R, Wood DE, Middleton F. FES cycling may promote recovery of leg function after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(11):680-682.
    • (2000) Spinal Cord , vol.38 , Issue.11 , pp. 680-682
    • Donaldson, N.1    Perkins, T.A.2    Fitzwater, R.3    Wood, D.E.4    Middleton, F.5
  • 49
    • 0027176714 scopus 로고
    • Limb blood flow, cardiac output and quadriceps muscle bulk following spinal cord injury and the effect of training for the Odstock functional electrical stimulation standing system
    • Taylor PN, Ewins DJ, Fox B, Grundy D, Swain ID. Limb blood flow, cardiac output and quadriceps muscle bulk following spinal cord injury and the effect of training for the Odstock functional electrical stimulation standing system. Paraplegia. 1993;31(5):303-310.
    • (1993) Paraplegia , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 303-310
    • Taylor, P.N.1    Ewins, D.J.2    Fox, B.3    Grundy, D.4    Swain, I.D.5
  • 50
    • 0026164345 scopus 로고
    • The effects of neuromuscular stimulation on muscle tone at the knee in paraplegia
    • Douglas AJ, Walsh EG, Wright GW, Creasey GH, Edmond P. The effects of neuromuscular stimulation on muscle tone at the knee in paraplegia. Exper Physiol. 1991;76(3):357-367.
    • (1991) Exper Physiol , vol.76 , Issue.3 , pp. 357-367
    • Douglas, A.J.1    Walsh, E.G.2    Wright, G.W.3    Creasey, G.H.4    Edmond, P.5
  • 52
    • 0037317143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy consumption of locomotion with orthosis versus Parastep-assisted gait: A single case study
    • Spadone R, Merati G, Bertocchi E, et al. Energy consumption of locomotion with orthosis versus Parastep-assisted gait: A single case study. Spinal Cord. 2003;41(2):97-104.
    • (2003) Spinal Cord , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-104
    • Spadone, R.1    Merati, G.2    Bertocchi, E.3
  • 53
    • 0030853661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: Part 1. Ambulation performance and anthropometric measures
    • Klose KJ, Jacobs PL, Broton JG, et al. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 1. Ambulation performance and anthropometric measures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):789-793.
    • (1997) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.78 , Issue.8 , pp. 789-793
    • Klose, K.J.1    Jacobs, P.L.2    Broton, J.G.3
  • 54
    • 0024357456 scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of using two FNS exercise modes for spinal cord injured patients
    • Faghri PD, Glaser RM, Figoni SF, et al. Feasibility of using two FNS exercise modes for spinal cord injured patients. Clin Kinesiol. 1989;43(3):62-68.
    • (1989) Clin Kinesiol , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 62-68
    • Faghri, P.D.1    Glaser, R.M.2    Figoni, S.F.3
  • 55
    • 0026663757 scopus 로고
    • Functional electric stimulation: Its efficacy and safety in improving pulmonary function and musculoskeletal fitness
    • Arnold PB, McVey PP, Farrell WJ, Deurloo TM, Grasso AR. Functional electric stimulation: Its efficacy and safety in improving pulmonary function and musculoskeletal fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(7):665-668.
    • (1992) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.73 , Issue.7 , pp. 665-668
    • Arnold, P.B.1    McVey, P.P.2    Farrell, W.J.3    Deurloo, T.M.4    Grasso, A.R.5
  • 57
    • 0034058777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle in people with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated cycle training
    • Gerrits HL, de Haan A, Sargeant AJ, Dallmeijer A, Hopman MT. Altered contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle in people with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated cycle training. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(4):214-223.
    • (2000) Spinal Cord , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 214-223
    • Gerrits, H.L.1    De Haan, A.2    Sargeant, A.J.3    Dallmeijer, A.4    Hopman, M.T.5
  • 58
    • 0023788120 scopus 로고
    • Muscle and bone in paraplegic patients, and the effect of functional electrical stimulation
    • Pacy PJ, Hesp R, Halliday DA, Katz D, Cameron G, Reeve J. Muscle and bone in paraplegic patients, and the effect of functional electrical stimulation. Clin Sci (Lond). 1988;75(5):481-487.
    • (1988) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.75 , Issue.5 , pp. 481-487
    • Pacy, P.J.1    Hesp, R.2    Halliday, D.A.3    Katz, D.4    Cameron, G.5    Reeve, J.6
  • 59
    • 0027053343 scopus 로고
    • A clinical exercise system for paraplegics using functional electrical stimulation
    • Bremner LA, Sloan KE, Day RE, Scull ER, Ackland T. A clinical exercise system for paraplegics using functional electrical stimulation. Paraplegia. 1992;30(9):647-655.
    • (1992) Paraplegia , vol.30 , Issue.9 , pp. 647-655
    • Bremner, L.A.1    Sloan, K.E.2    Day, R.E.3    Scull, E.R.4    Ackland, T.5
  • 60
    • 0032743362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle
    • Chilibeck PD, Bell G, Jeon J, et al. Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle. Metabolism. 1999;48(11):1409-1413.
    • (1999) Metabolism , vol.48 , Issue.11 , pp. 1409-1413
    • Chilibeck, P.D.1    Bell, G.2    Jeon, J.3
  • 61
    • 0343773234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle enzyme adaptation to training and tapering-off in spinal-cord-injured humans
    • Kjaer M, Mohr T, Biering-Sorensen F, Bangsbo J. Muscle enzyme adaptation to training and tapering-off in spinal-cord-injured humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;84(5):482-486.
    • (2001) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 482-486
    • Kjaer, M.1    Mohr, T.2    Biering-Sorensen, F.3    Bangsbo, J.4
  • 62
    • 0034025328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type IV collagen and its degradation in paralyzed human muscle: Effect of functional electrical stimulation
    • Koskinen SOA, Kjaer M, Mohr T, Sorensen FB, Suuronen T, Takala TES. Type IV collagen and its degradation in paralyzed human muscle: Effect of functional electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23(4):580-589.
    • (2000) Muscle Nerve , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 580-589
    • Koskinen, S.O.A.1    Kjaer, M.2    Mohr, T.3    Sorensen, F.B.4    Suuronen, T.5    Takala, T.E.S.6
  • 63
    • 0027773049 scopus 로고
    • Increased endothelin and creatine-kinase after electrical-stimulation of paraplegic muscle
    • Robergs RA, Appenzeller O, Qualls C, et al. Increased endothelin and creatine-kinase after electrical-stimulation of paraplegic muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75(6):2400-2405.
    • (1993) J Appl Physiol , vol.75 , Issue.6 , pp. 2400-2405
    • Robergs, R.A.1    Appenzeller, O.2    Qualls, C.3
  • 65
    • 0036252349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular responses during submaximal electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia
    • Raymond J, Davis GM, van der Plas M. Cardiovascular responses during submaximal electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2002;22(2):92-98.
    • (2002) Clin Physiol Funct Imaging , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 92-98
    • Raymond, J.1    Davis, G.M.2    Van Der Plas, M.3
  • 66
    • 0025082969 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular responses to arm cranking and FNS-induced leg exercise in paraplegics
    • Davis GM, Servedio FJ, Glaser RM, Gupta SC, Suryaprasad AG. Cardiovascular responses to arm cranking and FNS-induced leg exercise in paraplegics. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(2):671-677.
    • (1990) J Appl Physiol , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 671-677
    • Davis, G.M.1    Servedio, F.J.2    Glaser, R.M.3    Gupta, S.C.4    Suryaprasad, A.G.5
  • 67
    • 0027105255 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic and hemodynamic responses to concurrent voluntary arm crank and electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise in quadriplegics
    • Hooker SP, Figoni SF, Rodgers MM, et al. Metabolic and hemodynamic responses to concurrent voluntary arm crank and electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise in quadriplegics. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1992;29(3):1-11.
    • (1992) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-11
    • Hooker, S.P.1    Figoni, S.F.2    Rodgers, M.M.3
  • 68
    • 0033055183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiorespiratory responses to arm cranking and electrical stimulation leg cycling in people with paraplegia
    • Raymond J, Davis GM, Climstein M, Sutton JR. Cardiorespiratory responses to arm cranking and electrical stimulation leg cycling in people with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(6):822-828.
    • (1999) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 822-828
    • Raymond, J.1    Davis, G.M.2    Climstein, M.3    Sutton, J.R.4
  • 69
    • 0031425286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to electrical stimulation-induced leg exercise in spinal cord injury
    • Thomas AJ, Davis GM, Sutton JR. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to electrical stimulation-induced leg exercise in spinal cord injury. Methods Inf Med. 1997;36(4-5):372-375.
    • (1997) Methods Inf Med , vol.36 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 372-375
    • Thomas, A.J.1    Davis, G.M.2    Sutton, J.R.3
  • 70
    • 0033055904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate during exercise with leg vascular occlusion in spinal cord injured humans
    • Kjaer M, Pott F, Mohr T, Linkis P, Tornoe P, Secher NH. Heart rate during exercise with leg vascular occlusion in spinal cord injured humans. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(3):806-811.
    • (1999) J Appl Physiol , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 806-811
    • Kjaer, M.1    Pott, F.2    Mohr, T.3    Linkis, P.4    Tornoe, P.5    Secher, N.H.6
  • 71
    • 0034016601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid baroreflex control of heart rate and blood pressure during ES leg cycling in paraplegics
    • Raymond J, Davis GM, van der Plas MN, Groeller H, Simcox S. Carotid baroreflex control of heart rate and blood pressure during ES leg cycling in paraplegics. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 88(3):957-965.
    • (2000) J Appl Physiol , vol.88 , Issue.3 , pp. 957-965
    • Raymond, J.1    Davis, G.M.2    Van Der Plas, M.N.3    Groeller, H.4    Simcox, S.5
  • 72
    • 0028948282 scopus 로고
    • Effects of electrically-stimulated exercise and passive motion on echocardiographically-derived wall motion and cardiodynamic function in tetraplegic persons
    • Nash MS, Bilsker MS, Kearney HM, Ramirez JN, Applegate B, Green BA. Effects of electrically-stimulated exercise and passive motion on echocardiographically-derived wall motion and cardiodynamic function in tetraplegic persons. Paraplegia. 1995;33(2):80-89.
    • (1995) Paraplegia , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 80-89
    • Nash, M.S.1    Bilsker, M.S.2    Kearney, H.M.3    Ramirez, J.N.4    Applegate, B.5    Green, B.A.6
  • 73
    • 0026521992 scopus 로고
    • The effect of training on endurance and the cardiovascular responses of individuals with paraplegia during dynamic exercise induced by functional electrical stimulation
    • Petrofsky JS, Stacy R. The effect of training on endurance and the cardiovascular responses of individuals with paraplegia during dynamic exercise induced by functional electrical stimulation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(6):487-492.
    • (1992) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 487-492
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1    Stacy, R.2
  • 74
    • 0026228529 scopus 로고
    • Acute hemodynamic responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise
    • Figoni SF, Glaser RM, Rodgers MM, et al. Acute hemodynamic responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1991;28(4):9-18.
    • (1991) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 9-18
    • Figoni, S.F.1    Glaser, R.M.2    Rodgers, M.M.3
  • 75
    • 0026489519 scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer exercise: Training effects on cardiorespiratory responses of spinal cord injured subjects at rest and during submaximal exercise
    • Faghri PD, Glaser RM, Figoni SF. Functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer exercise: Training effects on cardiorespiratory responses of spinal cord injured subjects at rest and during submaximal exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(11):1085-1093.
    • (1992) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.73 , Issue.11 , pp. 1085-1093
    • Faghri, P.D.1    Glaser, R.M.2    Figoni, S.F.3
  • 76
    • 0033769450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quadriceps muscle deoxygenation during functional electrical stimulation in adults with spinal cord injury
    • Bhambhani Y, Tuchak C, Burnham R, Jeon J, Maikala R. Quadriceps muscle deoxygenation during functional electrical stimulation in adults with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(10):630-638.
    • (2000) Spinal Cord , vol.38 , Issue.10 , pp. 630-638
    • Bhambhani, Y.1    Tuchak, C.2    Burnham, R.3    Jeon, J.4    Maikala, R.5
  • 78
    • 0025188616 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic responses to prolonged electrically stimulated leg-cycle exercise in the spinal cord injured
    • Hooker SP, Figoni SF, Glaser RM, Rodgers MM, Ezenwa BN, Faghri PD. Physiologic responses to prolonged electrically stimulated leg-cycle exercise in the spinal cord injured. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(11):863-869.
    • (1990) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.71 , Issue.11 , pp. 863-869
    • Hooker, S.P.1    Figoni, S.F.2    Glaser, R.M.3    Rodgers, M.M.4    Ezenwa, B.N.5    Faghri, P.D.6
  • 79
    • 0027380322 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of autonomic dysreflexia during functional electrical stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injuries
    • Ashley EA, Laskin JJ, Olenik LM, et al. Evidence of autonomic dysreflexia during functional electrical stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia. 1993;31(9):593-605.
    • (1993) Paraplegia , vol.31 , Issue.9 , pp. 593-605
    • Ashley, E.A.1    Laskin, J.J.2    Olenik, L.M.3
  • 80
    • 24744449378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of the arterial blood pressure of quadriplegic patients to treadmill gait training
    • Carvalho DCL, Cliquet A. Response of the arterial blood pressure of quadriplegic patients to treadmill gait training. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(9):1367-1373.
    • (2005) Brazilian J Med Biol Res , vol.38 , Issue.9 , pp. 1367-1373
    • Carvalho, D.C.L.1    Cliquet, A.2
  • 82
    • 0037740876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular control during exercise: Insights from spinal cord-injured humans
    • Dela F, Mohr T, Jensen CM, et al. Cardiovascular control during exercise: Insights from spinal cord-injured humans. Circulation. 2003;107(16):2127-2133.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.16 , pp. 2127-2133
    • Dela, F.1    Mohr, T.2    Jensen, C.M.3
  • 83
    • 0034782955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and heart rate response to isometric exercise: The effect of spinal cord injury in humans
    • Petrofsk JS. Blood pressure and heart rate response to isometric exercise: The effect of spinal cord injury in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(6):521-526.
    • (2001) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.85 , Issue.6 , pp. 521-526
    • Petrofsk, J.S.1
  • 84
    • 0025809331 scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation and reciprocating gait orthosis for ambulation exercise in a tetraplegic patient: A case study
    • Phillips CA, Hendershot DM. Functional electrical stimulation and reciprocating gait orthosis for ambulation exercise in a tetraplegic patient: A case study. Paraplegia. 1991;29(4):268-276.
    • (1991) Paraplegia , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 268-276
    • Phillips, C.A.1    Hendershot, D.M.2
  • 85
    • 0032169132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional neuromus cular stimulator for short-distance ambulation by certain thoracic-level spinal-cord-injured paraplegics
    • Graupe D, Kohn KH. Functional neuromus cular stimulator for short-distance ambulation by certain thoracic-level spinal-cord-injured paraplegics. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(3):202-207.
    • (1998) Surg Neurol , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 202-207
    • Graupe, D.1    Kohn, K.H.2
  • 86
    • 0030924871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion in persons with paraplegia during functional neuromuscular stimulation assisted ambulation
    • Jacobs PL, Klose KJ, Guest R, Needham-Shropshire B, Broton JG, Green BA. Relationships of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion in persons with paraplegia during functional neuromuscular stimulation assisted ambulation. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(5):292-298.
    • (1997) Spinal Cord , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 292-298
    • Jacobs, P.L.1    Klose, K.J.2    Guest, R.3    Needham-Shropshire, B.4    Broton, J.G.5    Green, B.A.6
  • 87
    • 17744397329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leg uptake of calcitonin gene-related peptide during exercise in spinal cord injured humans
    • Kjaer M, Mohr T, Dela F, et al. Leg uptake of calcitonin gene-related peptide during exercise in spinal cord injured humans. Clin Physiol. 2001;21(1):32-38.
    • (2001) Clin Physiol , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-38
    • Kjaer, M.1    Mohr, T.2    Dela, F.3
  • 88
    • 0033902796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of electrical stimulation on leg muscle pump activity in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals
    • van Beekvelt MCP, van Asten W, Hopman MTE. The effect of electrical stimulation on leg muscle pump activity in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(5-6):510-516.
    • (2000) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.82 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 510-516
    • Van Beekvelt, M.C.P.1    Van Asten, W.2    Hopman, M.T.E.3
  • 89
    • 0036789810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset of electrical stimulation leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia
    • Raymond J, Schoneveld K, Van Kemenade CH, Davis GM. Onset of electrical stimulation leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(10):1557-1562.
    • (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1557-1562
    • Raymond, J.1    Schoneveld, K.2    Van Kemenade, C.H.3    Davis, G.M.4
  • 90
    • 0028966554 scopus 로고
    • Relative changes in blood flow with functional electrical stimulation during exercise of the paralyzed lower limbs
    • Phillips W, Burkett LN, Munro R, Davis M, Pomeroy K. Relative changes in blood flow with functional electrical stimulation during exercise of the paralyzed lower limbs. Paraplegia. 1995;33(2):90-93.
    • (1995) Paraplegia , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 90-93
    • Phillips, W.1    Burkett, L.N.2    Munro, R.3    Davis, M.4    Pomeroy, K.5
  • 91
    • 0031800881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation effect on skeletal muscle blood flow measured with H2(15)O positron emission tomography
    • Scremin OU, Cuevas-Trisan RL, Scremin AM, Brown CV, Mandelkern MA. Functional electrical stimulation effect on skeletal muscle blood flow measured with H2(15)O positron emission tomography. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(6):641-646.
    • (1998) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.79 , Issue.6 , pp. 641-646
    • Scremin, O.U.1    Cuevas-Trisan, R.L.2    Scremin, A.M.3    Brown, C.V.4    Mandelkern, M.A.5
  • 92
    • 0037308659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood flow and muscle fatigue in SCI individuals during electrical stimulation
    • Olive JL, Slade JM, Dudley GA, McCully KK. Blood flow and muscle fatigue in SCI individuals during electrical stimulation. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94(2):701-708.
    • (2003) J Appl Physiol , vol.94 , Issue.2 , pp. 701-708
    • Olive, J.L.1    Slade, J.M.2    Dudley, G.A.3    McCully, K.K.4
  • 93
    • 33645373583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid vascular adaptations to training and detraining in persons with spinal cord injury
    • Thijssen D, Ellenkamp R, Smits P, Hopman M. Rapid vascular adaptations to training and detraining in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:474-481.
    • (2006) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.87 , pp. 474-481
    • Thijssen, D.1    Ellenkamp, R.2    Smits, P.3    Hopman, M.4
  • 94
    • 23944452811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation alters FMD and arterial compliance in extremely inactive legs
    • De Groot P, Crozier J, Rakobowchuk M, Hopman M, MacDonald M. Electrical stimulation alters FMD and arterial compliance in extremely inactive legs. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(8):1356-1364.
    • (2005) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.37 , Issue.8 , pp. 1356-1364
    • De Groot, P.1    Crozier, J.2    Rakobowchuk, M.3    Hopman, M.4    MacDonald, M.5
  • 95
    • 0036892003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training
    • Hopman MTE, Groothuis JT, Flendrie M, Gerrits KHL, Houtman S. Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(6):1966-1972.
    • (2002) J Appl Physiol , vol.93 , Issue.6 , pp. 1966-1972
    • Hopman, M.T.E.1    Groothuis, J.T.2    Flendrie, M.3    Gerrits, K.H.L.4    Houtman, S.5
  • 96
    • 0030451412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower extremity blood flow and responses to occlusion ischemia differ in exercise-trained and sedentary tetraplegic persons
    • Nash MS, Montalvo BM, Applegate B. Lower extremity blood flow and responses to occlusion ischemia differ in exercise-trained and sedentary tetraplegic persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(12):1260-1265.
    • (1996) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.77 , Issue.12 , pp. 1260-1265
    • Nash, M.S.1    Montalvo, B.M.2    Applegate, B.3
  • 97
    • 0030850531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: Part 5. Lower extremity blood flow and hyperemic responses to occlusion are augmented by ambulation training
    • Nash MS, Jacobs PL, Montalvo BM, Klose KJ, Guest RS, Needham-Shropshire BM. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 5. Lower extremity blood flow and hyperemic responses to occlusion are augmented by ambulation training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):808-814.
    • (1997) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.78 , Issue.8 , pp. 808-814
    • Nash, M.S.1    Jacobs, P.L.2    Montalvo, B.M.3    Klose, K.J.4    Guest, R.S.5    Needham-Shropshire, B.M.6
  • 98
    • 0025458658 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic responses of paraplegics and quadriplegics to passive and active leg cycle ergometry
    • Figoni SF, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, et al. Physiologic responses of paraplegics and quadriplegics to passive and active leg cycle ergometry. J Am Paraplegia Soc. 1990;13(3):33-39.
    • (1990) J Am Paraplegia Soc , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 33-39
    • Figoni, S.F.1    Rodgers, M.M.2    Glaser, R.M.3
  • 99
    • 0026742172 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic effects of electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise training in spinal cord injured persons
    • Hooker SP, Figoni SF, Rodgers MM, et al. Physiologic effects of electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise training in spinal cord injured persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(5):470-476.
    • (1992) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.73 , Issue.5 , pp. 470-476
    • Hooker, S.P.1    Figoni, S.F.2    Rodgers, M.M.3
  • 100
    • 0034994911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral vascular changes after electrically stimulated cycle training in people with spinal cord injury
    • Gerrits HL, de Haan A, Sargeant AJ, van Langen H, Hopman MT. Peripheral vascular changes after electrically stimulated cycle training in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(6):832-839.
    • (2001) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.82 , Issue.6 , pp. 832-839
    • Gerrits, H.L.1    De Haan, A.2    Sargeant, A.J.3    Van Langen, H.4    Hopman, M.T.5
  • 101
    • 34547444641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle oxygenation during prolonged electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in paraplegics
    • Muraki S, Fornusek C, Raymond J, Davis GM. Muscle oxygenation during prolonged electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in paraplegics. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;32(3):463-472.
    • (2007) Appl Physiol Nutr Metab , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 463-472
    • Muraki, S.1    Fornusek, C.2    Raymond, J.3    Davis, G.M.4
  • 103
    • 0025316826 scopus 로고
    • Ventilatory response of spinal cord-lesioned subjects to electrically induced exercise
    • Brown DR, Forster HV, Pan LG, et al. Ventilatory response of spinal cord-lesioned subjects to electrically induced exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1990;68(6):2312-2321.
    • (1990) J Appl Physiol , vol.68 , Issue.6 , pp. 2312-2321
    • Brown, D.R.1    Forster, H.V.2    Pan, L.G.3
  • 104
    • 0029585182 scopus 로고
    • Peak and submaximal physiologic responses following electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer training
    • Hooker SP, Scremin AM, Mutton DL, Kunkel CF, Cagle G. Peak and submaximal physiologic responses following electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer training. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1995;32(4):361-366.
    • (1995) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 361-366
    • Hooker, S.P.1    Scremin, A.M.2    Mutton, D.L.3    Kunkel, C.F.4    Cagle, G.5
  • 105
    • 0031736074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmented upper body contribution to oxygen uptake during upper body exercise with concurrent leg functional electrical stimulation in persons with spinal cord injury
    • Phillips WT, Burkett LN. Augmented upper body contribution to oxygen uptake during upper body exercise with concurrent leg functional electrical stimulation in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(11):750-755.
    • (1998) Spinal Cord , vol.36 , Issue.11 , pp. 750-755
    • Phillips, W.T.1    Burkett, L.N.2
  • 107
    • 0030875472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiologic responses during functional electrical stimulation leg cycling and hybrid exercise in spinal cord injured subjects
    • Mutton DL, Scremin AM, Barstow TJ, Scott MD, Kunkel CF, Cagle TG. Physiologic responses during functional electrical stimulation leg cycling and hybrid exercise in spinal cord injured subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(7):712-718.
    • (1997) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.78 , Issue.7 , pp. 712-718
    • Mutton, D.L.1    Scremin, A.M.2    Barstow, T.J.3    Scott, M.D.4    Kunkel, C.F.5    Cagle, T.G.6
  • 108
    • 0028943409 scopus 로고
    • Arm crank exercise with static leg FNS in persons with spinal cord injury
    • Phillips W, Burkett LN. Arm crank exercise with static leg FNS in persons with spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(4):530-535.
    • (1995) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 530-535
    • Phillips, W.1    Burkett, L.N.2
  • 110
    • 0027201894 scopus 로고
    • Effects of electrical stimulation and upper body training after spinal cord injury
    • Krauss JC, Robergs RA, Depaepe JL, et al. Effects of electrical stimulation and upper body training after spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(9):1054-1061.
    • (1993) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.25 , Issue.9 , pp. 1054-1061
    • Krauss, J.C.1    Robergs, R.A.2    Depaepe, J.L.3
  • 112
    • 0033937796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peak and kinetic cardiorespiratory responses during arm and leg exercise in patients with spinal cord injury
    • Barstow TJ, Scremin AME, Mutton DL, Kunkel CF, Cagle TG, Whipp BJ. Peak and kinetic cardiorespiratory responses during arm and leg exercise in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(6):340-345.
    • (2000) Spinal Cord , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 340-345
    • Barstow, T.J.1    Scremin, A.M.E.2    Mutton, D.L.3    Kunkel, C.F.4    Cagle, T.G.5    Whipp, B.J.6
  • 113
    • 0025297218 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic responses to arm ergometry and functional neuromuscular stimulation
    • discussion 13-14
    • Edwards BG, Marsolais EB. Metabolic responses to arm ergometry and functional neuromuscular stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1990;27(2):107-113; discussion 13-14.
    • (1990) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-113
    • Edwards, B.G.1    Marsolais, E.B.2
  • 114
    • 0027162184 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation-assisted rowing exercise in spinal cord injured people. A pilot study
    • Laskin JJ, Ashley EA, Olenik LM, et al. Electrical stimulation-assisted rowing exercise in spinal cord injured people. A pilot study. Paraplegia. 1993;31(8):534-541.
    • (1993) Paraplegia , vol.31 , Issue.8 , pp. 534-541
    • Laskin, J.J.1    Ashley, E.A.2    Olenik, L.M.3
  • 115
    • 0036339436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing: Increasing cardiovascular fitness through functional electric stimulation rowing training in persons with spinal cord injury
    • Wheeler GD, Andrews B, Lederer R, et al. Functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing: Increasing cardiovascular fitness through functional electric stimulation rowing training in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(8):1093-1099.
    • (2002) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.83 , Issue.8 , pp. 1093-1099
    • Wheeler, G.D.1    Andrews, B.2    Lederer, R.3
  • 116
    • 28344440547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy expenditure during rest and treadmill gait training in quadriplegic subjects
    • de Carvalho DCL, Cliquet A. Energy expenditure during rest and treadmill gait training in quadriplegic subjects. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(11):658-663.
    • (2005) Spinal Cord , vol.43 , Issue.11 , pp. 658-663
    • De Carvalho, D.C.L.1    Cliquet, A.2
  • 118
    • 33644986391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses through treadmill gait training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation in quadriplegic subjects
    • de Carvalho DCL, Martins CL, Cardoso SD, Cliquet A. Improvement of metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses through treadmill gait training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation in quadriplegic subjects. Artificial Organs. 2006;30(1):56-63.
    • (2006) Artificial Organs , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 56-63
    • De Carvalho, D.C.L.1    Martins, C.L.2    Cardoso, S.D.3    Cliquet, A.4
  • 119
    • 0029868587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy expenditure and fatiguability in paraplegic ambulation using reciprocating gait orthosis and electric stimulation
    • Hirokawa S, Solomonow M, Baratta R, Dambrosia R. Energy expenditure and fatiguability in paraplegic ambulation using reciprocating gait orthosis and electric stimulation. Disabil Rehabil. 1996;18(3):115-122.
    • (1996) Disabil Rehabil , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 115-122
    • Hirokawa, S.1    Solomonow, M.2    Baratta, R.3    Dambrosia, R.4
  • 120
    • 0036791909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peak exercise capacity of electrically induced ambulation in persons with paraplegia
    • Jacobs PL, Mahoney ET. Peak exercise capacity of electrically induced ambulation in persons with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(10):1551-1556.
    • (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1551-1556
    • Jacobs, P.L.1    Mahoney, E.T.2
  • 121
    • 0030760424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: Part 2. Effects on physiological responses to peak arm ergometry
    • Jacobs PL, Nash MS, Klose KJ, Guest RS, Needham-Shropshire BM, Green BA. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 2. Effects on physiological responses to peak arm ergometry. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):794-798.
    • (1997) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.78 , Issue.8 , pp. 794-798
    • Jacobs, P.L.1    Nash, M.S.2    Klose, K.J.3    Guest, R.S.4    Needham-Shropshire, B.M.5    Green, B.A.6
  • 122
    • 0346218135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiologic responses to electrically assisted and framesupported standing in persons with paraplegia
    • Jacobs PL, Johnson B, Mahoney ET. Physiologic responses to electrically assisted and framesupported standing in persons with paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2003;26(4):384-389.
    • (2003) J Spinal Cord Med , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 384-389
    • Jacobs, P.L.1    Johnson, B.2    Mahoney, E.T.3
  • 123
    • 0030013034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy consumption of paraplegic locomotion using reciprocating gait orthosis
    • Beillot J, Carre F, LeClaire G, et al. Energy consumption of paraplegic locomotion using reciprocating gait orthosis. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(3-4):376-381.
    • (1996) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol , vol.73 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 376-381
    • Beillot, J.1    Carre, F.2    LeClaire, G.3
  • 125
    • 22844438313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses of tetraplegic subjects during treadmill walking using neuromuscular electrical stimulation and partial body weight support
    • Carvalho DCL, Zanchetta MD, Sereni JM, Cliquet A. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses of tetraplegic subjects during treadmill walking using neuromuscular electrical stimulation and partial body weight support. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(7):400-405.
    • (2005) Spinal Cord , vol.43 , Issue.7 , pp. 400-405
    • Carvalho, D.C.L.1    Zanchetta, M.D.2    Sereni, J.M.3    Cliquet, A.4
  • 128
    • 0026830640 scopus 로고
    • Changes in peak oxygen-uptake following computerized functional electrical-stimulation in the spinal-cord injured
    • Goss FL, McDermott A, Robertson RJ. Changes in peak oxygen-uptake following computerized functional electrical-stimulation in the spinal-cord injured. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1992;63(1):76-79.
    • (1992) Res Q Exerc Sport , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-79
    • Goss, F.L.1    McDermott, A.2    Robertson, R.J.3
  • 129
    • 0024513748 scopus 로고
    • Aerobic training effects of electrically induced lower extremity exercises in spinal cord injured people
    • Pollack SF, Axen K, Spielholz N, Levin N, Haas F, Ragnarsson KT. Aerobic training effects of electrically induced lower extremity exercises in spinal cord injured people. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70(3):214-219.
    • (1989) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 214-219
    • Pollack, S.F.1    Axen, K.2    Spielholz, N.3    Levin, N.4    Haas, F.5    Ragnarsson, K.T.6
  • 130
    • 0036022992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External power output changes during prolonged cycling with electrical stimulation
    • Theisen D, Fornusek C, Raymond J, Davis GM. External power output changes during prolonged cycling with electrical stimulation. J Rehabil Med. 2002;34(4):171-175.
    • (2002) J Rehabil Med , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 171-175
    • Theisen, D.1    Fornusek, C.2    Raymond, J.3    Davis, G.M.4
  • 131
  • 133
    • 40949121079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during functional electric stimulation cycling at different cadences
    • Fornusek C, Davis GM. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during functional electric stimulation cycling at different cadences. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(4):719-725.
    • (2008) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.89 , Issue.4 , pp. 719-725
    • Fornusek, C.1    Davis, G.M.2
  • 135
    • 0031705788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone fracture during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps in a spinal cord injured subject
    • Hartkopp A, Murphy RJL, Mohr T, Kjaer M, Biering-Sorensen F. Bone fracture during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps in a spinal cord injured subject. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(9):1133-1136.
    • (1998) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.79 , Issue.9 , pp. 1133-1136
    • Hartkopp, A.1    Murphy, R.J.L.2    Mohr, T.3    Kjaer, M.4    Biering-Sorensen, F.5
  • 136
    • 21144472505 scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical-stimulation, a 2-year study
    • Petrofsky JS. Functional electrical-stimulation, a 2-year study. J Rehabil. 1992;58(3):29-34.
    • (1992) J Rehabil , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 29-34
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1
  • 137
    • 33847023990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone loss and muscle atrophy in spinal cord injury: Epidemiology, fracture prediction, and rehabilitation strategies
    • Giangregorio L, McCartney N. Bone loss and muscle atrophy in spinal cord injury: Epidemiology, fracture prediction, and rehabilitation strategies. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(5):489-500.
    • (2006) J Spinal Cord Med , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 489-500
    • Giangregorio, L.1    McCartney, N.2
  • 139
    • 67651112971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The action of treadmill gait using neuromuscular electrical stimulation and partial body weight support on bone markers and bone mineral density in quadriplegic subjects
    • Carvalho DCL, Garlipp CR, Bottini PV, Afaz SH, Moda MA, Cliquet A. The action of treadmill gait using neuromuscular electrical stimulation and partial body weight support on bone markers and bone mineral density in quadriplegic subjects. Osteoporosis Int. 2006;17:S253.
    • (2006) Osteoporosis Int , vol.17
    • Carvalho, D.C.L.1    Garlipp, C.R.2    Bottini, P.V.3    Afaz, S.H.4    Moda, M.A.5    Cliquet, A.6
  • 140
    • 33846941904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal adaptations in chronic spinal cord injury: Effects of long-term soleus electrical stimulation training
    • Shields RK, Dudley-Javoroski S. Musculoskeletal adaptations in chronic spinal cord injury: Effects of long-term soleus electrical stimulation training. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(2):169-179.
    • (2007) Neurorehabil Neural Repair , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-179
    • Shields, R.K.1    Dudley-Javoroski, S.2
  • 141
    • 33846053732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological effects of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation in early spinal cord injury: Lack of efficacy to prevent bone loss
    • Clark JM, Jelbart M, Rischbieth H, et al. Physiological effects of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation in early spinal cord injury: Lack of efficacy to prevent bone loss. Spinal Cord. 2007;45(1):78-85.
    • (2007) Spinal Cord , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-85
    • Clark, J.M.1    Jelbart, M.2    Rischbieth, H.3
  • 142
    • 0037907476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of electrical stimulation-induced cycling on bone mineral density in spinal cord-injured patients
    • Eser P, de Bruin ED, Telley I, Lechner HE, Knecht H, Stussi E. Effect of electrical stimulation-induced cycling on bone mineral density in spinal cord-injured patients. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(5):412-419.
    • (2003) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 412-419
    • Eser, P.1    De Bruin, E.D.2    Telley, I.3    Lechner, H.E.4    Knecht, H.5    Stussi, E.6
  • 143
    • 0029842811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals
    • Bloomfield SA, Mysiw WJ, Jackson RD. Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 1996;19(1):61-68.
    • (1996) Bone , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-68
    • Bloomfield, S.A.1    Mysiw, W.J.2    Jackson, R.D.3
  • 144
    • 0028215257 scopus 로고
    • Tibial bone density loss in spinal cord injured patients: Effects of FES exercise
    • Hangartner TN, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Barre PS. Tibial bone density loss in spinal cord injured patients: Effects of FES exercise. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1994;31(1):50-61.
    • (1994) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-61
    • Hangartner, T.N.1    Rodgers, M.M.2    Glaser, R.M.3    Barre, P.S.4
  • 145
    • 28744441713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increases in bone mineral density after functional electrical stimulation cycling exercises in spinal cord injured patients
    • Chen SC, Lai CH, Chan WP, Huang MH, Tsai HW, Chen JJJ. Increases in bone mineral density after functional electrical stimulation cycling exercises in spinal cord injured patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(22):1337-1341.
    • (2005) Disabil Rehabil , vol.27 , Issue.22 , pp. 1337-1341
    • Chen, S.C.1    Lai, C.H.2    Chan, W.P.3    Huang, M.H.4    Tsai, H.W.5    Chen, J.J.J.6
  • 147
    • 0033868032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation: Can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals?
    • Belanger M, Stein RB, Wheeler GD, Gordon T, Leduc B. Electrical stimulation: Can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(8):1090-1098.
    • (2000) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.81 , Issue.8 , pp. 1090-1098
    • Belanger, M.1    Stein, R.B.2    Wheeler, G.D.3    Gordon, T.4    Leduc, B.5
  • 148
    • 0030898320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased bone mineral density after prolonged electrically induced cycle training of paralyzed limbs in spinal cord injured man
    • Mohr T, Podenphant J, Biering-Sorensen F, Galbo H, Thamsborg G, Kjaer M. Increased bone mineral density after prolonged electrically induced cycle training of paralyzed limbs in spinal cord injured man. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61(1):22-25.
    • (1997) Calcif Tissue Int , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-25
    • Mohr, T.1    Podenphant, J.2    Biering-Sorensen, F.3    Galbo, H.4    Thamsborg, G.5    Kjaer, M.6
  • 149
    • 0029937830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced lower extremity cycling on bone density of spinal cord-injured patients
    • BeDell KK, Scremin AME, Perell KL, Kunkel CF. Effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced lower extremity cycling on bone density of spinal cord-injured patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75(1):29-34.
    • (1996) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-34
    • BeDell, K.K.1    Scremin, A.M.E.2    Perell, K.L.3    Kunkel, C.F.4
  • 150
    • 33746616806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can body weight supported treadmill training increase bone mass and reverse muscle atrophy in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury?
    • Giangregorio LM, Webber CE, Phillips SM, et al. Can body weight supported treadmill training increase bone mass and reverse muscle atrophy in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury? Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol. 2006; 31(3):283-291.
    • (2006) Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 283-291
    • Giangregorio, L.M.1    Webber, C.E.2    Phillips, S.M.3
  • 151
    • 44949127000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highvolume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury
    • Frotzler A, Coupaud S, Perret C, et al. Highvolume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone. 2008;43(1):169-176.
    • (2008) Bone , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 169-176
    • Frotzler, A.1    Coupaud, S.2    Perret, C.3
  • 152
    • 0030776293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: Part 3. Lack of effect on bone mineral density
    • Needham-Shropshire BM, Broton JG, Klose KJ, Lebwohl N, Guest RS, Jacobs PL. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 3. Lack of effect on bone mineral density. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):799-803.
    • (1997) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.78 , Issue.8 , pp. 799-803
    • Needham-Shropshire, B.M.1    Broton, J.G.2    Klose, K.J.3    Lebwohl, N.4    Guest, R.S.5    Jacobs, P.L.6
  • 154
    • 33746616806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can body weight supported treadmill training increase bone mass and reverse muscle atrophy in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury?
    • Giangregorio LM, Webber C, Phillips S, et al. Can body weight supported treadmill training increase bone mass and reverse muscle atrophy in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006;31(3):283-291.
    • (2006) Appl Physiol Nutr Metab , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 283-291
    • Giangregorio, L.M.1    Webber, C.2    Phillips, S.3
  • 155
    • 28144454920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in muscle force following therapeutic electrical stimulation in patients with complete paraplegia
    • Kagaya H, Shimada Y, Sato K, Sato M. Changes in muscle force following therapeutic electrical stimulation in patients with complete paraplegia. Paraplegia. 1996; 34(1):24-29.
    • (1996) Paraplegia , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-29
    • Kagaya, H.1    Shimada, Y.2    Sato, K.3    Sato, M.4
  • 156
    • 2342462913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional electric stimulation to augment partial weight-bearing supported treadmill training for patients with acute incomplete spinal cord
    • Postans NJ, Hasler JP, Granat MH, Maxwell DJ. Functional electric stimulation to augment partial weight-bearing supported treadmill training for patients with acute incomplete spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(4):604-610.
    • (2004) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.85 , Issue.4 , pp. 604-610
    • Postans, N.J.1    Hasler, J.P.2    Granat, M.H.3    Maxwell, D.J.4
  • 157
    • 0036548137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ageing in spinal cord injured humans on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise
    • Petrofsky JS, Laymon M. The effect of ageing in spinal cord injured humans on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;86(6):479-486.
    • (2002) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.86 , Issue.6 , pp. 479-486
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1    Laymon, M.2
  • 158
    • 33645736860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrically stimulated resistance training in SCI individuals increases muscle fatigue resistance but not femoral artery size or blood flow
    • Sabatier MJ, Stoner L, Mahoney ET, et al. Electrically stimulated resistance training in SCI individuals increases muscle fatigue resistance but not femoral artery size or blood flow. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(4):227-233.
    • (2006) Spinal Cord , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 227-233
    • Sabatier, M.J.1    Stoner, L.2    Mahoney, E.T.3
  • 159
    • 0026230288 scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise training
    • Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Figoni SF, et al. Musculoskeletal responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise training. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1991;28(4):19-26.
    • (1991) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 19-26
    • Rodgers, M.M.1    Glaser, R.M.2    Figoni, S.F.3
  • 160
    • 0030955445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of voluntary upper body exercise on the performance of stimulated paralysed human quadriceps
    • Franken HM, Veltink PH, Ijzerman MJ, Withaar FS, Boom HBK. The influence of voluntary upper body exercise on the performance of stimulated paralysed human quadriceps. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1997;7(1):67-77.
    • (1997) J Electromyogr Kinesiol , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-77
    • Franken, H.M.1    Veltink, P.H.2    Ijzerman, M.J.3    Withaar, F.S.4    Boom, H.B.K.5
  • 161
    • 33646189184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal plasticity after acute spinal cord injury: Effects of long-term neuromuscular electrical stimulation training
    • Shields RK, Dudley-Javorski S. Musculoskeletal plasticity after acute spinal cord injury: Effects of long-term neuromuscular electrical stimulation training. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95(4):2380-2390.
    • (2006) J Neurophysiol , vol.95 , Issue.4 , pp. 2380-2390
    • Shields, R.K.1    Dudley-Javorski, S.2
  • 162
    • 0034088055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle strength and geometrical changes in a paralysed muscle following FES
    • Levin O, Mizrahi J, Gornish M, Isakov E. Muscle strength and geometrical changes in a paralysed muscle following FES. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2000;18(1):3-11.
    • (2000) Hong Kong Physiother J , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-11
    • Levin, O.1    Mizrahi, J.2    Gornish, M.3    Isakov, E.4
  • 165
    • 67651098197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical efficiency during electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in people with paraplegia
    • Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press
    • van der Plas M, Raymond J, Davis GM, Koppes LLJ. Mechanical efficiency during electrical stimulation-induced leg cycling in people with paraplegia. In: Biomedical Aspects of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press; 1999.
    • Biomedical Aspects of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion , pp. 1999
    • Van Der Plas, M.1    Raymond, J.2    Davis, G.M.3    Koppes, L.L.J.4
  • 167
    • 0141621100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of different stimulation frequencies on power output and fatigue during FES-cycling in recently injured SCI people
    • Eser PC, Donaldson Nde N, Knecht H, Stussi E. Influence of different stimulation frequencies on power output and fatigue during FES-cycling in recently injured SCI people. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2003;11(3):236-240.
    • (2003) IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 236-240
    • Eser, P.C.1    Donaldson Nde, N.2    Knecht, H.3    Stussi, E.4
  • 168
    • 55449090236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of frequency and amplitude of FES pulses on muscle fatigue during toning, of muscles
    • Kumar N, Sharma VK, Agnihotri RC, et al. Effect of frequency and amplitude of FES pulses on muscle fatigue during toning, of muscles. J Sci Ind Res. 2008;67(4):288-290.
    • (2008) J Sci Ind Res , vol.67 , Issue.4 , pp. 288-290
    • Kumar, N.1    Sharma, V.K.2    Agnihotri, R.C.3
  • 170
    • 1842638221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of previous weight training and concurrent weight training on endurance for functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometry
    • Petrofsky JS, Laymon M. The effect of previous weight training and concurrent weight training on endurance for functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(4):392-398.
    • (2004) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.91 , Issue.4 , pp. 392-398
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1    Laymon, M.2
  • 171
    • 0026637451 scopus 로고
    • Effects of functional electrical-stimulation (FES) on evoked muscular output in paraplegic quadriceps muscle
    • Rabischong E, Ohanna F. Effects of functional electrical-stimulation (FES) on evoked muscular output in paraplegic quadriceps muscle. Paraplegia. 1992;30(7):467-473.
    • (1992) Paraplegia , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 467-473
    • Rabischong, E.1    Ohanna, F.2
  • 172
    • 0033870337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between exercise work intervals and duration of exercise on lower extremity training induced by electrical stimulation in humans with spinal cord injuries
    • Petrofsky JS, Stacy R, Laymon M. The relationship between exercise work intervals and duration of exercise on lower extremity training induced by electrical stimulation in humans with spinal cord injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(5-6):504-509.
    • (2000) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.82 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 504-509
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1    Stacy, R.2    Laymon, M.3
  • 173
    • 0026560555 scopus 로고
    • Optimal stimulation of paralyzed muscle after human spinal-cord injury
    • Stein RB, Gordon T, Jefferson J, et al. Optimal stimulation of paralyzed muscle after human spinal-cord injury. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72(4):1393-1400.
    • (1992) J Appl Physiol , vol.72 , Issue.4 , pp. 1393-1400
    • Stein, R.B.1    Gordon, T.2    Jefferson, J.3
  • 174
    • 0028037455 scopus 로고
    • Physiological costs of reciprocal gait in FES assisted walking
    • Winchester P, Carollo JJ, Habasevich R. Physiological costs of reciprocal gait in FES assisted walking. Paraplegia. 1994;32(10):680-686.
    • (1994) Paraplegia , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 680-686
    • Winchester, P.1    Carollo, J.J.2    Habasevich, R.3
  • 175
    • 34249074085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional output improvement in FES cycling by means of forced smooth pedaling
    • Szecsi J, Krause P, Krafczyk S, Brandt T, Straube A. Functional output improvement in FES cycling by means of forced smooth pedaling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(5):764-780.
    • (2007) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 764-780
    • Szecsi, J.1    Krause, P.2    Krafczyk, S.3    Brandt, T.4    Straube, A.5
  • 178
    • 0021708105 scopus 로고
    • The use of functional electrical stimulation for rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients
    • Petrofsky J, Phillips CA. The use of functional electrical stimulation for rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma. 1984;1(1):57-74.
    • (1984) Cent Nerv Syst Trauma , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-74
    • Petrofsky, J.1    Phillips, C.A.2
  • 179
    • 33846183580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The force-velocity relationship of paralyzed quadriceps muscles during functional electrical stimulation cycling
    • Fornusek C, Sinclair PJ, Davis GM. The force-velocity relationship of paralyzed quadriceps muscles during functional electrical stimulation cycling. Neuromodulation. 2007;10(1):68-75.
    • (2007) Neuromodulation , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-75
    • Fornusek, C.1    Sinclair, P.J.2    Davis, G.M.3
  • 181
    • 0027326411 scopus 로고
    • Fatigue of intermittently stimulated paralyzed human quadriceps during imposed cyclical lower leg movements
    • Franken HM, Veltink PH, Fidder M, Boom HBK. Fatigue of intermittently stimulated paralyzed human quadriceps during imposed cyclical lower leg movements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1993;3(1):3-12.
    • (1993) J Electromyogr Kinesiol , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-12
    • Franken, H.M.1    Veltink, P.H.2    Fidder, M.3    Boom, H.B.K.4
  • 182
    • 4844228526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximizing muscle force via low-cadence functional electrical stimulation cycling
    • Fornusek C, Davis GM. Maximizing muscle force via low-cadence functional electrical stimulation cycling. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36(5):232-237.
    • (2004) J Rehabil Med , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 232-237
    • Fornusek, C.1    Davis, G.M.2
  • 183
    • 0033032122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standing up with denervated muscles in humans using functional electrical stimulation
    • Kern H, Hofer C, Strohhofer M, Mayr W, Richter W, Stohr H. Standing up with denervated muscles in humans using functional electrical stimulation. Artif Organs. 1999;23(5):447-452.
    • (1999) Artif Organs , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 447-452
    • Kern, H.1    Hofer, C.2    Strohhofer, M.3    Mayr, W.4    Richter, W.5    Stohr, H.6
  • 184
    • 0035004970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined use of body weight support, functional electric stimulation, and treadmill training to improve walking ability in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury
    • Field-Fote EC. Combined use of body weight support, functional electric stimulation, and treadmill training to improve walking ability in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(6):818-824.
    • (2001) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.82 , Issue.6 , pp. 818-824
    • Field-Fote, E.C.1
  • 185
    • 0027199261 scopus 로고
    • The role of functional electricalstimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal-cord injury-observed benefits during gait studies
    • Granat MH, Ferguson ACB, Andrews BJ, Delargy M. The role of functional electricalstimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal-cord injury-observed benefits during gait studies. Paraplegia. 1993;31(4):207-215.
    • (1993) Paraplegia , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 207-215
    • Granat, M.H.1    Ferguson, A.C.B.2    Andrews, B.J.3    Delargy, M.4
  • 186
    • 67651102002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of walking training with a functional electrical stimulation assisted orthosis for spinal cord injured persons: A longitudinal study
    • Presented at
    • Ladouceur M, Barbeau H. Effects of walking training with a functional electrical stimulation assisted orthosis for spinal cord injured persons: A longitudinal study. Presented at: 2nd Annual Conference of the International FES Society; 1997; Vancouver, Canada.
    • 2nd Annual Conference of the International FES Society; 1997; Vancouver, Canada
    • Ladouceur, M.1    Barbeau, H.2
  • 188
    • 0034002630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical experience with functional electrical stimulation-assisted gait with parastep in spinal cordinjured patients
    • Brissot R, Gallien P, Le Bot MP, et al. Clinical experience with functional electrical stimulation-assisted gait with parastep in spinal cordinjured patients. Spine. 2000;25(4):501-508.
    • (2000) Spine , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 501-508
    • Brissot, R.1    Gallien, P.2    Le Bot, M.P.3
  • 189
    • 0026452178 scopus 로고
    • Effect of functional neuromuscular stimulation on anterior tibial compartment pressure
    • Doyle J, Kobetic R, Marsolais EB. Effect of functional neuromuscular stimulation on anterior tibial compartment pressure. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1992;(284):181-188.
    • (1992) Clin Orthop Rel Res , Issue.284 , pp. 181-188
    • Doyle, J.1    Kobetic, R.2    Marsolais, E.B.3
  • 190
    • 28144447489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of functional electrical stimulation on the joints of adolescents with spinal cord injury
    • Betz R, Boden B, Triolo R, Mesgarzadeh M, Gardner E, Fife R. Effects of functional electrical stimulation on the joints of adolescents with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1996;34(3):127-136.
    • (1996) Paraplegia , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 127-136
    • Betz, R.1    Boden, B.2    Triolo, R.3    Mesgarzadeh, M.4    Gardner, E.5    Fife, R.6
  • 191
    • 33744988110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation
    • Thrasher TA, Flett HM, Popovic MR. Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(6):357-361.
    • (2006) Spinal Cord , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 357-361
    • Thrasher, T.A.1    Flett, H.M.2    Popovic, M.R.3
  • 192
    • 34548384792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BiosS tep-assisted walking in spinal cord-injured patients: An evaluation report
    • Tabernig CB, Cherniz AS, Escobar SO. BiosS tep-assisted walking in spinal cord-injured patients: An evaluation report. Int J Rehabil Res. 2007;30(3):249-253.
    • (2007) Int J Rehabil Res , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 249-253
    • Tabernig, C.B.1    Cherniz, A.S.2    Escobar, S.O.3
  • 198
    • 67651098192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of gait training using electrical stimulation elicited flexion withdrawal reflex on gait pattern and endurance in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury
    • Presented at
    • Kim J, Lee Y, Kim Y, Chung Y, Choi H, Kwon S. Effect of gait training using electrical stimulation elicited flexion withdrawal reflex on gait pattern and endurance in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Presented at: 11th Annual Conference of the International FES Society; 2006; Zao, Japan.
    • 11th Annual Conference of the International FES Society; 2006; Zao, Japan
    • Kim, J.1    Lee, Y.2    Kim, Y.3    Chung, Y.4    Choi, H.5    Kwon, S.6
  • 199
    • 33645234214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of electrical stimulation of hamstrings and L3/4 dermatome on gait in spinal cord injury
    • van der Salm A, Veltink PH, Hermens HJ, Nene AV, Ijzerman MJ. Effect of electrical stimulation of hamstrings and L3/4 dermatome on gait in spinal cord injury. Neuromodulation. 2006;9(1):48-55.
    • (2006) Neuromodulation , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 48-55
    • Van Der Salm, A.1    Veltink, P.H.2    Hermens, H.J.3    Nene, A.V.4    Ijzerman, M.J.5
  • 200
    • 33745368158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speed and efficiency in walking and wheeling with novel stimulation and bracing systems after spinal cord injury: A case study
    • Stein RB, Hayday F, Chong SL, et al. Speed and efficiency in walking and wheeling with novel stimulation and bracing systems after spinal cord injury: A case study. Neuromodulation. 2005;8(4):264-271.
    • (2005) Neuromodulation , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 264-271
    • Stein, R.B.1    Hayday, F.2    Chong, S.L.3
  • 201
    • 3543071140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing reproduce a race-winning rowing stroke?
    • Halliday SE, Zavatsky AB, Hase K. Can functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing reproduce a race-winning rowing stroke? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(8):1265-1272.
    • (2004) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.85 , Issue.8 , pp. 1265-1272
    • Halliday, S.E.1    Zavatsky, A.B.2    Hase, K.3
  • 202
    • 0037245795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longterm exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: Effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being
    • Hicks AL, Martin KA, Ditor DS, et al. Longterm exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: Effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being. Spinal Cord. 2003;41(1):34-43.
    • (2003) Spinal Cord , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-43
    • Hicks, A.L.1    Martin, K.A.2    Ditor, D.S.3
  • 203
    • 0042838208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using exercise to enhance subjective wellbeing among people with spinal cord injury: The mediating influences of stress and pain
    • Ginis KAM, Latimer AE, McKechnie K, et al. Using exercise to enhance subjective wellbeing among people with spinal cord injury: The mediating influences of stress and pain. Rehabil Psychol. 2003;48(3):157-164.
    • (2003) Rehabil Psychol , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 157-164
    • Ginis, K.A.M.1    Latimer, A.E.2    McKechnie, K.3
  • 204
    • 0028335772 scopus 로고
    • The effect of participating in a functional electrical stimulation exercise program on affect in people with spinal cord injuries
    • Bradley MB. The effect of participating in a functional electrical stimulation exercise program on affect in people with spinal cord injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(6):676-679.
    • (1994) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.75 , Issue.6 , pp. 676-679
    • Bradley, M.B.1
  • 206
    • 0030876236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: Part 4. Effect on physical self-concept and depression
    • Guest RS, Klose KJ, Needham-Shropshire BM, Jacobs PL. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 4. Effect on physical self-concept and depression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):804-807.
    • (1997) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.78 , Issue.8 , pp. 804-807
    • Guest, R.S.1    Klose, K.J.2    Needham-Shropshire, B.M.3    Jacobs, P.L.4
  • 207
    • 0037643534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longterm user perceptions of an implanted neuroprosthesis for exercise, standing, and transfers after spinal cord injury
    • Agarwal S, Triolo RJ, Kobetic R, et al. Longterm user perceptions of an implanted neuroprosthesis for exercise, standing, and transfers after spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(3):241-252.
    • (2003) J Rehabil Res Dev , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 241-252
    • Agarwal, S.1    Triolo, R.J.2    Kobetic, R.3
  • 208
    • 1842413032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reciprocating gait orthosis powered with electrical muscle stimulation (RGO II). 1. Performance evaluation of 70 paraplegic patients
    • Solomonow M, Aguilar E, Reisin E, et al. Reciprocating gait orthosis powered with electrical muscle stimulation (RGO II). 1. Performance evaluation of 70 paraplegic patients. Orthopedics. 1997;20(4):315-324.
    • (1997) Orthopedics , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 315-324
    • Solomonow, M.1    Aguilar, E.2    Reisin, E.3
  • 209
    • 0024373554 scopus 로고
    • Functional electrical stimulation bicycle ergometry: Patient perceptions
    • Sipski ML, Delisa JA, Schweer S. Functional electrical stimulation bicycle ergometry: Patient perceptions. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;68(3):147-149.
    • (1989) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 147-149
    • Sipski, M.L.1    Delisa, J.A.2    Schweer, S.3
  • 210
    • 0027406825 scopus 로고
    • Long-term use of computerized bicycle ergometry for spinal cord injured subjects
    • Sipski ML, Alexander CJ, Harris M. Long-term use of computerized bicycle ergometry for spinal cord injured subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(3):238-241.
    • (1993) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 238-241
    • Sipski, M.L.1    Alexander, C.J.2    Harris, M.3
  • 211
    • 0036229508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A personal user's view of functional electrical stimulation cycling
    • Fitzwater R. A personal user's view of functional electrical stimulation cycling. Artif Organs. 2002;26(3):284-286.
    • (2002) Artif Organs , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 284-286
    • Fitzwater, R.1
  • 213
    • 0033022799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of rehabilitation: A critical review of the evidence-Closing remarks
    • Turner-Stokes L. The effectiveness of rehabilitation: A critical review of the evidence-Closing remarks. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(1):83.
    • (1999) Clin Rehabil , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 83
    • Turner-Stokes, L.1
  • 214
    • 12344311534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise research issues in the spinal cord injured population
    • Ginis KA, Hicks AL. Exercise research issues in the spinal cord injured population. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005;33(1):49-53.
    • (2005) Exerc Sport Sci Rev , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-53
    • Ginis, K.A.1    Hicks, A.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.